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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Huang, Ruixian; Kale, Seenaiah; Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy; Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad;

    Abstract The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of financial inclusion and trade openness on the economic development of 27 European Union (EU) nations. The sample countries are classified into low-income, high-income, old-EU, and new-EU members; this distinction allows us to provide more constructive and practical policy implications. Yearly data from 1995 to 2015 and panel econometric techniques were used. The results show that access, depth, efficiency, and the overall development of financial institutions have significant positive impact on economic growth in both the full sample and sub-samples. We also find that capital, labour, energy consumption and trade openness play an important role in driving economic growth across these panels. Moreover, the impact of financial inclusion on economic output is more significant in low-income and new-EU member countries than in high-income and old-EU countries. Based on these findings, detail policy implications for the entire EU, as well as for its sub-groups, are provided.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Discoveryarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Economic Analysis and Policy
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Discoveryarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Economic Analysis and Policy
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: João J. Ferreira; Pedro Veiga; Pedro Veiga; Cristina I. Fernandes; +2 Authors

    AbstractA concern with the mitigation of climate change cuts a transversal line across economic agents, epitomized by two contradictory viewpoints. Some defend that green growth can be achieved without harming economic growth; others argue that it is not possible to respect sustainability if intensive consumption of goods continues to foster economic growth. Our research aims to analyze the role that sustainable technology transfer and sustainable innovations play in green growth and ascertain the impact of green growth on economic growth. We use aggregated country‐level data provided by the OECD, including national accounts, population, and environment statistics (including patents) between 1990 and 2013 for 32 countries, corresponding to an unbalanced panel of 591 observations. We estimate econometric models based on dynamic panel methodologies to capture differences that exist over time. The results show that sustainable technology transfer and sustainable innovation promote green growth, which in turn positively impacts economic growth. We contribute new insight to the green growth versus economic growth debate and provide several political and management implications.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Universidade da Beir...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Business Strategy and the Environment
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Business Strategy and the Environment
    Article
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Universidade da Beir...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Business Strategy and the Environment
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Business Strategy and the Environment
      Article
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao

    The effect of alcohol on the oral mucosa was assessed using quantitative cytomorphology applied to smears taken from clinically normal oral mucosa of patients attending an alcohol problem unit and results were compared to a control group (consisting of social and non‐drinkers) attending a hospital for routine dental care. Smears were stained using the Papanicolaou method and the nuclear and cell boundaries of 50 randomly selected cells traced and mean areas (NA and CA, respectively) calculated. The average number of units of alcohol consumed were recorded for each group together with relevant blood tests. The alcohol group was further subdivided into “binge” and “regular” drinkers. No significant differences were found between mean NA and mean CA values for these two types of alcohol drinkers, despite a marked difference in weekly units consumed. However, a statistically significant reduction in mean cytoplasmic area (P<0.001) and mean nuclear area (P<0.01) was found for the alcohol group when compared to controls. In conclusion, excess alcohol intake may influence results for quantitative oral cytomorphology. Further research is indicated on the relative effects of alcohol (both topical and systemic).

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Oral Path...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Oral Path...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine
      Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zavaleta-Cortijo C.; Ford J.D.; Arotoma-Rojas I.; Lwasa S.; +11 Authors

    Les populations autochtones sont particulièrement exposées au risque de COVID-19 en raison de facteurs tels que la discrimination, l'exclusion sociale, la dépossession de terres et une forte prévalence des formes de malnutrition.1Anderson I Robson B Connolly M et al. La santé des peuples autochtones et tribaux (The Lancet-Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration) : une étude démographique. 2016 ; 388: 131-157Sommaire Texte intégral Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (592) Google Scholar Le changement climatique aggrave bon nombre de ces causes d'inégalités en matière de santé, sapant les mécanismes d'adaptation qui sont traditionnellement utilisés pour gérer des événements extrêmes tels que les pandémies et perturbant les systèmes alimentaires et les régimes alimentaires locaux.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL La résilience des peuples autochtones aux changements environnementaux.Une Terre. 2020 ; 2: 532-543Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (122) Google Scholar Addressing underlying structural inequities and strengthening Indigenous knowledge systems offer opportunities for building resilience to compound socioecological shock, including climate effects and pandemics. Le changement climatique affecte les systèmes alimentaires autochtones, ce qui rend les populations autochtones vulnérables à l'insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle.3Rapport spécial du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat : réchauffement climatique de 1,5°C.https ://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date : 2018Date d'accès : 24 juillet 2020Google Scholar La nature et l'étendue des effets de la COVID-19 sur les systèmes alimentaires autochtones sont encore largement inconnues, mais les résultats directs comprennent la mortalité due à une maladie grave, un accès réduit à la nourriture, des changements dans l'alimentation locale et des pertes économiques résultant des confinements. Ces résultats présentent des obstacles au rétablissement des populations déjà confrontées à d'importants défis nutritionnels. Les effets des pandémies précédentes sur les systèmes alimentaires autochtones ont affecté les enfants en particulier, lorsque les adultes sont tombés malades et que l'accès à la nourriture des ménages a été réduit.4Mamelund S-E Sattenspiel L Dimka J Mortalité associée à l'influenza pendant la pandémie de grippe de 1918–1919 en Alaska et au Labrador : une comparaison.Soc Sci Hist. 2013 ; 37: 177-229Google Scholar Prestation de services de santé inadéquate pour les populations autochtones, y compris un accès limité à desservices culturellement sûrs ,5Brascoupé S Waters C Sécurité culturelle explorant l'applicabilité du concept de sécurité culturelle à la santé autochtone et au bien-être communautaire.Int J Indigen Health. 2006 ; 5: 6-41Google Scholar ajoute une autre couche de complexité face à la pandémie de COVID-19. Les effets du changement climatique compromettent la sécurité alimentaire des Autochtones, ce qui compromet la résilience des populations autochtones aux pandémies. Dans le même temps, les perturbations de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle et les implications sanitaires qui en résultent pour les populations autochtones pendant les pandémies exacerbent leur vulnérabilité au changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, la compréhension, le renforcement et la protection des systèmes alimentaires autochtones dans le contexte du changement climatique doivent être une pierre angulaire de la reprise post-pandémique. En Amazonie péruvienne, certaines communautés autochtones Shawi ont choisi de s'isoler dans la forêt pendant la pandémie de COVID-19.6Zavaleta C COVID-19 : examiner les données des peuples autochtones.Nature. 2020 ; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar Ces communautés s'appuient sur les régimes alimentaires traditionnels et les connaissances autochtones des systèmes alimentaires locaux, et elles ont peu de disponibilité et d'accessibilité aux programmes d'aide alimentaire externes et gouvernementaux. Au cours de cette auto-isolement, la dépendance aux systèmes alimentaires autochtones est inextricablement liée aux connaissances autochtones sur la terre, les rivières et la biodiversité, qui comprennent la connaissance des techniques locales de conservation et de préparation des aliments.7 Zavaleta C Berrang-Ford L et al. De multiples facteurs non climatiques d'insécurité alimentaire renforcent les trajectoires de mauvaise adaptation au changement climatique chez les Shawi autochtones péruviens en Amazonie.PLoS One. 2018 ; 13e0205714Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar Cependant, la nourriture de la forêt est affectée par la perte de biodiversité et de végétation : les vagues de chaleur, les variations de précipitations et les phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes plus fréquents et intenses sont tous liés à la déforestation et au changement climatique et sont aggravés par un affaiblissement des compétences traditionnelles de chasse et de pêche en raison des changements climatiques et sociétaux.6 Zavaleta C COVID-19 : examiner les données des peuples autochtones.Nature. 2020 ; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 8Marengo JA Souza Jr, CM Thonicke K et al.Changements du climat et de l'utilisation des terres dans la région amazonienne : variabilité et tendances actuelles et futures.Front Earth Sci. 2018 ; 6: 228Crossref Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al. The Indigenous climate–food–health nexus.in : Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change : vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar In the Arctic, Inuit are witnessing some of the most rapid rates of warming worldwide.3Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeSpecial report : global warming of 1,5°C .https ://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date : 2018Date d'accès : 24 juillet 2020Google Scholar L'éloignement de la région et les restrictions de voyage ont contribué à freiner la propagation de la COVID-19 ; cependant, les perturbations des réseaux d'approvisionnement ont eu des effets sur la disponibilité alimentaire dans les communautés qui dépendent de la nourriture au détail acheminée par avion depuis les régions du sud. Pour gérer ces perturbations, récolter et partager des aliments locaux, ce qui est largement pratiqué dans de nombreuses régionsarctiques9, Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al. The Indigenous climate-food-health nexus.in : Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change : vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar a aidé à maintenir la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle. Simultanément, cependant, ces systèmes alimentaires autochtones locaux ont été compromis par des extrêmes climatiques, notamment des températures record, la sécheresse et les incendies de forêt. En Ouganda, certaines populations autochtones (par exemple, Batwa) ont adhéré aux mesures COVID-19, notamment la distanciation physique, le maintien à la maison et l'évitement des centres commerciaux en raison de la foule, qui compromet la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle en limitant l'accès aux marchés. En outre, l'aide alimentaire gouvernementale en temps opportun n'a pas atteint de manière adéquate les populations autochtones. Le confinement prolongé en Ouganda, en particulier dans les districts frontaliers où vivent de nombreuses populations autochtones, a entravé leur mobilité pour accéder aux zones forestières pour la recherche de nourriture, l'accès aux communautés voisines pour offrir de la main-d' œuvre pour l'échange de nourriture et l'accès aux champs agricoles pour la production alimentaire. Ces défis sont exacerbés par les effets climatiques existants, 9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al. The Indigenous climate-food-health nexus.in : Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change : vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar, y compris les récentes inondations en 2019 qui ont endommagé les cultures, compromis la productionalimentaire ,10Chang' a LB Kijazi AL Mafuru KB et al. Évaluation de l'évolution et des impacts socio-économiques des précipitations extrêmes en octobre 2019 sur l'Afrique de l'Est. Atmos Clim Sci. 2020 ; 10: 319-338Google Scholar et a réduit la résilience des populations autochtones lorsque la pandémie de COVID-19 a frappé. Le changement climatique remet en question la résilience des systèmes alimentaires autochtones avec des répercussions directes et immédiates sur la santé et la nutrition des populations autochtones.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL La résilience des peuples autochtones aux changements environnementaux.Une Terre. 2020 ; 2: 532-543Résumé Texte intégral PDF Scopus (122) Google Scholar Dans notre monde hautement connecté, la pandémie de COVID-19 a facilement voyagé à travers les continents, atteignant des zones géographiques éloignées et des communautés autochtones en moins de 6 mois. Il existe une fenêtre d'opportunité vitale pour soutenir les populations autochtones qui font face au double fardeau syndémique des risques socioécologiques composés et en cascade, tels que le changement climatique et les pandémies, en donnant la priorité à la protection des principales sources alimentaires autochtones (par exemple, les forêts tropicales, les écosystèmes arctiques), en renforçant et en soutenant l'importance des systèmes de connaissances autochtones, en améliorant l'accès à des ressources sanitaires culturellement sûres et en sauvegardant l'accès et les droits à la terre et aux ressources naturelles des populations autochtones. Le moment est venu de veiller à ce que les décisions et les trajectoires de développement actuelles ne compromettent pas davantage la résilience des systèmes alimentaires autochtones, qui jouent un rôle essentiel dans la réponse des populations autochtones aux pandémies et aux changements climatiques actuels et futurs. Cette publication en ligne a été corrigée. La version corrigée est apparue pour la première fois sur thelancet.com/planetary-health le 9 septembre 2020. Cette publication en ligne a été corrigée. La version corrigée est apparue pour la première fois sur thelancet.com/planetary-health le 9 septembre 2020. Nous ne déclarons aucun intérêt concurrent. CZ-C a été soutenu par le National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), en utilisant le financement de l'aide publique au développement du Royaume-Uni, et par Wellcome (218743/Z/19/Z) dans le cadre du partenariat NIHR–Wellcome pour la recherche en santé mondiale. CZ-C est membre du Groupe de recherche sur la santé autochtone et l'adaptation au changement climatique. IA-R, JDF, SL, PJG, DBN, MN, CJW, LB-F et SLH sont financés par les Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada dans le cadre du programme Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change. JJM reconnaît le soutien de l'Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (HQHSR1206660), des Bernard Lown Scholars in Cardiovascular Health Program de Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health (BLSCHP-1902), Bloomberg Philanthropies (via University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health), Fondecyt (National Fund for Scientific, Technological Development and Technological Innovation) via Cienciactiva at Concytec (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovacíon Tecnologica), British Council, British Embassy and the Newton-Paulet Fund (223-2018, 224-2018), Department for International Development, Medical Research Council (MRC) et Wellcome Global Health Trials (MR/M007405/1), Fogarty International Center (R21TW009982, D71TW010877), Grands Défis Canada (0335-04), Centre de recherches pour le développement international Canada (CRDI 106887, 108167), Institut interaméricain de recherche sur le changement global (IAI CRN3036), MRC (MR/P008984/1, MR/P024408/1, MR/P02386X/1), Institut national du cancer (1P20CA217231), Institut national du cœur, des poumons et du sang (HHSN268200900033C, 5U01HL114180, 1UM1HL134590), Institut national de la santé mentale (1U19MH098780), Fonds national suisse pour la science (40P740-160366), Bienvenu (074833/Z/04/Z, 093541/Z/10/Z, 103994/Z/14/Z, 107435/Z/15/Z, 205177/Z/16/Z, 214185/Z/18/Z, 218743/Z/19/Z), et la World Diabetes Foundation (WDF15-1224). Les opinions exprimées sont celles des auteurs et pas nécessairement celles de Wellcome, du NIHR ou du ministère de la Santé et des Affaires sociales. Les sources de financement n'ont joué aucun rôle dans la préparation de ce commentaire ou dans la décision de soumettre pour publication. Nous reconnaissons la contribution de Matthew King. Télécharger .pdf (.12 Mo) Aide avec les fichiers pdf Annexe supplémentaire Correction à Lancet Planet Health 2020 ; 4 : e381-82Zavaleta-Cortijo C, Ford JD, Arotoma-Rojas I, et al. Changement climatique et COVID-19 : renforcer les systèmes alimentaires autochtones. Lancet Planet Health 2020 ; 4 : e381-82 - Dans ce commentaire, le nom du septième auteur devrait être « J Jaime Miranda ». Cette correction a été apportée en date du 9 septembre 2020. Texte intégral PDF Open AccessSupport Indigenous food system biocultural diversityLe commentaire de Carol Zavaleta-Cortijo et de ses collègues1 était opportun pour souligner les défis auxquels sont confrontés les peuples autochtones en raison des effets combinés du changement climatique, de la COVID-19 et des inégalités de longue date. Bien que la pression sur les moyens de subsistance autochtones ne soit pas nouvelle, les effets actuels sont extrêmes, à la fois en termes de décès dus au virus et de perturbations des modes de vie, y compris les systèmes alimentaires autochtones. Texte intégral PDF en libre accès Las poblaciones indígenas corren un riesgo especialmente alto de COVID-19 debido a factores como la discriminación, la exclusión social, el despojo de tierras y una alta prevalencia de formas de malnutrición.1Anderson I Robson B Connolly M et al.Ind Indigenous and tribal peoples 'health (The Lancet-Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration): a population study.Lancet. 2016; 388: 131-157Resumen Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (592) Google Scholar El cambio climático está agravando muchas de estas causas de desigualdades en la salud, socavando los mecanismos de afrontamiento que tradicionalmente se utilizan para gestionar eventos extremos como pandemias e interrumpiendo los sistemas alimentarios y las dietas locales.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL La resiliencia de los pueblos indígenas al cambio ambiental. Una sola Tierra. 2020; 2: 532-543Resumen Texto completo Texto completo PDF Scopus (122) Google Scholar Abordar las desigualdades estructurales subyacentes y fortalecer los sistemas de conocimiento indígenas ofrece oportunidades para desarrollar la resiliencia a los choques socioecológicos compuestos, incluidos los efectos climáticos y las pandemias. El cambio climático está afectando a los sistemas alimentarios indígenas, lo que hace que las poblaciones indígenas sean vulnerables a la inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional.3Informe especial del Panel Intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático: calentamiento global de 1·5°C.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date: 2018Fecha de acceso: 24 de julio de 2020Google Scholar La naturaleza y el alcance de los efectos de COVID-19 en los sistemas alimentarios indígenas aún se desconocen en gran medida, pero los resultados directos incluyen la mortalidad por enfermedades graves, la reducción del acceso a los alimentos, los cambios en la dieta local y las pérdidas económicas derivadas de los confinamientos. Estos resultados presentan impedimentos para la recuperación de las poblaciones que ya enfrentan desafíos nutricionales sustanciales. Los efectos de pandemias anteriores en los sistemas alimentarios indígenas afectaron a los niños en particular, cuando los adultos se enfermaron y se redujo el acceso a los alimentos en el hogar.4Mamelund S-E Sattenspiel L Dimka J La mortalidad asociada a la influenza durante la pandemia de influenza de 1918–1919 en Alaska y Labrador: una comparación.Soc Sci Hist. 2013; 37: 177-229Google Scholar Prestación inadecuada de servicios de salud para las poblaciones indígenas, incluido el escaso acceso a servicios culturalmente seguros ,5Brascoupé S Waters C Seguridad cultural explorando la aplicabilidad del concepto de seguridad cultural a la salud aborigen y el bienestar de la comunidad. Int J Indigen Health. 2006; 5: 6-41Google Scholar añade otra capa de complejidad ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Los efectos del cambio climático socavan la seguridad alimentaria indígena, lo que a su vez compromete la resiliencia de las poblaciones indígenas a las pandemias. Al mismo tiempo, las interrupciones en la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y las consiguientes implicaciones para la salud de las poblaciones indígenas durante las pandemias exacerban su vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. En este contexto, comprender, reforzar y proteger los sistemas alimentarios indígenas en el contexto de un clima cambiante debe ser una piedra angular de la recuperación posterior a la pandemia. En la Amazonía peruana, algunas comunidades indígenas shawi han optado por aislarse en el bosque durante la pandemia de COVID-19.6Zavaleta C COVID-19: revisar los datos de los pueblos indígenas. Naturaleza. 2020; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar Estas comunidades confían en las dietas tradicionales y el conocimiento indígena de los sistemas alimentarios locales, y tienen poca disponibilidad y accesibilidad a los alimentos externos y a los programas gubernamentales de ayuda alimentaria. Durante este autoaislamiento, la dependencia de los sistemas alimentarios indígenas está inextricablemente vinculada al conocimiento indígena sobre la tierra, los ríos y la biodiversidad, que incluye el conocimiento de las técnicas locales para preservar y preparar alimentos.7Zavaleta C Berrang-Ford L et al. Múltiples impulsores no climáticos de la inseguridad alimentaria refuerzan las trayectorias de mala adaptación al cambio climático entre los indígenas Shawi peruanos en la Amazonía.PLoS One. 2018; 13e0205714Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar Sin embargo, los alimentos del bosque se ven afectados por la biodiversidad y la pérdida de vegetación: las olas de calor, la variación de las precipitaciones y los eventos climáticos extremos más frecuentes e intensos están relacionados con la deforestación y el cambio climático y se ven agravados por un debilitamiento de las habilidades tradicionales de caza y pesca como resultado de los cambios climáticos y sociales.6Zavaleta C COVID-19: revisar los datos de los pueblos indígenas. Naturaleza. 2020; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 8Marengo JA Souza Jr, CM Thonicke K et al. Cambios en el clima y el uso de la tierra en la región amazónica: variabilidad y tendencias actuales y futuras. Front Earth Sci. 2018; 6: 228Crossref Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate–food–health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar En el Ártico, los inuit son testigos de algunas de las tasas de calentamiento más rápidas a nivel mundial.3Informe especial del Panel Intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático: calentamiento global de 1·5°C.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date: 2018Fecha de acceso: 24 de julio de 2020Google Scholar La lejanía de la región y las restricciones de viaje han ayudado a reducir la propagación de COVID-19; sin embargo, las interrupciones en las redes de suministro han tenido efectos en la disponibilidad de alimentos en las comunidades que dependen de los alimentos minoristas que llegan desde las regiones del sur. Para gestionar estas interrupciones, cosechar y compartir alimentos locales, que se practica ampliamente en muchas regiones árticas ,9HarperSL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al. The Indigenous climate-food-health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar ha ayudado a mantener la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. Al mismo tiempo, sin embargo, estos sistemas alimentarios indígenas locales se han visto comprometidos por los extremos climáticos, incluidas las temperaturas récord, la sequía y los incendios forestales. En Uganda, algunas poblaciones indígenas (por ejemplo, Batwa) se han adherido a las medidas de COVID-19, incluido el distanciamiento físico, quedarse en casa y evitar los centros comerciales debido a las multitudes, que desafían la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional al restringir el acceso a los mercados. Además, la ayuda alimentaria gubernamental oportuna no ha llegado adecuadamente a las poblaciones indígenas. El confinamiento prolongado en Uganda, particularmente para los distritos fronterizos donde viven muchas poblaciones indígenas, ha obstaculizado su movilidad para acceder a las áreas boscosas para alimentarse, el acceso a las comunidades cercanas para ofrecer mano de obra para el intercambio de alimentos y el acceso a los campos agrícolas para la producción de alimentos. Estos desafíos se ven exacerbados por los efectos climáticos existentes ,9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al. The Indigenous climate-food-health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar, incluidas las recientes inundaciones en 2019 que dañaron los cultivos, comprometieron la producción de alimentos ,10Chang 'a LB Kijazi AL Mafuru KB et al. Evaluación de la evolución y los impactos socioeconómicos de las precipitaciones extremas en octubre de 2019 en el este de África. Atmos Clim Sci. 2020; 10: 319-338Google Scholar y redujo la resiliencia de las poblaciones indígenas cuando llegó la pandemia de COVID-19. El cambio climático desafía la resiliencia de los sistemas alimentarios indígenas con repercusiones directas e inmediatas para la salud y la nutrición de las poblaciones indígenas.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL The resilience of Indigenous Peoples to environmental change. One Earth. 2020; 2: 532-543Resumen Texto completo Texto completo PDF Scopus (122) Google Académico En nuestro mundo altamente conectado, la pandemia de COVID-19 ha viajado fácilmente a través de continentes, llegando a ubicaciones geográficas remotas y comunidades indígenas en menos de 6 meses. Existe una ventana de oportunidad vital para apoyar a las poblaciones indígenas que enfrentan la carga doble y sindémica de los peligros socioecológicos compuestos y en cascada, como el cambio climático y las pandemias, priorizando la protección de las fuentes clave de alimentos indígenas (por ejemplo, los bosques tropicales, los ecosistemas árticos), reforzando y apoyando la importancia de los sistemas de conocimiento indígenas, mejorando el acceso a recursos de salud culturalmente seguros y salvaguardando el acceso y los derechos a la tierra y los recursos naturales de las poblaciones indígenas. Este es el momento de garantizar que las decisiones actuales y las trayectorias de desarrollo no pongan en peligro aún más la resiliencia de los sistemas alimentarios indígenas, que tienen un papel integral en la respuesta de las poblaciones indígenas a las pandemias y los cambios climáticos actuales y futuros. Esta publicación en línea ha sido corregida. La versión corregida apareció por primera vez en thelancet.com/planetary-health el 9 de septiembre de 2020. Esta publicación en línea ha sido corregida. La versión corregida apareció por primera vez en thelancet.com/planetary-health el 9 de septiembre de 2020. Declaramos que no hay intereses en competencia. CZ-C recibió el apoyo del Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud (NIHR), utilizando los fondos de la Asistencia Oficial para el Desarrollo del Reino Unido, y de Wellcome (218743/Z/19/Z) en el marco de la Asociación NIHR–Wellcome para la Investigación en Salud Global. CZ-C es miembro del Grupo de Investigación de Salud y Adaptación Indígena al Cambio Climático. IA-R, JDF, SL, PJG, DBN, MN, CJW, LB-F y SLH están financiados por los Institutos Canadienses de Investigación en Salud a través del programa de Adaptación de la Salud Indígena al Cambio Climático. JJM reconoce el apoyo de Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (HQHSR1206660), Bernard Lown Scholars in Cardiovascular Health Program en Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health (BLSCHP-1902), Bloomberg Philanthropies (a través de la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill), Fondecyt (Fondo Nacional para el Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y la Innovación Tecnológica) a través de Cienciactiva en Concytec (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica), British Council, Embajada Británica y el Fondo Newton-Paulet (223-2018, 224-2018), Departamento de Desarrollo Internacional, Consejo de Investigación Médica (MRC) y Wellcome Global Health Trials (MR/M007405/1), Fogarty International Center (R21TW009982, D71TW010877), Grand Challenges Canada (0335-04), International Development Research Center Canada (IDRC 106887, 108167), Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI CRN3036), MRC (MR/P008984/1, MR/P024408/1, MR/P02386X/1), National Cancer Institute (1P20CA217231), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (HHSN268200900033C, 5U01HL114180, 1UM1HL134590), National Institute of Mental Health (1U19MH098780), Swiss National Science Foundation (40P740-160366), Wellcome (074833/Z/04/Z, 093541/Z/10/Z, 103994/Z/14/Z, 107435/Z/15/Z, 205177/Z/16/Z, 214185/Z/18/Z, 218743/Z/19/Z), y la World Diabetes Foundation (WDF15-1224). Las opiniones expresadas son las de los autores y no necesariamente las de Wellcome, el NIHR o el Departamento de Salud y Asistencia Social. Las fuentes de financiación no tuvieron ningún papel en la preparación de este Comentario o en la decisión de enviarlo para su publicación. Reconocemos la contribución de Matthew King. Download .pdf (.12 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix Correction to Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4: e381–82Zavaleta-Cortijo C, Ford JD, Arotoma-Rojas I, et al. Cambio climático y COVID-19: reforzando los sistemas alimentarios indígenas. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4: e381-82-En este Comentario, el nombre del séptimo autor debe ser "J Jaime Miranda". Esta corrección se ha realizado a partir del 9 de septiembre de 2020. PDF de texto completo Acceso abiertoApoyar la diversidad biocultural del sistema alimentario indígenaEl comentario de Carol Zavaleta-Cortijo y sus colegas1 fue oportuno al enfatizar los desafíos que enfrentan los pueblos indígenas debido a los efectos combinados del cambio climático, COVID-19 y las desigualdades de larga data. Aunque la presión sobre los medios de vida indígenas no es nada nuevo, los efectos actuales son extremos, tanto en términos de muertes debido al virus como de interrupciones en las formas de vida, incluidos los sistemas alimentarios indígenas. Acceso abierto en PDF de texto completo Indigenous populations are at especially high risk from COVID-19 because of factors such discrimination, social exclusion, land dispossession, and a high prevalence of forms of malnutrition.1Anderson I Robson B Connolly M et al.Indigenous and tribal peoples' health (The Lancet–Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration): a population study.Lancet. 2016; 388: 131-157Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (592) Google Scholar Climate change is compounding many of these causes of health inequities, undermining coping mechanisms that are traditionally used to manage extreme events such as pandemics, and disrupting food systems and local diets.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL The resilience of Indigenous Peoples to environmental change.One Earth. 2020; 2: 532-543Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (122) Google Scholar Addressing underlying structural inequities and strengthening Indigenous knowledge systems offer opportunities for building resilience to compound socioecological shocks, including climate effects and pandemics. Climate change is affecting Indigenous food systems, making Indigenous populations vulnerable to food and nutritional insecurity.3Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeSpecial report: global warming of 1·5°C.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date: 2018Date accessed: July 24, 2020Google Scholar The nature and extent of the effects of COVID-19 on Indigenous food systems are still largely unknown, but the direct results include mortality from severe illness, reduced access to food, changes in local diet, and economic losses resulting from lockdowns. These outcomes present impediments to the recovery of populations already facing substantial nutritional challenges. The effects of previous pandemics on Indigenous food systems affected children in particular, when adults became ill and household food access was reduced.4Mamelund S-E Sattenspiel L Dimka J Influenza-associated mortality during the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Alaska and Labrador: a comparison.Soc Sci Hist. 2013; 37: 177-229Google Scholar Inadequate health service provision for Indigenous populations, including scant access to culturally safe services,5Brascoupé S Waters C Cultural safety exploring the applicability of the concept of cultural safety to aboriginal health and community wellness.Int J Indigen Health. 2006; 5: 6-41Google Scholar adds another layer of complexity in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Effects of climate change undermine Indigenous food security, in turn compromising the resilience of Indigenous populations to pandemics. At the same time, disruptions to food and nutrition security and the resulting health implications for Indigenous populations during pandemics exacerbate their vulnerability to climate change. In this context, understanding, reinforcing, and protecting Indigenous food systems in the context of a changing climate must be a cornerstone of post-pandemic recovery. In the Peruvian Amazon, some Shawi Indigenous communities have chosen to self-isolate in the forest during the COVID-19 pandemic.6Zavaleta C COVID-19: review Indigenous peoples' data.Nature. 2020; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar These communities are relying on traditional diets and Indigenous knowledge of local food systems, and they have little availability and accessibility to external food and government food-aid programmes. During this self-isolation, reliance on Indigenous food systems is inextricably linked to Indigenous knowledge about the land, rivers, and biodiversity, which includes knowledge of local techniques to preserve and prepare food.7Zavaleta C Berrang-Ford L et al.Multiple non-climatic drivers of food insecurity reinforce climate change maladaptation trajectories among Peruvian Indigenous Shawi in the Amazon.PLoS One. 2018; 13e0205714Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar However, food from the forest is being affected by biodiversity and vegetation loss: heatwaves, precipitation variation, and more frequent and intense extreme weather events are all related to deforestation and climate change and are compounded by a weakening of traditional hunting and fishing skills as a result of climatic and societal changes.6Zavaleta C COVID-19: review Indigenous peoples' data.Nature. 2020; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 8Marengo JA Souza Jr, CM Thonicke K et al.Changes in climate and land use over the Amazon region: current and future variability and trends.Front Earth Sci. 2018; 6: 228Crossref Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate–food–health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar In the Arctic, Inuit are witnessing some of the most rapid rates of warming globally.3Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeSpecial report: global warming of 1·5°C.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date: 2018Date accessed: July 24, 2020Google Scholar The remoteness of the region and travel restrictions have helped curtail the spread of COVID-19; however, disruptions to supply networks have had effects on food availability in communities that rely on retail food flown in from southern regions. To manage these disruptions, harvesting and sharing local foods, which is widely practiced in many Arctic regions,9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate–food–health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar has helped maintain food and nutrition security. Simultaneously, however, these local Indigenous food systems have been compromised by climatic extremes, including record-breaking temperatures, drought, and wildfires. In Uganda, some Indigenous populations (eg, Batwa) have adhered to COVID-19 measures, including physical distancing, staying home, and avoiding trading centres because of crowds, which challenge food and nutrition security by restricting access to markets. Furthermore, timely government food aid has not adequately reached Indigenous populations. The extended lockdown in Uganda, particularly for border districts where many Indigenous populations live, has hampered their mobility to access forested areas for foraging, access to nearby communities to offer labour for food exchange, and access to agricultural fields for food production. These challenges are exacerbated by existing climate effects,9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate–food–health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar including recent flooding in 2019 that damaged crops, compromised food production,10Chang'a LB Kijazi AL Mafuru KB et al.Assessment of the evolution and socio-economic impacts of extreme rainfall events in October 2019 over the east Africa.Atmos Clim Sci. 2020; 10: 319-338Google Scholar and reduced the resilience of Indigenous populations when the COVID-19 pandemic hit. Climate change challenges the resilience of Indigenous food systems with direct and immediate repercussions for the health and nutrition of Indigenous populations.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL The resilience of Indigenous Peoples to environmental change.One Earth. 2020; 2: 532-543Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (122) Google Scholar In our highly connected world, the COVID-19 pandemic has easily travelled across continents, reaching remote geographical locations and Indigenous communities in less than 6 months. There is a vital window of opportunity to support Indigenous populations who face the double and syndemic burden of compound and cascading socioecological hazards, such as climate change and pandemics, by prioritising the protection of key Indigenous food sources (eg, tropical forests, Arctic ecosystems), by reinforcing and supporting the importance of Indigenous knowledge systems, by improving access to culturally safe health resources, and by and safeguarding access and rights to land and natural resources of Indigenous populations. This is the time to ensure that current decisions and development trajectories do not further jeopardise the resilience of Indigenous food systems, which have integral roles in the response of Indigenous populations to current and future pandemics and climatic changes. This online publication has been corrected. The corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com/planetary-health on September 9, 2020 This online publication has been corrected. The corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com/planetary-health on September 9, 2020 We declare no competing interests. CZ-C was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), using the UK's Official Development Assistance funding, and by Wellcome (218743/Z/19/Z) under the NIHR–Wellcome Partnership for Global Health Research. CZ-C is member of the Indigenous Health and Adaptation to Climate Change Research Group. IA-R, JDF, SL, PJG, DBN, MN, CJW, LB-F, and SLH are funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research through the Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change programme. JJM acknowledges support from the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (HQHSR1206660), the Bernard Lown Scholars in Cardiovascular Health Program at Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health (BLSCHP-1902), Bloomberg Philanthropies (via University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health), Fondecyt (National Fund for Scientific, Technological Development and Technological Innovation) via Cienciactiva at Concytec (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovacíon Tecnologica), British Council, British Embassy and the Newton-Paulet Fund (223-2018, 224-2018), Department for International Development, Medical Research Council (MRC), and Wellcome Global Health Trials (MR/M007405/1), Fogarty International Center (R21TW009982, D71TW010877), Grand Challenges Canada (0335-04), International Development Research Center Canada (IDRC 106887, 108167), Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI CRN3036), MRC (MR/P008984/1, MR/P024408/1, MR/P02386X/1), National Cancer Institute (1P20CA217231), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (HHSN268200900033C, 5U01HL114180, 1UM1HL134590), National Institute of Mental Health (1U19MH098780), Swiss National Science Foundation (40P740-160366), Wellcome (074833/Z/04/Z, 093541/Z/10/Z, 103994/Z/14/Z, 107435/Z/15/Z, 205177/Z/16/Z, 214185/Z/18/Z, 218743/Z/19/Z), and the World Diabetes Foundation (WDF15-1224). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of Wellcome, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funding sources had no role in the preparation of this Comment or in the decision to submit for publication. We acknowledge the contribution of Matthew King. Download .pdf (.12 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix Correction to Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4: e381–82Zavaleta-Cortijo C, Ford JD, Arotoma-Rojas I, et al. Climate change and COVID-19: reinforcing Indigenous food systems. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4: e381–82—In this Comment, the seventh author's name should be "J Jaime Miranda". This correction has been made as of Sept 9, 2020. Full-Text PDF Open AccessSupport Indigenous food system biocultural diversityThe Comment by Carol Zavaleta-Cortijo and colleagues1 was timely in emphasising the challenges faced by Indigenous peoples due to the combined effects of climate change, COVID-19, and longstanding inequities. Although pressure on Indigenous livelihoods is nothing new, current effects are extreme, both in terms of deaths due to the virus and disruptions to lifeways, including Indigenous food systems. Full-Text PDF Open Access السكان الأصليون معرضون بشكل خاص لخطر الإصابة بـ COVID -19 بسبب عوامل مثل التمييز والاستبعاد الاجتماعي ومصادرة الأراضي والانتشار العالي لأشكال سوء التغذية .1 أندرسون أنا روبسون ب كونولي م وآخرون. صحة الشعوب الأصلية والقبلية (التعاون العالمي لمعهد لانسيت- لويتجا): دراسة سكانية. 2016 ؛ 388: 131-157 ملخص النص الكامل الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (592) يضاعف الباحث العلمي من Google تغير المناخ العديد من هذه الأسباب لعدم المساواة الصحية، مما يقوض آليات التكيف التي تستخدم تقليديًا لإدارة الأحداث المتطرفة مثل الأوبئة، وتعطيل النظم الغذائية والوجبات الغذائية المحلية.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL مرونة الشعوب الأصلية في مواجهة التغير البيئي. 2020 ؛ 2: 532-543 ملخص النص الكامل للنص الكامل PDF Scopus (122) الباحث العلمي من Google معالجة أوجه عدم المساواة الهيكلية الكامنة وتعزيز أنظمة المعرفة الأصلية توفر فرصًا لبناء القدرة على الصمود أمام الصدمات الاجتماعية البيئية المعقدة، بما في ذلك الآثار المناخية والأوبئة. يؤثر تغير المناخ على النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين، مما يجعل السكان الأصليين عرضة لانعدام الأمن الغذائي والتغذوي .3 الفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ تقرير خاص: الاحترار العالمي بمقدار 1·5 درجات مئوية .https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date:2018Date accessed: July 24, 2020 الباحث من Google لا تزال طبيعة ومدى آثار COVID -19 على النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين غير معروفة إلى حد كبير، ولكن النتائج المباشرة تشمل الوفيات الناجمة عن الأمراض الشديدة، وانخفاض الوصول إلى الغذاء، والتغيرات في النظام الغذائي المحلي، والخسائر الاقتصادية الناتجة عن عمليات الإغلاق. وتمثل هذه النتائج عوائق أمام تعافي السكان الذين يواجهون بالفعل تحديات غذائية كبيرة. أثرت آثار الأوبئة السابقة على النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين على الأطفال على وجه الخصوص، عندما أصبح البالغون مرضى وانخفض الوصول إلى الغذاء المنزلي .4 Mamelund S - E Sattenspiel L Dimka J الوفيات المرتبطة بالأنفلونزا خلال جائحة الأنفلونزا 1918–1919 في ألاسكا ولابرادور: مقارنة .Soc Sci Hist. 2013 ؛ 37: 177-229 الباحث العلمي من Google عدم كفاية تقديم الخدمات الصحية للسكان الأصليين، بما في ذلك الوصول الضئيل إلى الخدمات الآمنة ثقافيًا، 5 السلامة الثقافية في براسكوبي إس ووترز سي التي تستكشف إمكانية تطبيق مفهوم السلامة الثقافية على صحة السكان الأصليين وصحة المجتمع. Int J Indigen Health. 2006 ؛ 5: 6-41 يضيف الباحث العلمي من Google طبقة أخرى من التعقيد في مواجهة جائحة كوفيد-19. تقوض آثار تغير المناخ الأمن الغذائي للسكان الأصليين، مما يؤدي بدوره إلى تقويض قدرة السكان الأصليين على مواجهة الأوبئة. وفي الوقت نفسه، تؤدي الاضطرابات في الأمن الغذائي والتغذوي وما ينتج عنها من آثار صحية على السكان الأصليين أثناء الأوبئة إلى تفاقم تعرضهم لتغير المناخ. وفي هذا السياق، يجب أن يكون فهم النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين وتعزيزها وحمايتها في سياق تغير المناخ حجر الزاوية في التعافي بعد الجائحة. في منطقة الأمازون في بيرو، اختارت بعض مجتمعات السكان الأصليين الشاوي العزل الذاتي في الغابة خلال جائحة كوفيد-19 .6 Zavaleta C COVID -19: مراجعة بيانات الشعوب الأصلية .الطبيعة. 2020 ؛ 580: 185 Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) الباحث العلمي من Google تعتمد هذه المجتمعات على النظم الغذائية التقليدية ومعرفة السكان الأصليين بالنظم الغذائية المحلية، ولديهم القليل من التوافر وإمكانية الوصول إلى الغذاء الخارجي وبرامج المساعدات الغذائية الحكومية. خلال هذا العزلة الذاتية، يرتبط الاعتماد على النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين ارتباطًا وثيقًا بمعارف السكان الأصليين حول الأرض والأنهار والتنوع البيولوجي، والتي تشمل معرفة التقنيات المحلية للحفاظ على الطعام وإعداده .7 وتعزز الدوافع غير المناخية المتعددة لانعدام الأمن الغذائي مسارات سوء التكيف مع تغير المناخ بين السكان الأصليين في بيرو شاوي في الأمازون .PLoS One. 2018; 13e0205714Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) الباحث من Google ومع ذلك، يتأثر الغذاء من الغابة بالتنوع البيولوجي وفقدان الغطاء النباتي: ترتبط موجات الحر وتباين هطول الأمطار والظواهر الجوية المتطرفة الأكثر تكرارًا وشدة بإزالة الغابات وتغير المناخ وتتفاقم بسبب ضعف مهارات الصيد وصيد الأسماك التقليدية نتيجة للتغيرات المناخية والمجتمعية .6 Zavaleta C -1919: مراجعة بيانات الشعوب الأصلية .الطبيعة. 2020 ؛ 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar، 8Marengo JA Souza Jr، CM Thonicke K et al. التغيرات في المناخ واستخدام الأراضي في منطقة الأمازون: التقلبات والاتجاهات الحالية والمستقبلية. 2018 ؛ 6: 228 Crossref Scopus (219) الباحث العلمي من Google، 9Harper SL Berrang - Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate - food - health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J الناس وتغير المناخ: الضعف والتكيف والعدالة الاجتماعية. منحة أكسفورد عبر الإنترنت، أكسفورد2019: 184 الباحث العلمي من Google في القطب الشمالي، يشهد الإنويت بعضًا من أسرع معدلات الاحترار على مستوى العالم .3 الفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ تقرير خاص: الاحترار العالمي بمقدار 1·5 درجات مئوية .https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date:2018Date accessed: July 24, 2020 الباحث العلمي من Google ساعد بعد المنطقة وقيود السفر في الحد من انتشار COVID -19 ؛ ومع ذلك، كان لاضطرابات شبكات الإمداد آثار على توافر الغذاء في المجتمعات التي تعتمد على الغذاء بالتجزئة الذي يتم نقله من المناطق الجنوبية. لإدارة هذه الاضطرابات، وحصاد ومشاركة الأطعمة المحلية، والتي تمارس على نطاق واسع في العديد من مناطق القطب الشمالي، 9 Harper SL Berrang - Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate - food - health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J الناس وتغير المناخ: الضعف والتكيف والعدالة الاجتماعية. منحة أكسفورد عبر الإنترنت، أكسفورد2019: 184 ساعد الباحث العلمي من Google في الحفاظ على الأمن الغذائي والتغذوي. ومع ذلك، في الوقت نفسه، تعرضت هذه النظم الغذائية المحلية للسكان الأصليين للخطر بسبب الظواهر المناخية المتطرفة، بما في ذلك درجات الحرارة القياسية والجفاف وحرائق الغابات. في أوغندا، التزم بعض السكان الأصليين (على سبيل المثال، باتوا) بتدابير COVID -19، بما في ذلك التباعد الجسدي، والبقاء في المنزل، وتجنب المراكز التجارية بسبب الحشود، التي تتحدى الأمن الغذائي والتغذوي من خلال تقييد الوصول إلى الأسواق. علاوة على ذلك، لم تصل المساعدات الغذائية الحكومية في الوقت المناسب إلى السكان الأصليين بشكل كافٍ. أدى الإغلاق الموسع في أوغندا، لا سيما بالنسبة للمناطق الحدودية حيث يعيش العديد من السكان الأصليين، إلى إعاقة حركتهم للوصول إلى مناطق الغابات للبحث عن الطعام، والوصول إلى المجتمعات المجاورة لتقديم العمالة مقابل تبادل الغذاء، والوصول إلى الحقول الزراعية لإنتاج الغذاء. تتفاقم هذه التحديات بسبب التأثيرات المناخية الحالية، 9 Harper SL Berrang - Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate - food - health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online، Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar بما في ذلك الفيضانات الأخيرة في عام 2019 التي ألحقت الضرر بالمحاصيل، وأضرت بإنتاج الغذاء، 10Chang 'a LB Kijazi Al Mafuru KB et al. تقييم التطور والآثار الاجتماعية والاقتصادية لأحداث هطول الأمطار الشديدة في أكتوبر 2019 فوق شرق إفريقيا. Atmos Clim Sci. 2020 ؛ 10: 319-338 الباحث العلمي من Google وقلل من قدرة السكان الأصليين على الصمود عندما ضربت جائحة COVID -19. يتحدى تغير المناخ مرونة النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين مع تداعيات مباشرة وفورية على صحة وتغذية السكان الأصليين.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL قدرة السكان الأصليين على التكيف مع التغير البيئي. أرض واحدة. 2020 ؛ 2: 532-543 ملخص النص الكامل النص الكامل PDF Scopus (122) الباحث العلمي من Google في عالمنا المترابط للغاية، انتقلت جائحة COVID -19 بسهولة عبر القارات، ووصلت إلى المواقع الجغرافية النائية ومجتمعات السكان الأصليين في أقل من 6 أشهر. هناك فرصة حيوية لدعم السكان الأصليين الذين يواجهون العبء المزدوج والمتفشي للمخاطر الاجتماعية والبيئية المركبة والمتتالية، مثل تغير المناخ والأوبئة، من خلال إعطاء الأولوية لحماية المصادر الغذائية الرئيسية للسكان الأصليين (مثل الغابات الاستوائية والنظم الإيكولوجية في القطب الشمالي)، من خلال تعزيز ودعم أهمية نظم معارف السكان الأصليين، من خلال تحسين الوصول إلى الموارد الصحية الآمنة ثقافيًا، ومن خلال حماية الوصول إلى الأراضي والموارد الطبيعية للسكان الأصليين وحقوقهم فيها. لقد حان الوقت لضمان ألا تؤدي القرارات ومسارات التنمية الحالية إلى زيادة تعريض مرونة النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين للخطر، والتي لها أدوار أساسية في استجابة السكان الأصليين للأوبئة الحالية والمستقبلية والتغيرات المناخية. تم تصحيح هذا المنشور عبر الإنترنت. ظهرت النسخة المصححة لأول مرة على thelancet.com/planetary-health في 9 سبتمبر 2020 تم تصحيح هذا المنشور عبر الإنترنت. ظهرت النسخة المصححة لأول مرة على thelancet.com/planetary-health في 9 سبتمبر 2020 نعلن عدم وجود مصالح متنافسة. تم دعم CZ - C من قبل المعهد الوطني للبحوث الصحية (NIHR)، باستخدام تمويل المساعدة الإنمائية الرسمية في المملكة المتحدة، ومن قبل ويلكوم (218743/Z/19/Z) في إطار الشراكة بين المؤسسة الوطنية لحقوق الإنسان ويلكوم لبحوث الصحة العالمية. CZ - C عضو في مجموعة أبحاث صحة السكان الأصليين والتكيف مع تغير المناخ. يتم تمويل IA - R و JDF و SL و PJG و DBN و MN و CJW و LB - F و SLH من قبل المعاهد الكندية للبحوث الصحية من خلال برنامج تكيف صحة السكان الأصليين مع تغير المناخ. تقر JJM بالدعم المقدم من التحالف من أجل أبحاث السياسات والنظم الصحية (HQHSR1206660)، وبرنامج برنارد لوين في برنامج صحة القلب والأوعية الدموية في كلية هارفارد تي إتش تشان للصحة العامة (BLSCHP -1902)، و Bloomberg Philanthropies (عبر جامعة نورث كارولينا في مدرسة تشابل هيل للصحة العامة)، و Fondecyt (الصندوق الوطني للتنمية العلمية والتكنولوجية والابتكار التكنولوجي) عبر Cienciactiva at Concytec (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovacíon Tecnologica)، والمجلس البريطاني، والسفارة البريطانية وصندوق Newton - Paulet (223-2018، 224-2018)، وإدارة التنمية الدولية، ومجلس البحوث الطبية (MRC)، و Wellcome Global Health Trials (MR/M007405/1)، مركز Fogarty الدولي (R21TW009982، D71T010877)، التحديات الكبرى كندا (0335-04)، المركز الدولي لبحوث التنمية كندا (IDRC 106887، 108167)، معهد البلدان الأمريكية لبحوث التغيير العالمي (IAI CRN3036)، MRC (MR/P008984/1، MR/P024408/1، MR/P02386X/1)، المعهد الوطني للسرطان (1P20CA217231)، المعهد الوطني للقلب والرئة والدم (HHSN268200900033C، 5U01HL114180، 1UM1HL134590)، المعهد الوطني للصحة العقلية (1U19MH098780)، المؤسسة الوطنية السويسرية للعلوم (40P740 -160366)، ويلكوم (074833/Z/04/Z، 093541/Z/10/Z، 103994/Z/14/Z، 107435/Z/15/Z، 205177/Z/16/Z، 214185/Z/18/Z، 218743/Z/19/Z)، والمؤسسة العالمية للسكري (WDF15 -1224). الآراء المعبر عنها هي آراء المؤلفين وليست بالضرورة آراء ويلكوم أو المؤسسة الوطنية لحقوق الإنسان أو وزارة الصحة والرعاية الاجتماعية. لم يكن لمصادر التمويل أي دور في إعداد هذا التعليق أو في قرار التقديم للنشر. نحن نعترف بمساهمة ماثيو كينغ. Download .pdf (.12 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix Correction to Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4: e381 -82Zavaleta - Cortijo C, Ford JD, Arotoma - Rojas I, et al. تغير المناخ وكوفيد-19: تعزيز النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين. لانسيت بلانيت هيلث 2020 ؛ 4: e381 -82 - في هذا التعليق، يجب أن يكون اسم المؤلف السابع "جايمي ميراندا". تم إجراء هذا التصحيح اعتبارًا من 9 سبتمبر 2020. النص الكامل PDF الوصول المفتوحدعم التنوع البيولوجي الثقافي للنظام الغذائي للسكان الأصليينتعليق كارول زافاليتا- كورتيجو وزملائها1 جاء في الوقت المناسب للتأكيد على التحديات التي تواجهها الشعوب الأصلية بسبب الآثار المشتركة لتغير المناخ، وكوفيد-19، وأوجه عدم المساواة الطويلة الأمد. على الرغم من أن الضغط على سبل عيش السكان الأصليين ليس بالأمر الجديد، إلا أن الآثار الحالية شديدة، سواء من حيث الوفيات الناجمة عن الفيروس أو الاضطرابات في طرق الحياة، بما في ذلك النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين. الوصول المفتوح للنص الكامل PDF

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      The Lancet Planetary Health
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    Authors: Will Sopwith; Tony Hart; Paul Garner;

    In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) had eight sets of conflicting recommendations for decontaminating medical equipment. We conducted a systematic review of observational studies to assist WHO in reconciling the various guidelines. This paper summarises the methods developed and illustrates the results for three procedures--alcohol, bleach and povidone iodine.We developed a Medline search strategy and applied inclusion criteria specifying the decontamination procedures of interest and an outcome of microbial destruction for a set of marker organisms. We developed protocols to assess the quality of studies and categorised them according to the reliability of the methods used. Through an iterative process we identified best practice for the decontamination methods and key additional factors required to ensure their effectiveness. We identified 88 published papers for inclusion, describing 135 separate studies of decontamination.For disinfection with alcohol, best practice was identified from 23 studies as an exposure to 70-80% ethanol or isopropanol for at least 5 minutes. Bleach was effective for sterilization at a concentration of 5000 ppm for 5 minutes and for disinfection at 1000 ppm for 10 minutes (33 studies). Povidone iodine was only partially effective for disinfection at a concentration of 1% for 15 minutes (15 studies).Our findings provide an evidence base for WHO guidelines on decontaminating medical equipment. The results support the recommended use of bleach and show that alcohol could be used more widely than current guidelines suggest, provided best practice is followed. The effectiveness of povidone iodine is uncertain.

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    BMC Infectious Diseases
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    BMC Infectious Diseases
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    PubMed Central
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    BMC Infectious Diseases
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    BMC Infectious Diseases
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    BMC Infectious Diseases
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      BMC Infectious Diseases
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    Authors: Xiaolan Xie; Mengmeng Hao; Fangyu Ding; Tobias Ide; +9 Authors

    Résumé Objectifs Comprendre si et comment la pandémie de COVID-19 affecte le risque de différents types de conflits dans le monde dans le contexte du changement climatique. Méthodologie Sur la base de la base de données des conflits armés, de la COVID-19, des données climatiques détaillées et des données non climatiques couvrant la période 2020–2021, nous avons appliqué la modélisation des équations structurelles spécifiquement pour réorganiser les liens entre le climat, la COVID-19 et le risque de conflit. De plus, nous avons utilisé la méthode de l'arbre de régression boosté pour simuler le risque de conflit sous l'influence de multiples facteurs. Résultats Le risque de transmission de la COVID-19 semble diminuer à mesure que la température augmente. En outre, la COVID-19 a un impact mondial important sur le risque de conflit, bien qu'il existe des variations régionales et de risque de conflit. De plus, lorsque nous testons un effet différé d'un mois, nous constatons une cohérence entre les régions, indiquant une influence positive de la COVID-19 sur les manifestations (manifestations et émeutes) et une relation négative avec le risque de conflit non étatique et violent. Conclusion La COVID-19 a un effet complexe sur le risque de conflit dans le monde entier dans le contexte du changement climatique. Implications Jeter les bases théoriques de la façon dont la COVID-19 affecte le risque de conflit et fournir une certaine inspiration pour la mise en œuvre des politiques pertinentes. Resumen Objetivos Comprender si y cómo la pandemia de COVID-19 afecta el riesgo de diferentes tipos de conflictos en todo el mundo en el contexto del cambio climático. Metodología Con base en la base de datos de conflictos armados, COVID-19, clima detallado y datos no climáticos que cubren el período 2020–2021, aplicamos el Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales específicamente para reorganizar los vínculos entre el clima, COVID-19 y el riesgo de conflicto. Además, utilizamos el método del Árbol de Regresión Impulsado para simular el riesgo de conflicto bajo la influencia de múltiples factores. Hallazgos El riesgo de transmisión de COVID-19 parece disminuir a medida que aumenta la temperatura. Además, la COVID-19 tiene un impacto mundial sustancial en el riesgo de conflicto, aunque existen variaciones regionales y de riesgo de conflicto. Además, al probar un efecto rezagado de un mes, encontramos coherencia entre las regiones, lo que indica una influencia positiva de COVID-19 en las manifestaciones (protestas y disturbios) y una relación negativa con el riesgo de conflictos no estatales y violentos. Conclusión El COVID-19 tiene un efecto complejo sobre el riesgo de conflicto en todo el mundo bajo el cambio climático. Implicaciones Sentar las bases teóricas de cómo la COVID-19 afecta el riesgo de conflicto y proporcionar algo de inspiración para la implementación de políticas relevantes. Abstract Objectives Understand whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic affects the risk of different types of conflict worldwide in the context of climate change. Methodology Based on the database of armed conflict, COVID-19, detailed climate, and non-climate data covering the period 2020–2021, we applied Structural Equation Modeling specifically to reorganize the links between climate, COVID-19, and conflict risk. Moreover, we used the Boosted Regression Tree method to simulate conflict risk under the influence of multiple factors. Findings The transmission risk of COVID-19 seems to decrease as the temperature rises. Additionally, COVID-19 has a substantial worldwide impact on conflict risk, albeit regional and conflict risk variations exist. Moreover, when testing a one-month lagged effect, we find consistency across regions, indicating a positive influence of COVID-19 on demonstrations (protests and riots) and a negative relationship with non-state and violent conflict risk. Conclusion COVID-19 has a complex effect on conflict risk worldwide under climate change. Implications Laying the theoretical foundation of how COVID-19 affects conflict risk and providing some inspiration for the implementation of relevant policies. الملخص الأهداف فهم ما إذا كانت جائحة كوفيد-19 تؤثر على مخاطر أنواع مختلفة من النزاعات في جميع أنحاء العالم في سياق تغير المناخ وكيفية تأثيرها. المنهجية استنادًا إلى قاعدة بيانات النزاع المسلح وكوفيد-19 والمناخ التفصيلي والبيانات غير المناخية التي تغطي الفترة 2020–2021، طبقنا نمذجة المعادلة الهيكلية على وجه التحديد لإعادة تنظيم الروابط بين المناخ وكوفيد-19 ومخاطر النزاع. علاوة على ذلك، استخدمنا طريقة شجرة الانحدار المعزز لمحاكاة مخاطر النزاع تحت تأثير عوامل متعددة. النتائج يبدو أن خطر انتقال COVID -19 ينخفض مع ارتفاع درجة الحرارة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن COVID -19 له تأثير كبير في جميع أنحاء العالم على مخاطر النزاع، على الرغم من وجود اختلافات إقليمية ومخاطر النزاع. علاوة على ذلك، عند اختبار تأثير متأخر لمدة شهر واحد، نجد الاتساق عبر المناطق، مما يشير إلى التأثير الإيجابي لـ COVID -19 على المظاهرات (الاحتجاجات وأعمال الشغب) والعلاقة السلبية مع مخاطر النزاع العنيف وغير الحكومي. الخاتمة كوفيد-19 له تأثير معقد على مخاطر النزاع في جميع أنحاء العالم في ظل تغير المناخ. الآثار وضع الأساس النظري لكيفية تأثير كوفيد-19 على مخاطر النزاع وتوفير بعض الإلهام لتنفيذ السياسات ذات الصلة.

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    Heliyon
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Heliyon
    Article . 2023
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ek...
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/9f...
    Other literature type . 2023
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Heliyonarrow_drop_down
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      Heliyon
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Heliyon
      Article . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/ek...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/9f...
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    Authors: Rhiannon T. Heslop; Ignacio Novoa Lozano; SoeYu Naing; SoeYu Naing; +5 Authors

    Infectious diseases are emerging and re-emerging due to climate change. Understanding how climate variability affects the transmission of infectious diseases is important for both researchers and the general public. Yet, the widespread knowledge of the general public on this matter is unknown, and quantitative research is still lacking. A survey was designed to assess the knowledge and perception of 1) infectious diseases, 2) climate change and 3) the effect of climate change on infectious diseases. Participants were recruited via convenience sampling, and an anonymous cross-sectional survey with informed consent was distributed to each participant. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed primarily focusing on the occupational background as well as nationality of participants. A total of 458 individuals participated in this study, and most participants were originally from Myanmar, the Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom and the United States. Almost half (44%) had a background in natural sciences and had a higher level of knowledge on infectious diseases compared to participants with non-science background (mean score of 12.5 and 11.2 out of 20, respectively). The knowledge of the effect of climate change on infectious diseases was also significantly different between participants with and without a background in natural sciences (13.1 and 11.8 out of 20, respectively). The level of knowledge on various topics was highly correlated with nationality but not associated with age. The general population demonstrated a high awareness and strong knowledge of climate change regardless of their background in natural sciences. This study exposes a knowledge gap in the general public regarding the effect of climate change on infectious diseases, and highlights that different levels of knowledge are observed in groups with differing occupations and nationalities. These results may help to develop awareness interventions for the general public.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PLoS ONEarrow_drop_down
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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2020
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    PubMed Central
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    Article . 2020
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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2020
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      PLoS ONE
      Article . 2020
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      Article . 2020
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      PLoS ONE
      Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Gengaiah Uma; Kalim U. Shah; Chandan Sapkota; Bibek R. Kandel; +1 Authors

    The dramatically increasing population of Asia necessitates equally as dramatic increase in energy supply to meet demand. Rapidly increasing energy demand is a major concern for Asian countries because the increase in demand is being met through the increased use of fossil fuel supply, largely domestic coal and imported fuel. Renewable energy supply presents a lower emission pathway that could be a viable option for steering off the higher emissions path. However, several market, economic, institutional, technical, and socio-cultural barriers hinder countries in moving from high to low emission pathway. Following a discussion on the rising demand for energy in Asia and the prospects of partly satisfying it with renewable energy, we outline the reasons for government support to tackle the barriers for widespread diffusion of grid-based renewable energy. Additionally, we also discuss workable models for strategic government intervention to support diffusion of grid-based renewable energy in Asia.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Energy Policyarrow_drop_down
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    Energy Policy
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy Policy
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Junguo Shi; Yang Liu; Bert M. Sadowski; David Alemzero; +3 Authors

    As the importance of critical minerals in facilitating the energy transition has grown, the present discussion has switched to examining 18 leading mineral resource-endowed countries for their economic and governance performance from 2002 to 2019 by employing a panel random effect model. The findings demonstrate the validity of the Pareto principle when studying mineral rents and economic development. The results confirm that mineral rents are positively related to GDP growth and governance levels measured by control of corruption. Trade volume and renewable energy consumption are also positively associated with mineral rents. The paper sheds some light on the socioeconomic and governance performance of resource-endowed countries. It provides policy suggestions for the development of critical minerals necessary for a sustainable energy transition.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Resources Policy
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Savin, Ivan; Drews, Stefan; van den Bergh, Jeroen; Villamayor-Tomas, Sergio;

    Since the onset of the COVID-19 crisis many have opinionated on how it may affect society’s response to climate change. Two key questions here are how COVID-19 is expected to influence climate action by citizens and by the government. We answer these by applying topic modelling to textual responses from a survey of Spanish citizens. The identified topics tend to be more negative than positive, and more optimistic concerning future climate action by citizens. Positive views involve increasing pro-environmental behavior and are more common among younger, higher educated and male respondents as well as among those who perceive climate change as a serious threat or positively assessed COVID-19 confinement. Negative topics express concern that financial resources for climate action will be limited due to a focus on healthcare and economic recovery. In addition, they mention government mismanagement and waste due to use of protective measures like masks and gloves as impediments to effective climate action.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ PLoS ONEarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    PLoS ONE
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Huang, Ruixian; Kale, Seenaiah; Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy; Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad;

    Abstract The main objective of this study is to investigate the impact of financial inclusion and trade openness on the economic development of 27 European Union (EU) nations. The sample countries are classified into low-income, high-income, old-EU, and new-EU members; this distinction allows us to provide more constructive and practical policy implications. Yearly data from 1995 to 2015 and panel econometric techniques were used. The results show that access, depth, efficiency, and the overall development of financial institutions have significant positive impact on economic growth in both the full sample and sub-samples. We also find that capital, labour, energy consumption and trade openness play an important role in driving economic growth across these panels. Moreover, the impact of financial inclusion on economic output is more significant in low-income and new-EU member countries than in high-income and old-EU countries. Based on these findings, detail policy implications for the entire EU, as well as for its sub-groups, are provided.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Discoveryarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Economic Analysis and Policy
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Discoveryarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Economic Analysis and Policy
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: João J. Ferreira; Pedro Veiga; Pedro Veiga; Cristina I. Fernandes; +2 Authors

    AbstractA concern with the mitigation of climate change cuts a transversal line across economic agents, epitomized by two contradictory viewpoints. Some defend that green growth can be achieved without harming economic growth; others argue that it is not possible to respect sustainability if intensive consumption of goods continues to foster economic growth. Our research aims to analyze the role that sustainable technology transfer and sustainable innovations play in green growth and ascertain the impact of green growth on economic growth. We use aggregated country‐level data provided by the OECD, including national accounts, population, and environment statistics (including patents) between 1990 and 2013 for 32 countries, corresponding to an unbalanced panel of 591 observations. We estimate econometric models based on dynamic panel methodologies to capture differences that exist over time. The results show that sustainable technology transfer and sustainable innovation promote green growth, which in turn positively impacts economic growth. We contribute new insight to the green growth versus economic growth debate and provide several political and management implications.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Universidade da Beir...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Business Strategy and the Environment
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Business Strategy and the Environment
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Universidade da Beir...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Business Strategy and the Environment
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Business Strategy and the Environment
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao

    The effect of alcohol on the oral mucosa was assessed using quantitative cytomorphology applied to smears taken from clinically normal oral mucosa of patients attending an alcohol problem unit and results were compared to a control group (consisting of social and non‐drinkers) attending a hospital for routine dental care. Smears were stained using the Papanicolaou method and the nuclear and cell boundaries of 50 randomly selected cells traced and mean areas (NA and CA, respectively) calculated. The average number of units of alcohol consumed were recorded for each group together with relevant blood tests. The alcohol group was further subdivided into “binge” and “regular” drinkers. No significant differences were found between mean NA and mean CA values for these two types of alcohol drinkers, despite a marked difference in weekly units consumed. However, a statistically significant reduction in mean cytoplasmic area (P<0.001) and mean nuclear area (P<0.01) was found for the alcohol group when compared to controls. In conclusion, excess alcohol intake may influence results for quantitative oral cytomorphology. Further research is indicated on the relative effects of alcohol (both topical and systemic).

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Oral Path...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine
    Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Journal of Oral Path...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine
      Article . 1999 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zavaleta-Cortijo C.; Ford J.D.; Arotoma-Rojas I.; Lwasa S.; +11 Authors

    Les populations autochtones sont particulièrement exposées au risque de COVID-19 en raison de facteurs tels que la discrimination, l'exclusion sociale, la dépossession de terres et une forte prévalence des formes de malnutrition.1Anderson I Robson B Connolly M et al. La santé des peuples autochtones et tribaux (The Lancet-Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration) : une étude démographique. 2016 ; 388: 131-157Sommaire Texte intégral Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (592) Google Scholar Le changement climatique aggrave bon nombre de ces causes d'inégalités en matière de santé, sapant les mécanismes d'adaptation qui sont traditionnellement utilisés pour gérer des événements extrêmes tels que les pandémies et perturbant les systèmes alimentaires et les régimes alimentaires locaux.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL La résilience des peuples autochtones aux changements environnementaux.Une Terre. 2020 ; 2: 532-543Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (122) Google Scholar Addressing underlying structural inequities and strengthening Indigenous knowledge systems offer opportunities for building resilience to compound socioecological shock, including climate effects and pandemics. Le changement climatique affecte les systèmes alimentaires autochtones, ce qui rend les populations autochtones vulnérables à l'insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle.3Rapport spécial du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat : réchauffement climatique de 1,5°C.https ://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date : 2018Date d'accès : 24 juillet 2020Google Scholar La nature et l'étendue des effets de la COVID-19 sur les systèmes alimentaires autochtones sont encore largement inconnues, mais les résultats directs comprennent la mortalité due à une maladie grave, un accès réduit à la nourriture, des changements dans l'alimentation locale et des pertes économiques résultant des confinements. Ces résultats présentent des obstacles au rétablissement des populations déjà confrontées à d'importants défis nutritionnels. Les effets des pandémies précédentes sur les systèmes alimentaires autochtones ont affecté les enfants en particulier, lorsque les adultes sont tombés malades et que l'accès à la nourriture des ménages a été réduit.4Mamelund S-E Sattenspiel L Dimka J Mortalité associée à l'influenza pendant la pandémie de grippe de 1918–1919 en Alaska et au Labrador : une comparaison.Soc Sci Hist. 2013 ; 37: 177-229Google Scholar Prestation de services de santé inadéquate pour les populations autochtones, y compris un accès limité à desservices culturellement sûrs ,5Brascoupé S Waters C Sécurité culturelle explorant l'applicabilité du concept de sécurité culturelle à la santé autochtone et au bien-être communautaire.Int J Indigen Health. 2006 ; 5: 6-41Google Scholar ajoute une autre couche de complexité face à la pandémie de COVID-19. Les effets du changement climatique compromettent la sécurité alimentaire des Autochtones, ce qui compromet la résilience des populations autochtones aux pandémies. Dans le même temps, les perturbations de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle et les implications sanitaires qui en résultent pour les populations autochtones pendant les pandémies exacerbent leur vulnérabilité au changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, la compréhension, le renforcement et la protection des systèmes alimentaires autochtones dans le contexte du changement climatique doivent être une pierre angulaire de la reprise post-pandémique. En Amazonie péruvienne, certaines communautés autochtones Shawi ont choisi de s'isoler dans la forêt pendant la pandémie de COVID-19.6Zavaleta C COVID-19 : examiner les données des peuples autochtones.Nature. 2020 ; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar Ces communautés s'appuient sur les régimes alimentaires traditionnels et les connaissances autochtones des systèmes alimentaires locaux, et elles ont peu de disponibilité et d'accessibilité aux programmes d'aide alimentaire externes et gouvernementaux. Au cours de cette auto-isolement, la dépendance aux systèmes alimentaires autochtones est inextricablement liée aux connaissances autochtones sur la terre, les rivières et la biodiversité, qui comprennent la connaissance des techniques locales de conservation et de préparation des aliments.7 Zavaleta C Berrang-Ford L et al. De multiples facteurs non climatiques d'insécurité alimentaire renforcent les trajectoires de mauvaise adaptation au changement climatique chez les Shawi autochtones péruviens en Amazonie.PLoS One. 2018 ; 13e0205714Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar Cependant, la nourriture de la forêt est affectée par la perte de biodiversité et de végétation : les vagues de chaleur, les variations de précipitations et les phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes plus fréquents et intenses sont tous liés à la déforestation et au changement climatique et sont aggravés par un affaiblissement des compétences traditionnelles de chasse et de pêche en raison des changements climatiques et sociétaux.6 Zavaleta C COVID-19 : examiner les données des peuples autochtones.Nature. 2020 ; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 8Marengo JA Souza Jr, CM Thonicke K et al.Changements du climat et de l'utilisation des terres dans la région amazonienne : variabilité et tendances actuelles et futures.Front Earth Sci. 2018 ; 6: 228Crossref Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al. The Indigenous climate–food–health nexus.in : Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change : vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar In the Arctic, Inuit are witnessing some of the most rapid rates of warming worldwide.3Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeSpecial report : global warming of 1,5°C .https ://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date : 2018Date d'accès : 24 juillet 2020Google Scholar L'éloignement de la région et les restrictions de voyage ont contribué à freiner la propagation de la COVID-19 ; cependant, les perturbations des réseaux d'approvisionnement ont eu des effets sur la disponibilité alimentaire dans les communautés qui dépendent de la nourriture au détail acheminée par avion depuis les régions du sud. Pour gérer ces perturbations, récolter et partager des aliments locaux, ce qui est largement pratiqué dans de nombreuses régionsarctiques9, Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al. The Indigenous climate-food-health nexus.in : Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change : vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar a aidé à maintenir la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle. Simultanément, cependant, ces systèmes alimentaires autochtones locaux ont été compromis par des extrêmes climatiques, notamment des températures record, la sécheresse et les incendies de forêt. En Ouganda, certaines populations autochtones (par exemple, Batwa) ont adhéré aux mesures COVID-19, notamment la distanciation physique, le maintien à la maison et l'évitement des centres commerciaux en raison de la foule, qui compromet la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle en limitant l'accès aux marchés. En outre, l'aide alimentaire gouvernementale en temps opportun n'a pas atteint de manière adéquate les populations autochtones. Le confinement prolongé en Ouganda, en particulier dans les districts frontaliers où vivent de nombreuses populations autochtones, a entravé leur mobilité pour accéder aux zones forestières pour la recherche de nourriture, l'accès aux communautés voisines pour offrir de la main-d' œuvre pour l'échange de nourriture et l'accès aux champs agricoles pour la production alimentaire. Ces défis sont exacerbés par les effets climatiques existants, 9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al. The Indigenous climate-food-health nexus.in : Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change : vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar, y compris les récentes inondations en 2019 qui ont endommagé les cultures, compromis la productionalimentaire ,10Chang' a LB Kijazi AL Mafuru KB et al. Évaluation de l'évolution et des impacts socio-économiques des précipitations extrêmes en octobre 2019 sur l'Afrique de l'Est. Atmos Clim Sci. 2020 ; 10: 319-338Google Scholar et a réduit la résilience des populations autochtones lorsque la pandémie de COVID-19 a frappé. Le changement climatique remet en question la résilience des systèmes alimentaires autochtones avec des répercussions directes et immédiates sur la santé et la nutrition des populations autochtones.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL La résilience des peuples autochtones aux changements environnementaux.Une Terre. 2020 ; 2: 532-543Résumé Texte intégral PDF Scopus (122) Google Scholar Dans notre monde hautement connecté, la pandémie de COVID-19 a facilement voyagé à travers les continents, atteignant des zones géographiques éloignées et des communautés autochtones en moins de 6 mois. Il existe une fenêtre d'opportunité vitale pour soutenir les populations autochtones qui font face au double fardeau syndémique des risques socioécologiques composés et en cascade, tels que le changement climatique et les pandémies, en donnant la priorité à la protection des principales sources alimentaires autochtones (par exemple, les forêts tropicales, les écosystèmes arctiques), en renforçant et en soutenant l'importance des systèmes de connaissances autochtones, en améliorant l'accès à des ressources sanitaires culturellement sûres et en sauvegardant l'accès et les droits à la terre et aux ressources naturelles des populations autochtones. Le moment est venu de veiller à ce que les décisions et les trajectoires de développement actuelles ne compromettent pas davantage la résilience des systèmes alimentaires autochtones, qui jouent un rôle essentiel dans la réponse des populations autochtones aux pandémies et aux changements climatiques actuels et futurs. Cette publication en ligne a été corrigée. La version corrigée est apparue pour la première fois sur thelancet.com/planetary-health le 9 septembre 2020. Cette publication en ligne a été corrigée. La version corrigée est apparue pour la première fois sur thelancet.com/planetary-health le 9 septembre 2020. Nous ne déclarons aucun intérêt concurrent. CZ-C a été soutenu par le National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), en utilisant le financement de l'aide publique au développement du Royaume-Uni, et par Wellcome (218743/Z/19/Z) dans le cadre du partenariat NIHR–Wellcome pour la recherche en santé mondiale. CZ-C est membre du Groupe de recherche sur la santé autochtone et l'adaptation au changement climatique. IA-R, JDF, SL, PJG, DBN, MN, CJW, LB-F et SLH sont financés par les Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada dans le cadre du programme Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change. JJM reconnaît le soutien de l'Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (HQHSR1206660), des Bernard Lown Scholars in Cardiovascular Health Program de Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health (BLSCHP-1902), Bloomberg Philanthropies (via University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health), Fondecyt (National Fund for Scientific, Technological Development and Technological Innovation) via Cienciactiva at Concytec (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovacíon Tecnologica), British Council, British Embassy and the Newton-Paulet Fund (223-2018, 224-2018), Department for International Development, Medical Research Council (MRC) et Wellcome Global Health Trials (MR/M007405/1), Fogarty International Center (R21TW009982, D71TW010877), Grands Défis Canada (0335-04), Centre de recherches pour le développement international Canada (CRDI 106887, 108167), Institut interaméricain de recherche sur le changement global (IAI CRN3036), MRC (MR/P008984/1, MR/P024408/1, MR/P02386X/1), Institut national du cancer (1P20CA217231), Institut national du cœur, des poumons et du sang (HHSN268200900033C, 5U01HL114180, 1UM1HL134590), Institut national de la santé mentale (1U19MH098780), Fonds national suisse pour la science (40P740-160366), Bienvenu (074833/Z/04/Z, 093541/Z/10/Z, 103994/Z/14/Z, 107435/Z/15/Z, 205177/Z/16/Z, 214185/Z/18/Z, 218743/Z/19/Z), et la World Diabetes Foundation (WDF15-1224). Les opinions exprimées sont celles des auteurs et pas nécessairement celles de Wellcome, du NIHR ou du ministère de la Santé et des Affaires sociales. Les sources de financement n'ont joué aucun rôle dans la préparation de ce commentaire ou dans la décision de soumettre pour publication. Nous reconnaissons la contribution de Matthew King. Télécharger .pdf (.12 Mo) Aide avec les fichiers pdf Annexe supplémentaire Correction à Lancet Planet Health 2020 ; 4 : e381-82Zavaleta-Cortijo C, Ford JD, Arotoma-Rojas I, et al. Changement climatique et COVID-19 : renforcer les systèmes alimentaires autochtones. Lancet Planet Health 2020 ; 4 : e381-82 - Dans ce commentaire, le nom du septième auteur devrait être « J Jaime Miranda ». Cette correction a été apportée en date du 9 septembre 2020. Texte intégral PDF Open AccessSupport Indigenous food system biocultural diversityLe commentaire de Carol Zavaleta-Cortijo et de ses collègues1 était opportun pour souligner les défis auxquels sont confrontés les peuples autochtones en raison des effets combinés du changement climatique, de la COVID-19 et des inégalités de longue date. Bien que la pression sur les moyens de subsistance autochtones ne soit pas nouvelle, les effets actuels sont extrêmes, à la fois en termes de décès dus au virus et de perturbations des modes de vie, y compris les systèmes alimentaires autochtones. Texte intégral PDF en libre accès Las poblaciones indígenas corren un riesgo especialmente alto de COVID-19 debido a factores como la discriminación, la exclusión social, el despojo de tierras y una alta prevalencia de formas de malnutrición.1Anderson I Robson B Connolly M et al.Ind Indigenous and tribal peoples 'health (The Lancet-Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration): a population study.Lancet. 2016; 388: 131-157Resumen Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (592) Google Scholar El cambio climático está agravando muchas de estas causas de desigualdades en la salud, socavando los mecanismos de afrontamiento que tradicionalmente se utilizan para gestionar eventos extremos como pandemias e interrumpiendo los sistemas alimentarios y las dietas locales.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL La resiliencia de los pueblos indígenas al cambio ambiental. Una sola Tierra. 2020; 2: 532-543Resumen Texto completo Texto completo PDF Scopus (122) Google Scholar Abordar las desigualdades estructurales subyacentes y fortalecer los sistemas de conocimiento indígenas ofrece oportunidades para desarrollar la resiliencia a los choques socioecológicos compuestos, incluidos los efectos climáticos y las pandemias. El cambio climático está afectando a los sistemas alimentarios indígenas, lo que hace que las poblaciones indígenas sean vulnerables a la inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional.3Informe especial del Panel Intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático: calentamiento global de 1·5°C.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date: 2018Fecha de acceso: 24 de julio de 2020Google Scholar La naturaleza y el alcance de los efectos de COVID-19 en los sistemas alimentarios indígenas aún se desconocen en gran medida, pero los resultados directos incluyen la mortalidad por enfermedades graves, la reducción del acceso a los alimentos, los cambios en la dieta local y las pérdidas económicas derivadas de los confinamientos. Estos resultados presentan impedimentos para la recuperación de las poblaciones que ya enfrentan desafíos nutricionales sustanciales. Los efectos de pandemias anteriores en los sistemas alimentarios indígenas afectaron a los niños en particular, cuando los adultos se enfermaron y se redujo el acceso a los alimentos en el hogar.4Mamelund S-E Sattenspiel L Dimka J La mortalidad asociada a la influenza durante la pandemia de influenza de 1918–1919 en Alaska y Labrador: una comparación.Soc Sci Hist. 2013; 37: 177-229Google Scholar Prestación inadecuada de servicios de salud para las poblaciones indígenas, incluido el escaso acceso a servicios culturalmente seguros ,5Brascoupé S Waters C Seguridad cultural explorando la aplicabilidad del concepto de seguridad cultural a la salud aborigen y el bienestar de la comunidad. Int J Indigen Health. 2006; 5: 6-41Google Scholar añade otra capa de complejidad ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Los efectos del cambio climático socavan la seguridad alimentaria indígena, lo que a su vez compromete la resiliencia de las poblaciones indígenas a las pandemias. Al mismo tiempo, las interrupciones en la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional y las consiguientes implicaciones para la salud de las poblaciones indígenas durante las pandemias exacerban su vulnerabilidad al cambio climático. En este contexto, comprender, reforzar y proteger los sistemas alimentarios indígenas en el contexto de un clima cambiante debe ser una piedra angular de la recuperación posterior a la pandemia. En la Amazonía peruana, algunas comunidades indígenas shawi han optado por aislarse en el bosque durante la pandemia de COVID-19.6Zavaleta C COVID-19: revisar los datos de los pueblos indígenas. Naturaleza. 2020; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar Estas comunidades confían en las dietas tradicionales y el conocimiento indígena de los sistemas alimentarios locales, y tienen poca disponibilidad y accesibilidad a los alimentos externos y a los programas gubernamentales de ayuda alimentaria. Durante este autoaislamiento, la dependencia de los sistemas alimentarios indígenas está inextricablemente vinculada al conocimiento indígena sobre la tierra, los ríos y la biodiversidad, que incluye el conocimiento de las técnicas locales para preservar y preparar alimentos.7Zavaleta C Berrang-Ford L et al. Múltiples impulsores no climáticos de la inseguridad alimentaria refuerzan las trayectorias de mala adaptación al cambio climático entre los indígenas Shawi peruanos en la Amazonía.PLoS One. 2018; 13e0205714Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar Sin embargo, los alimentos del bosque se ven afectados por la biodiversidad y la pérdida de vegetación: las olas de calor, la variación de las precipitaciones y los eventos climáticos extremos más frecuentes e intensos están relacionados con la deforestación y el cambio climático y se ven agravados por un debilitamiento de las habilidades tradicionales de caza y pesca como resultado de los cambios climáticos y sociales.6Zavaleta C COVID-19: revisar los datos de los pueblos indígenas. Naturaleza. 2020; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 8Marengo JA Souza Jr, CM Thonicke K et al. Cambios en el clima y el uso de la tierra en la región amazónica: variabilidad y tendencias actuales y futuras. Front Earth Sci. 2018; 6: 228Crossref Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate–food–health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar En el Ártico, los inuit son testigos de algunas de las tasas de calentamiento más rápidas a nivel mundial.3Informe especial del Panel Intergubernamental sobre el Cambio Climático: calentamiento global de 1·5°C.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date: 2018Fecha de acceso: 24 de julio de 2020Google Scholar La lejanía de la región y las restricciones de viaje han ayudado a reducir la propagación de COVID-19; sin embargo, las interrupciones en las redes de suministro han tenido efectos en la disponibilidad de alimentos en las comunidades que dependen de los alimentos minoristas que llegan desde las regiones del sur. Para gestionar estas interrupciones, cosechar y compartir alimentos locales, que se practica ampliamente en muchas regiones árticas ,9HarperSL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al. The Indigenous climate-food-health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar ha ayudado a mantener la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. Al mismo tiempo, sin embargo, estos sistemas alimentarios indígenas locales se han visto comprometidos por los extremos climáticos, incluidas las temperaturas récord, la sequía y los incendios forestales. En Uganda, algunas poblaciones indígenas (por ejemplo, Batwa) se han adherido a las medidas de COVID-19, incluido el distanciamiento físico, quedarse en casa y evitar los centros comerciales debido a las multitudes, que desafían la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional al restringir el acceso a los mercados. Además, la ayuda alimentaria gubernamental oportuna no ha llegado adecuadamente a las poblaciones indígenas. El confinamiento prolongado en Uganda, particularmente para los distritos fronterizos donde viven muchas poblaciones indígenas, ha obstaculizado su movilidad para acceder a las áreas boscosas para alimentarse, el acceso a las comunidades cercanas para ofrecer mano de obra para el intercambio de alimentos y el acceso a los campos agrícolas para la producción de alimentos. Estos desafíos se ven exacerbados por los efectos climáticos existentes ,9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al. The Indigenous climate-food-health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar, incluidas las recientes inundaciones en 2019 que dañaron los cultivos, comprometieron la producción de alimentos ,10Chang 'a LB Kijazi AL Mafuru KB et al. Evaluación de la evolución y los impactos socioeconómicos de las precipitaciones extremas en octubre de 2019 en el este de África. Atmos Clim Sci. 2020; 10: 319-338Google Scholar y redujo la resiliencia de las poblaciones indígenas cuando llegó la pandemia de COVID-19. El cambio climático desafía la resiliencia de los sistemas alimentarios indígenas con repercusiones directas e inmediatas para la salud y la nutrición de las poblaciones indígenas.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL The resilience of Indigenous Peoples to environmental change. One Earth. 2020; 2: 532-543Resumen Texto completo Texto completo PDF Scopus (122) Google Académico En nuestro mundo altamente conectado, la pandemia de COVID-19 ha viajado fácilmente a través de continentes, llegando a ubicaciones geográficas remotas y comunidades indígenas en menos de 6 meses. Existe una ventana de oportunidad vital para apoyar a las poblaciones indígenas que enfrentan la carga doble y sindémica de los peligros socioecológicos compuestos y en cascada, como el cambio climático y las pandemias, priorizando la protección de las fuentes clave de alimentos indígenas (por ejemplo, los bosques tropicales, los ecosistemas árticos), reforzando y apoyando la importancia de los sistemas de conocimiento indígenas, mejorando el acceso a recursos de salud culturalmente seguros y salvaguardando el acceso y los derechos a la tierra y los recursos naturales de las poblaciones indígenas. Este es el momento de garantizar que las decisiones actuales y las trayectorias de desarrollo no pongan en peligro aún más la resiliencia de los sistemas alimentarios indígenas, que tienen un papel integral en la respuesta de las poblaciones indígenas a las pandemias y los cambios climáticos actuales y futuros. Esta publicación en línea ha sido corregida. La versión corregida apareció por primera vez en thelancet.com/planetary-health el 9 de septiembre de 2020. Esta publicación en línea ha sido corregida. La versión corregida apareció por primera vez en thelancet.com/planetary-health el 9 de septiembre de 2020. Declaramos que no hay intereses en competencia. CZ-C recibió el apoyo del Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud (NIHR), utilizando los fondos de la Asistencia Oficial para el Desarrollo del Reino Unido, y de Wellcome (218743/Z/19/Z) en el marco de la Asociación NIHR–Wellcome para la Investigación en Salud Global. CZ-C es miembro del Grupo de Investigación de Salud y Adaptación Indígena al Cambio Climático. IA-R, JDF, SL, PJG, DBN, MN, CJW, LB-F y SLH están financiados por los Institutos Canadienses de Investigación en Salud a través del programa de Adaptación de la Salud Indígena al Cambio Climático. JJM reconoce el apoyo de Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (HQHSR1206660), Bernard Lown Scholars in Cardiovascular Health Program en Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health (BLSCHP-1902), Bloomberg Philanthropies (a través de la Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill), Fondecyt (Fondo Nacional para el Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y la Innovación Tecnológica) a través de Cienciactiva en Concytec (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica), British Council, Embajada Británica y el Fondo Newton-Paulet (223-2018, 224-2018), Departamento de Desarrollo Internacional, Consejo de Investigación Médica (MRC) y Wellcome Global Health Trials (MR/M007405/1), Fogarty International Center (R21TW009982, D71TW010877), Grand Challenges Canada (0335-04), International Development Research Center Canada (IDRC 106887, 108167), Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI CRN3036), MRC (MR/P008984/1, MR/P024408/1, MR/P02386X/1), National Cancer Institute (1P20CA217231), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (HHSN268200900033C, 5U01HL114180, 1UM1HL134590), National Institute of Mental Health (1U19MH098780), Swiss National Science Foundation (40P740-160366), Wellcome (074833/Z/04/Z, 093541/Z/10/Z, 103994/Z/14/Z, 107435/Z/15/Z, 205177/Z/16/Z, 214185/Z/18/Z, 218743/Z/19/Z), y la World Diabetes Foundation (WDF15-1224). Las opiniones expresadas son las de los autores y no necesariamente las de Wellcome, el NIHR o el Departamento de Salud y Asistencia Social. Las fuentes de financiación no tuvieron ningún papel en la preparación de este Comentario o en la decisión de enviarlo para su publicación. Reconocemos la contribución de Matthew King. Download .pdf (.12 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix Correction to Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4: e381–82Zavaleta-Cortijo C, Ford JD, Arotoma-Rojas I, et al. Cambio climático y COVID-19: reforzando los sistemas alimentarios indígenas. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4: e381-82-En este Comentario, el nombre del séptimo autor debe ser "J Jaime Miranda". Esta corrección se ha realizado a partir del 9 de septiembre de 2020. PDF de texto completo Acceso abiertoApoyar la diversidad biocultural del sistema alimentario indígenaEl comentario de Carol Zavaleta-Cortijo y sus colegas1 fue oportuno al enfatizar los desafíos que enfrentan los pueblos indígenas debido a los efectos combinados del cambio climático, COVID-19 y las desigualdades de larga data. Aunque la presión sobre los medios de vida indígenas no es nada nuevo, los efectos actuales son extremos, tanto en términos de muertes debido al virus como de interrupciones en las formas de vida, incluidos los sistemas alimentarios indígenas. Acceso abierto en PDF de texto completo Indigenous populations are at especially high risk from COVID-19 because of factors such discrimination, social exclusion, land dispossession, and a high prevalence of forms of malnutrition.1Anderson I Robson B Connolly M et al.Indigenous and tribal peoples' health (The Lancet–Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration): a population study.Lancet. 2016; 388: 131-157Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (592) Google Scholar Climate change is compounding many of these causes of health inequities, undermining coping mechanisms that are traditionally used to manage extreme events such as pandemics, and disrupting food systems and local diets.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL The resilience of Indigenous Peoples to environmental change.One Earth. 2020; 2: 532-543Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (122) Google Scholar Addressing underlying structural inequities and strengthening Indigenous knowledge systems offer opportunities for building resilience to compound socioecological shocks, including climate effects and pandemics. Climate change is affecting Indigenous food systems, making Indigenous populations vulnerable to food and nutritional insecurity.3Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeSpecial report: global warming of 1·5°C.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date: 2018Date accessed: July 24, 2020Google Scholar The nature and extent of the effects of COVID-19 on Indigenous food systems are still largely unknown, but the direct results include mortality from severe illness, reduced access to food, changes in local diet, and economic losses resulting from lockdowns. These outcomes present impediments to the recovery of populations already facing substantial nutritional challenges. The effects of previous pandemics on Indigenous food systems affected children in particular, when adults became ill and household food access was reduced.4Mamelund S-E Sattenspiel L Dimka J Influenza-associated mortality during the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Alaska and Labrador: a comparison.Soc Sci Hist. 2013; 37: 177-229Google Scholar Inadequate health service provision for Indigenous populations, including scant access to culturally safe services,5Brascoupé S Waters C Cultural safety exploring the applicability of the concept of cultural safety to aboriginal health and community wellness.Int J Indigen Health. 2006; 5: 6-41Google Scholar adds another layer of complexity in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Effects of climate change undermine Indigenous food security, in turn compromising the resilience of Indigenous populations to pandemics. At the same time, disruptions to food and nutrition security and the resulting health implications for Indigenous populations during pandemics exacerbate their vulnerability to climate change. In this context, understanding, reinforcing, and protecting Indigenous food systems in the context of a changing climate must be a cornerstone of post-pandemic recovery. In the Peruvian Amazon, some Shawi Indigenous communities have chosen to self-isolate in the forest during the COVID-19 pandemic.6Zavaleta C COVID-19: review Indigenous peoples' data.Nature. 2020; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar These communities are relying on traditional diets and Indigenous knowledge of local food systems, and they have little availability and accessibility to external food and government food-aid programmes. During this self-isolation, reliance on Indigenous food systems is inextricably linked to Indigenous knowledge about the land, rivers, and biodiversity, which includes knowledge of local techniques to preserve and prepare food.7Zavaleta C Berrang-Ford L et al.Multiple non-climatic drivers of food insecurity reinforce climate change maladaptation trajectories among Peruvian Indigenous Shawi in the Amazon.PLoS One. 2018; 13e0205714Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar However, food from the forest is being affected by biodiversity and vegetation loss: heatwaves, precipitation variation, and more frequent and intense extreme weather events are all related to deforestation and climate change and are compounded by a weakening of traditional hunting and fishing skills as a result of climatic and societal changes.6Zavaleta C COVID-19: review Indigenous peoples' data.Nature. 2020; 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 8Marengo JA Souza Jr, CM Thonicke K et al.Changes in climate and land use over the Amazon region: current and future variability and trends.Front Earth Sci. 2018; 6: 228Crossref Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate–food–health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar In the Arctic, Inuit are witnessing some of the most rapid rates of warming globally.3Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeSpecial report: global warming of 1·5°C.https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date: 2018Date accessed: July 24, 2020Google Scholar The remoteness of the region and travel restrictions have helped curtail the spread of COVID-19; however, disruptions to supply networks have had effects on food availability in communities that rely on retail food flown in from southern regions. To manage these disruptions, harvesting and sharing local foods, which is widely practiced in many Arctic regions,9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate–food–health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar has helped maintain food and nutrition security. Simultaneously, however, these local Indigenous food systems have been compromised by climatic extremes, including record-breaking temperatures, drought, and wildfires. In Uganda, some Indigenous populations (eg, Batwa) have adhered to COVID-19 measures, including physical distancing, staying home, and avoiding trading centres because of crowds, which challenge food and nutrition security by restricting access to markets. Furthermore, timely government food aid has not adequately reached Indigenous populations. The extended lockdown in Uganda, particularly for border districts where many Indigenous populations live, has hampered their mobility to access forested areas for foraging, access to nearby communities to offer labour for food exchange, and access to agricultural fields for food production. These challenges are exacerbated by existing climate effects,9Harper SL Berrang-Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate–food–health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar including recent flooding in 2019 that damaged crops, compromised food production,10Chang'a LB Kijazi AL Mafuru KB et al.Assessment of the evolution and socio-economic impacts of extreme rainfall events in October 2019 over the east Africa.Atmos Clim Sci. 2020; 10: 319-338Google Scholar and reduced the resilience of Indigenous populations when the COVID-19 pandemic hit. Climate change challenges the resilience of Indigenous food systems with direct and immediate repercussions for the health and nutrition of Indigenous populations.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL The resilience of Indigenous Peoples to environmental change.One Earth. 2020; 2: 532-543Summary Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (122) Google Scholar In our highly connected world, the COVID-19 pandemic has easily travelled across continents, reaching remote geographical locations and Indigenous communities in less than 6 months. There is a vital window of opportunity to support Indigenous populations who face the double and syndemic burden of compound and cascading socioecological hazards, such as climate change and pandemics, by prioritising the protection of key Indigenous food sources (eg, tropical forests, Arctic ecosystems), by reinforcing and supporting the importance of Indigenous knowledge systems, by improving access to culturally safe health resources, and by and safeguarding access and rights to land and natural resources of Indigenous populations. This is the time to ensure that current decisions and development trajectories do not further jeopardise the resilience of Indigenous food systems, which have integral roles in the response of Indigenous populations to current and future pandemics and climatic changes. This online publication has been corrected. The corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com/planetary-health on September 9, 2020 This online publication has been corrected. The corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com/planetary-health on September 9, 2020 We declare no competing interests. CZ-C was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), using the UK's Official Development Assistance funding, and by Wellcome (218743/Z/19/Z) under the NIHR–Wellcome Partnership for Global Health Research. CZ-C is member of the Indigenous Health and Adaptation to Climate Change Research Group. IA-R, JDF, SL, PJG, DBN, MN, CJW, LB-F, and SLH are funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research through the Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change programme. JJM acknowledges support from the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (HQHSR1206660), the Bernard Lown Scholars in Cardiovascular Health Program at Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health (BLSCHP-1902), Bloomberg Philanthropies (via University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health), Fondecyt (National Fund for Scientific, Technological Development and Technological Innovation) via Cienciactiva at Concytec (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovacíon Tecnologica), British Council, British Embassy and the Newton-Paulet Fund (223-2018, 224-2018), Department for International Development, Medical Research Council (MRC), and Wellcome Global Health Trials (MR/M007405/1), Fogarty International Center (R21TW009982, D71TW010877), Grand Challenges Canada (0335-04), International Development Research Center Canada (IDRC 106887, 108167), Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI CRN3036), MRC (MR/P008984/1, MR/P024408/1, MR/P02386X/1), National Cancer Institute (1P20CA217231), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (HHSN268200900033C, 5U01HL114180, 1UM1HL134590), National Institute of Mental Health (1U19MH098780), Swiss National Science Foundation (40P740-160366), Wellcome (074833/Z/04/Z, 093541/Z/10/Z, 103994/Z/14/Z, 107435/Z/15/Z, 205177/Z/16/Z, 214185/Z/18/Z, 218743/Z/19/Z), and the World Diabetes Foundation (WDF15-1224). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of Wellcome, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funding sources had no role in the preparation of this Comment or in the decision to submit for publication. We acknowledge the contribution of Matthew King. Download .pdf (.12 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix Correction to Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4: e381–82Zavaleta-Cortijo C, Ford JD, Arotoma-Rojas I, et al. Climate change and COVID-19: reinforcing Indigenous food systems. Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4: e381–82—In this Comment, the seventh author's name should be "J Jaime Miranda". This correction has been made as of Sept 9, 2020. Full-Text PDF Open AccessSupport Indigenous food system biocultural diversityThe Comment by Carol Zavaleta-Cortijo and colleagues1 was timely in emphasising the challenges faced by Indigenous peoples due to the combined effects of climate change, COVID-19, and longstanding inequities. Although pressure on Indigenous livelihoods is nothing new, current effects are extreme, both in terms of deaths due to the virus and disruptions to lifeways, including Indigenous food systems. Full-Text PDF Open Access السكان الأصليون معرضون بشكل خاص لخطر الإصابة بـ COVID -19 بسبب عوامل مثل التمييز والاستبعاد الاجتماعي ومصادرة الأراضي والانتشار العالي لأشكال سوء التغذية .1 أندرسون أنا روبسون ب كونولي م وآخرون. صحة الشعوب الأصلية والقبلية (التعاون العالمي لمعهد لانسيت- لويتجا): دراسة سكانية. 2016 ؛ 388: 131-157 ملخص النص الكامل الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (592) يضاعف الباحث العلمي من Google تغير المناخ العديد من هذه الأسباب لعدم المساواة الصحية، مما يقوض آليات التكيف التي تستخدم تقليديًا لإدارة الأحداث المتطرفة مثل الأوبئة، وتعطيل النظم الغذائية والوجبات الغذائية المحلية.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL مرونة الشعوب الأصلية في مواجهة التغير البيئي. 2020 ؛ 2: 532-543 ملخص النص الكامل للنص الكامل PDF Scopus (122) الباحث العلمي من Google معالجة أوجه عدم المساواة الهيكلية الكامنة وتعزيز أنظمة المعرفة الأصلية توفر فرصًا لبناء القدرة على الصمود أمام الصدمات الاجتماعية البيئية المعقدة، بما في ذلك الآثار المناخية والأوبئة. يؤثر تغير المناخ على النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين، مما يجعل السكان الأصليين عرضة لانعدام الأمن الغذائي والتغذوي .3 الفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ تقرير خاص: الاحترار العالمي بمقدار 1·5 درجات مئوية .https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date:2018Date accessed: July 24, 2020 الباحث من Google لا تزال طبيعة ومدى آثار COVID -19 على النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين غير معروفة إلى حد كبير، ولكن النتائج المباشرة تشمل الوفيات الناجمة عن الأمراض الشديدة، وانخفاض الوصول إلى الغذاء، والتغيرات في النظام الغذائي المحلي، والخسائر الاقتصادية الناتجة عن عمليات الإغلاق. وتمثل هذه النتائج عوائق أمام تعافي السكان الذين يواجهون بالفعل تحديات غذائية كبيرة. أثرت آثار الأوبئة السابقة على النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين على الأطفال على وجه الخصوص، عندما أصبح البالغون مرضى وانخفض الوصول إلى الغذاء المنزلي .4 Mamelund S - E Sattenspiel L Dimka J الوفيات المرتبطة بالأنفلونزا خلال جائحة الأنفلونزا 1918–1919 في ألاسكا ولابرادور: مقارنة .Soc Sci Hist. 2013 ؛ 37: 177-229 الباحث العلمي من Google عدم كفاية تقديم الخدمات الصحية للسكان الأصليين، بما في ذلك الوصول الضئيل إلى الخدمات الآمنة ثقافيًا، 5 السلامة الثقافية في براسكوبي إس ووترز سي التي تستكشف إمكانية تطبيق مفهوم السلامة الثقافية على صحة السكان الأصليين وصحة المجتمع. Int J Indigen Health. 2006 ؛ 5: 6-41 يضيف الباحث العلمي من Google طبقة أخرى من التعقيد في مواجهة جائحة كوفيد-19. تقوض آثار تغير المناخ الأمن الغذائي للسكان الأصليين، مما يؤدي بدوره إلى تقويض قدرة السكان الأصليين على مواجهة الأوبئة. وفي الوقت نفسه، تؤدي الاضطرابات في الأمن الغذائي والتغذوي وما ينتج عنها من آثار صحية على السكان الأصليين أثناء الأوبئة إلى تفاقم تعرضهم لتغير المناخ. وفي هذا السياق، يجب أن يكون فهم النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين وتعزيزها وحمايتها في سياق تغير المناخ حجر الزاوية في التعافي بعد الجائحة. في منطقة الأمازون في بيرو، اختارت بعض مجتمعات السكان الأصليين الشاوي العزل الذاتي في الغابة خلال جائحة كوفيد-19 .6 Zavaleta C COVID -19: مراجعة بيانات الشعوب الأصلية .الطبيعة. 2020 ؛ 580: 185 Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) الباحث العلمي من Google تعتمد هذه المجتمعات على النظم الغذائية التقليدية ومعرفة السكان الأصليين بالنظم الغذائية المحلية، ولديهم القليل من التوافر وإمكانية الوصول إلى الغذاء الخارجي وبرامج المساعدات الغذائية الحكومية. خلال هذا العزلة الذاتية، يرتبط الاعتماد على النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين ارتباطًا وثيقًا بمعارف السكان الأصليين حول الأرض والأنهار والتنوع البيولوجي، والتي تشمل معرفة التقنيات المحلية للحفاظ على الطعام وإعداده .7 وتعزز الدوافع غير المناخية المتعددة لانعدام الأمن الغذائي مسارات سوء التكيف مع تغير المناخ بين السكان الأصليين في بيرو شاوي في الأمازون .PLoS One. 2018; 13e0205714Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) الباحث من Google ومع ذلك، يتأثر الغذاء من الغابة بالتنوع البيولوجي وفقدان الغطاء النباتي: ترتبط موجات الحر وتباين هطول الأمطار والظواهر الجوية المتطرفة الأكثر تكرارًا وشدة بإزالة الغابات وتغير المناخ وتتفاقم بسبب ضعف مهارات الصيد وصيد الأسماك التقليدية نتيجة للتغيرات المناخية والمجتمعية .6 Zavaleta C -1919: مراجعة بيانات الشعوب الأصلية .الطبيعة. 2020 ؛ 580: 185Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar، 8Marengo JA Souza Jr، CM Thonicke K et al. التغيرات في المناخ واستخدام الأراضي في منطقة الأمازون: التقلبات والاتجاهات الحالية والمستقبلية. 2018 ؛ 6: 228 Crossref Scopus (219) الباحث العلمي من Google، 9Harper SL Berrang - Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate - food - health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J الناس وتغير المناخ: الضعف والتكيف والعدالة الاجتماعية. منحة أكسفورد عبر الإنترنت، أكسفورد2019: 184 الباحث العلمي من Google في القطب الشمالي، يشهد الإنويت بعضًا من أسرع معدلات الاحترار على مستوى العالم .3 الفريق الحكومي الدولي المعني بتغير المناخ تقرير خاص: الاحترار العالمي بمقدار 1·5 درجات مئوية .https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/Date:2018Date accessed: July 24, 2020 الباحث العلمي من Google ساعد بعد المنطقة وقيود السفر في الحد من انتشار COVID -19 ؛ ومع ذلك، كان لاضطرابات شبكات الإمداد آثار على توافر الغذاء في المجتمعات التي تعتمد على الغذاء بالتجزئة الذي يتم نقله من المناطق الجنوبية. لإدارة هذه الاضطرابات، وحصاد ومشاركة الأطعمة المحلية، والتي تمارس على نطاق واسع في العديد من مناطق القطب الشمالي، 9 Harper SL Berrang - Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate - food - health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J الناس وتغير المناخ: الضعف والتكيف والعدالة الاجتماعية. منحة أكسفورد عبر الإنترنت، أكسفورد2019: 184 ساعد الباحث العلمي من Google في الحفاظ على الأمن الغذائي والتغذوي. ومع ذلك، في الوقت نفسه، تعرضت هذه النظم الغذائية المحلية للسكان الأصليين للخطر بسبب الظواهر المناخية المتطرفة، بما في ذلك درجات الحرارة القياسية والجفاف وحرائق الغابات. في أوغندا، التزم بعض السكان الأصليين (على سبيل المثال، باتوا) بتدابير COVID -19، بما في ذلك التباعد الجسدي، والبقاء في المنزل، وتجنب المراكز التجارية بسبب الحشود، التي تتحدى الأمن الغذائي والتغذوي من خلال تقييد الوصول إلى الأسواق. علاوة على ذلك، لم تصل المساعدات الغذائية الحكومية في الوقت المناسب إلى السكان الأصليين بشكل كافٍ. أدى الإغلاق الموسع في أوغندا، لا سيما بالنسبة للمناطق الحدودية حيث يعيش العديد من السكان الأصليين، إلى إعاقة حركتهم للوصول إلى مناطق الغابات للبحث عن الطعام، والوصول إلى المجتمعات المجاورة لتقديم العمالة مقابل تبادل الغذاء، والوصول إلى الحقول الزراعية لإنتاج الغذاء. تتفاقم هذه التحديات بسبب التأثيرات المناخية الحالية، 9 Harper SL Berrang - Ford L Carcamo C et al.The Indigenous climate - food - health nexus.in: Mason LR Rigg J People and climate change: vulnerability, adaptation, and social justice. Oxford Scholarship Online، Oxford2019: 184Crossref Google Scholar بما في ذلك الفيضانات الأخيرة في عام 2019 التي ألحقت الضرر بالمحاصيل، وأضرت بإنتاج الغذاء، 10Chang 'a LB Kijazi Al Mafuru KB et al. تقييم التطور والآثار الاجتماعية والاقتصادية لأحداث هطول الأمطار الشديدة في أكتوبر 2019 فوق شرق إفريقيا. Atmos Clim Sci. 2020 ؛ 10: 319-338 الباحث العلمي من Google وقلل من قدرة السكان الأصليين على الصمود عندما ضربت جائحة COVID -19. يتحدى تغير المناخ مرونة النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين مع تداعيات مباشرة وفورية على صحة وتغذية السكان الأصليين.2Ford JD King N Galappaththi EK Pearce T McDowell G Harper SL قدرة السكان الأصليين على التكيف مع التغير البيئي. أرض واحدة. 2020 ؛ 2: 532-543 ملخص النص الكامل النص الكامل PDF Scopus (122) الباحث العلمي من Google في عالمنا المترابط للغاية، انتقلت جائحة COVID -19 بسهولة عبر القارات، ووصلت إلى المواقع الجغرافية النائية ومجتمعات السكان الأصليين في أقل من 6 أشهر. هناك فرصة حيوية لدعم السكان الأصليين الذين يواجهون العبء المزدوج والمتفشي للمخاطر الاجتماعية والبيئية المركبة والمتتالية، مثل تغير المناخ والأوبئة، من خلال إعطاء الأولوية لحماية المصادر الغذائية الرئيسية للسكان الأصليين (مثل الغابات الاستوائية والنظم الإيكولوجية في القطب الشمالي)، من خلال تعزيز ودعم أهمية نظم معارف السكان الأصليين، من خلال تحسين الوصول إلى الموارد الصحية الآمنة ثقافيًا، ومن خلال حماية الوصول إلى الأراضي والموارد الطبيعية للسكان الأصليين وحقوقهم فيها. لقد حان الوقت لضمان ألا تؤدي القرارات ومسارات التنمية الحالية إلى زيادة تعريض مرونة النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين للخطر، والتي لها أدوار أساسية في استجابة السكان الأصليين للأوبئة الحالية والمستقبلية والتغيرات المناخية. تم تصحيح هذا المنشور عبر الإنترنت. ظهرت النسخة المصححة لأول مرة على thelancet.com/planetary-health في 9 سبتمبر 2020 تم تصحيح هذا المنشور عبر الإنترنت. ظهرت النسخة المصححة لأول مرة على thelancet.com/planetary-health في 9 سبتمبر 2020 نعلن عدم وجود مصالح متنافسة. تم دعم CZ - C من قبل المعهد الوطني للبحوث الصحية (NIHR)، باستخدام تمويل المساعدة الإنمائية الرسمية في المملكة المتحدة، ومن قبل ويلكوم (218743/Z/19/Z) في إطار الشراكة بين المؤسسة الوطنية لحقوق الإنسان ويلكوم لبحوث الصحة العالمية. CZ - C عضو في مجموعة أبحاث صحة السكان الأصليين والتكيف مع تغير المناخ. يتم تمويل IA - R و JDF و SL و PJG و DBN و MN و CJW و LB - F و SLH من قبل المعاهد الكندية للبحوث الصحية من خلال برنامج تكيف صحة السكان الأصليين مع تغير المناخ. تقر JJM بالدعم المقدم من التحالف من أجل أبحاث السياسات والنظم الصحية (HQHSR1206660)، وبرنامج برنارد لوين في برنامج صحة القلب والأوعية الدموية في كلية هارفارد تي إتش تشان للصحة العامة (BLSCHP -1902)، و Bloomberg Philanthropies (عبر جامعة نورث كارولينا في مدرسة تشابل هيل للصحة العامة)، و Fondecyt (الصندوق الوطني للتنمية العلمية والتكنولوجية والابتكار التكنولوجي) عبر Cienciactiva at Concytec (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovacíon Tecnologica)، والمجلس البريطاني، والسفارة البريطانية وصندوق Newton - Paulet (223-2018، 224-2018)، وإدارة التنمية الدولية، ومجلس البحوث الطبية (MRC)، و Wellcome Global Health Trials (MR/M007405/1)، مركز Fogarty الدولي (R21TW009982، D71T010877)، التحديات الكبرى كندا (0335-04)، المركز الدولي لبحوث التنمية كندا (IDRC 106887، 108167)، معهد البلدان الأمريكية لبحوث التغيير العالمي (IAI CRN3036)، MRC (MR/P008984/1، MR/P024408/1، MR/P02386X/1)، المعهد الوطني للسرطان (1P20CA217231)، المعهد الوطني للقلب والرئة والدم (HHSN268200900033C، 5U01HL114180، 1UM1HL134590)، المعهد الوطني للصحة العقلية (1U19MH098780)، المؤسسة الوطنية السويسرية للعلوم (40P740 -160366)، ويلكوم (074833/Z/04/Z، 093541/Z/10/Z، 103994/Z/14/Z، 107435/Z/15/Z، 205177/Z/16/Z، 214185/Z/18/Z، 218743/Z/19/Z)، والمؤسسة العالمية للسكري (WDF15 -1224). الآراء المعبر عنها هي آراء المؤلفين وليست بالضرورة آراء ويلكوم أو المؤسسة الوطنية لحقوق الإنسان أو وزارة الصحة والرعاية الاجتماعية. لم يكن لمصادر التمويل أي دور في إعداد هذا التعليق أو في قرار التقديم للنشر. نحن نعترف بمساهمة ماثيو كينغ. Download .pdf (.12 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary appendix Correction to Lancet Planet Health 2020; 4: e381 -82Zavaleta - Cortijo C, Ford JD, Arotoma - Rojas I, et al. تغير المناخ وكوفيد-19: تعزيز النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين. لانسيت بلانيت هيلث 2020 ؛ 4: e381 -82 - في هذا التعليق، يجب أن يكون اسم المؤلف السابع "جايمي ميراندا". تم إجراء هذا التصحيح اعتبارًا من 9 سبتمبر 2020. النص الكامل PDF الوصول المفتوحدعم التنوع البيولوجي الثقافي للنظام الغذائي للسكان الأصليينتعليق كارول زافاليتا- كورتيجو وزملائها1 جاء في الوقت المناسب للتأكيد على التحديات التي تواجهها الشعوب الأصلية بسبب الآثار المشتركة لتغير المناخ، وكوفيد-19، وأوجه عدم المساواة الطويلة الأمد. على الرغم من أن الضغط على سبل عيش السكان الأصليين ليس بالأمر الجديد، إلا أن الآثار الحالية شديدة، سواء من حيث الوفيات الناجمة عن الفيروس أو الاضطرابات في طرق الحياة، بما في ذلك النظم الغذائية للسكان الأصليين. الوصول المفتوح للنص الكامل PDF

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    The Lancet Planetary Health
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    The Lancet Planetary Health
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/4d...
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pj...
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      The Lancet Planetary Health
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    Authors: Will Sopwith; Tony Hart; Paul Garner;

    In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) had eight sets of conflicting recommendations for decontaminating medical equipment. We conducted a systematic review of observational studies to assist WHO in reconciling the various guidelines. This paper summarises the methods developed and illustrates the results for three procedures--alcohol, bleach and povidone iodine.We developed a Medline search strategy and applied inclusion criteria specifying the decontamination procedures of interest and an outcome of microbial destruction for a set of marker organisms. We developed protocols to assess the quality of studies and categorised them according to the reliability of the methods used. Through an iterative process we identified best practice for the decontamination methods and key additional factors required to ensure their effectiveness. We identified 88 published papers for inclusion, describing 135 separate studies of decontamination.For disinfection with alcohol, best practice was identified from 23 studies as an exposure to 70-80% ethanol or isopropanol for at least 5 minutes. Bleach was effective for sterilization at a concentration of 5000 ppm for 5 minutes and for disinfection at 1000 ppm for 10 minutes (33 studies). Povidone iodine was only partially effective for disinfection at a concentration of 1% for 15 minutes (15 studies).Our findings provide an evidence base for WHO guidelines on decontaminating medical equipment. The results support the recommended use of bleach and show that alcohol could be used more widely than current guidelines suggest, provided best practice is followed. The effectiveness of povidone iodine is uncertain.

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    CORE
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    BMC Infectious Diseases
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    BMC Infectious Diseases
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    PubMed Central
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    BMC Infectious Diseases
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    BMC Infectious Diseases
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    BMC Infectious Diseases
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    Authors: Xiaolan Xie; Mengmeng Hao; Fangyu Ding; Tobias Ide; +9 Authors

    Résumé Objectifs Comprendre si et comment la pandémie de COVID-19 affecte le risque de différents types de conflits dans le monde dans le contexte du changement climatique. Méthodologie Sur la base de la base de données des conflits armés, de la COVID-19, des données climatiques détaillées et des données non climatiques couvrant la période 2020–2021, nous avons appliqué la modélisation des équations structurelles spécifiquement pour réorganiser les liens entre le climat, la COVID-19 et le risque de conflit. De plus, nous avons utilisé la méthode de l'arbre de régression boosté pour simuler le risque de conflit sous l'influence de multiples facteurs. Résultats Le risque de transmission de la COVID-19 semble diminuer à mesure que la température augmente. En outre, la COVID-19 a un impact mondial important sur le risque de conflit, bien qu'il existe des variations régionales et de risque de conflit. De plus, lorsque nous testons un effet différé d'un mois, nous constatons une cohérence entre les régions, indiquant une influence positive de la COVID-19 sur les manifestations (manifestations et émeutes) et une relation négative avec le risque de conflit non étatique et violent. Conclusion La COVID-19 a un effet complexe sur le risque de conflit dans le monde entier dans le contexte du changement climatique. Implications Jeter les bases théoriques de la façon dont la COVID-19 affecte le risque de conflit et fournir une certaine inspiration pour la mise en œuvre des politiques pertinentes. Resumen Objetivos Comprender si y cómo la pandemia de COVID-19 afecta el riesgo de diferentes tipos de conflictos en todo el mundo en el contexto del cambio climático. Metodología Con base en la base de datos de conflictos armados, COVID-19, clima detallado y datos no climáticos que cubren el período 2020–2021, aplicamos el Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales específicamente para reorganizar los vínculos entre el clima, COVID-19 y el riesgo de conflicto. Además, utilizamos el método del Árbol de Regresión Impulsado para simular el riesgo de conflicto bajo la influencia de múltiples factores. Hallazgos El riesgo de transmisión de COVID-19 parece disminuir a medida que aumenta la temperatura. Además, la COVID-19 tiene un impacto mundial sustancial en el riesgo de conflicto, aunque existen variaciones regionales y de riesgo de conflicto. Además, al probar un efecto rezagado de un mes, encontramos coherencia entre las regiones, lo que indica una influencia positiva de COVID-19 en las manifestaciones (protestas y disturbios) y una relación negativa con el riesgo de conflictos no estatales y violentos. Conclusión El COVID-19 tiene un efecto complejo sobre el riesgo de conflicto en todo el mundo bajo el cambio climático. Implicaciones Sentar las bases teóricas de cómo la COVID-19 afecta el riesgo de conflicto y proporcionar algo de inspiración para la implementación de políticas relevantes. Abstract Objectives Understand whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic affects the risk of different types of conflict worldwide in the context of climate change. Methodology Based on the database of armed conflict, COVID-19, detailed climate, and non-climate data covering the period 2020–2021, we applied Structural Equation Modeling specifically to reorganize the links between climate, COVID-19, and conflict risk. Moreover, we used the Boosted Regression Tree method to simulate conflict risk under the influence of multiple factors. Findings The transmission risk of COVID-19 seems to decrease as the temperature rises. Additionally, COVID-19 has a substantial worldwide impact on conflict risk, albeit regional and conflict risk variations exist. Moreover, when testing a one-month lagged effect, we find consistency across regions, indicating a positive influence of COVID-19 on demonstrations (protests and riots) and a negative relationship with non-state and violent conflict risk. Conclusion COVID-19 has a complex effect on conflict risk worldwide under climate change. Implications Laying the theoretical foundation of how COVID-19 affects conflict risk and providing some inspiration for the implementation of relevant policies. الملخص الأهداف فهم ما إذا كانت جائحة كوفيد-19 تؤثر على مخاطر أنواع مختلفة من النزاعات في جميع أنحاء العالم في سياق تغير المناخ وكيفية تأثيرها. المنهجية استنادًا إلى قاعدة بيانات النزاع المسلح وكوفيد-19 والمناخ التفصيلي والبيانات غير المناخية التي تغطي الفترة 2020–2021، طبقنا نمذجة المعادلة الهيكلية على وجه التحديد لإعادة تنظيم الروابط بين المناخ وكوفيد-19 ومخاطر النزاع. علاوة على ذلك، استخدمنا طريقة شجرة الانحدار المعزز لمحاكاة مخاطر النزاع تحت تأثير عوامل متعددة. النتائج يبدو أن خطر انتقال COVID -19 ينخفض مع ارتفاع درجة الحرارة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن COVID -19 له تأثير كبير في جميع أنحاء العالم على مخاطر النزاع، على الرغم من وجود اختلافات إقليمية ومخاطر النزاع. علاوة على ذلك، عند اختبار تأثير متأخر لمدة شهر واحد، نجد الاتساق عبر المناطق، مما يشير إلى التأثير الإيجابي لـ COVID -19 على المظاهرات (الاحتجاجات وأعمال الشغب) والعلاقة السلبية مع مخاطر النزاع العنيف وغير الحكومي. الخاتمة كوفيد-19 له تأثير معقد على مخاطر النزاع في جميع أنحاء العالم في ظل تغير المناخ. الآثار وضع الأساس النظري لكيفية تأثير كوفيد-19 على مخاطر النزاع وتوفير بعض الإلهام لتنفيذ السياسات ذات الصلة.

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    Authors: Rhiannon T. Heslop; Ignacio Novoa Lozano; SoeYu Naing; SoeYu Naing; +5 Authors

    Infectious diseases are emerging and re-emerging due to climate change. Understanding how climate variability affects the transmission of infectious diseases is important for both researchers and the general public. Yet, the widespread knowledge of the general public on this matter is unknown, and quantitative research is still lacking. A survey was designed to assess the knowledge and perception of 1) infectious diseases, 2) climate change and 3) the effect of climate change on infectious diseases. Participants were recruited via convenience sampling, and an anonymous cross-sectional survey with informed consent was distributed to each participant. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed primarily focusing on the occupational background as well as nationality of participants. A total of 458 individuals participated in this study, and most participants were originally from Myanmar, the Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom and the United States. Almost half (44%) had a background in natural sciences and had a higher level of knowledge on infectious diseases compared to participants with non-science background (mean score of 12.5 and 11.2 out of 20, respectively). The knowledge of the effect of climate change on infectious diseases was also significantly different between participants with and without a background in natural sciences (13.1 and 11.8 out of 20, respectively). The level of knowledge on various topics was highly correlated with nationality but not associated with age. The general population demonstrated a high awareness and strong knowledge of climate change regardless of their background in natural sciences. This study exposes a knowledge gap in the general public regarding the effect of climate change on infectious diseases, and highlights that different levels of knowledge are observed in groups with differing occupations and nationalities. These results may help to develop awareness interventions for the general public.

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    Authors: Gengaiah Uma; Kalim U. Shah; Chandan Sapkota; Bibek R. Kandel; +1 Authors

    The dramatically increasing population of Asia necessitates equally as dramatic increase in energy supply to meet demand. Rapidly increasing energy demand is a major concern for Asian countries because the increase in demand is being met through the increased use of fossil fuel supply, largely domestic coal and imported fuel. Renewable energy supply presents a lower emission pathway that could be a viable option for steering off the higher emissions path. However, several market, economic, institutional, technical, and socio-cultural barriers hinder countries in moving from high to low emission pathway. Following a discussion on the rising demand for energy in Asia and the prospects of partly satisfying it with renewable energy, we outline the reasons for government support to tackle the barriers for widespread diffusion of grid-based renewable energy. Additionally, we also discuss workable models for strategic government intervention to support diffusion of grid-based renewable energy in Asia.

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    Energy Policy
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    Authors: Junguo Shi; Yang Liu; Bert M. Sadowski; David Alemzero; +3 Authors

    As the importance of critical minerals in facilitating the energy transition has grown, the present discussion has switched to examining 18 leading mineral resource-endowed countries for their economic and governance performance from 2002 to 2019 by employing a panel random effect model. The findings demonstrate the validity of the Pareto principle when studying mineral rents and economic development. The results confirm that mineral rents are positively related to GDP growth and governance levels measured by control of corruption. Trade volume and renewable energy consumption are also positively associated with mineral rents. The paper sheds some light on the socioeconomic and governance performance of resource-endowed countries. It provides policy suggestions for the development of critical minerals necessary for a sustainable energy transition.

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    Authors: Savin, Ivan; Drews, Stefan; van den Bergh, Jeroen; Villamayor-Tomas, Sergio;

    Since the onset of the COVID-19 crisis many have opinionated on how it may affect society’s response to climate change. Two key questions here are how COVID-19 is expected to influence climate action by citizens and by the government. We answer these by applying topic modelling to textual responses from a survey of Spanish citizens. The identified topics tend to be more negative than positive, and more optimistic concerning future climate action by citizens. Positive views involve increasing pro-environmental behavior and are more common among younger, higher educated and male respondents as well as among those who perceive climate change as a serious threat or positively assessed COVID-19 confinement. Negative topics express concern that financial resources for climate action will be limited due to a focus on healthcare and economic recovery. In addition, they mention government mismanagement and waste due to use of protective measures like masks and gloves as impediments to effective climate action.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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