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Nearly three billion people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) rely on polluting fuels, resulting in millions of avoidable deaths annually. Polluting fuels also emit short-lived climate forcers and greenhouse gases (GHGs). Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and grid-based electricity are scalable alternatives to polluting fuels but have raised climate and health concerns. Here, we compare emissions and climate impacts of a business-as-usual household cooking fuel trajectory to four large-scale transitions to gas and/or grid electricity in 77 LMICs. We account for upstream and end-use emissions from gas and electric cooking, assuming electrical grids evolve according to the 2022 World Energy Outlook’s “Stated Policies” Scenario. We input the emissions into a reduced-complexity climate model to estimate radiative forcing and temperature changes associated with each scenario. We find full transitions to LPG and/or electricity decrease emissions from both well-mixed GHG and short-lived climate forcers, resulting in a roughly 5 millikelvin global temperature reduction by 2040. Transitions to LPG and/or electricity also reduce annual emissions of PM2.5 by over 6 Mt (99%) by 2040, which would substantially lower health risks from Household Air Pollution. Primary input data was collected from the following sources: Baseline household fuel choices - WHO household energy database (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26036-x) End-use emissions - US EPA lifecycle assessment of household fuels (https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=339679&Lab=NRMRL&simplesearch=0&showcriteria=2&sortby=pubDate&timstype=Published+Report&datebeginpublishedpresented) Upstream emissions - Argonne National Labs GREET Model (https://greet.es.anl.gov/index.php) Current and future population estimates - UNECA (http://data.un.org/Explorer.aspx?d=EDATA) Input data was processed by defining household fuel choice scenarios, estimating national household fuel consumption based on these scenarios, and applying fuel-specific emission factors to create country-specific emission pathways. These emission pathways were input into the FaIR model (https://zenodo.org/record/5513022#.Yt_jfHbMLb0) which generated additional data for each scenario including time series of pollution concentrations, radiative forcing, and temperature changes. All data is provided in CSV format. Nothing proprietary is required. 

This dataset contains terrestrial fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ecosystem respiration (carbon dioxide (CO2)) calculated from static chamber measurements in riparian buffers of oil palm plantations on mineral soil, in Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia. Measurements were made monthly, from January 2019 until September 2021, with a break from April 2019 to October 2019 to allow for felling and replanting, and another break from January 2021 to June 2021 due to Covid-19 restrictions. To help to reduce the environmental impact of oil palm plantations, riparian buffers are now required by regulations in many Southeast Asian countries. The experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of greenhouse gas emissions from the riparian buffers. Research was funded through NERC grant NE/R000131/1 Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to Improve Human Health and Support Economic Development (SUNRISE) Greenhouse gas concentrations were measured using static chambers, enclosed for 45 minutes. Multiple regressions (including linear and hierarchical multiple regression) were fitted to calculate the best fit flux, using the RCflux R package, written by Dr Peter Levy (UKCEH).

In assessing the impact of global tourism on climate change, emissions from transport receive the most attention although emissions associated with accommodation account for more than 20% of the total. A plethora of hotel certification schemes have been established worldwide that assess various environmental performance indicators, among them energy use. However, none explicitly quantify CO2 emissions, and in many, energy is poorly accounted for, or other non-energy related factors are weighted so that the overall impact of energy use (and hence CO2 emission) is weak. The main thrust of the research is to ascertain the effect of certification on CO2 emissions. The research questions whether the certification schemes are robust and rigorous and whether the results are credible. First, four widely used certification schemes are compared Nordic Swan (Scandinavia), Green Globe (Worldwide), EU Flower (European) and Green Hospitality Award (Ireland). The key issues are identified such as performance and process related criteria, use of benchmarks, and the weighting of different categories. A comparison is made with LEED-EB, a well-established environmental certification scheme, not dedicated to the hotel sector. Secondly, the way in which emissions from electricity, including so-called green electricity and carbon offsetting, are accounted for is examined since it is found that in obtaining certification, this often plays an important part. Actual annual energy use data is desperately needed as feedback to designers, managers and owners in order to give confidence that certification schemes have true validity. Results are presented from large multi-hotel data samples and for detailed results from the quality, illustrative in-depth studies which provided invaluable insight into the technical realities of a multitude of causes and effects which can often be masked in large data samples. An analysis was carried out for four In-depth studies located in Sweden (Nordic Swan), Maldives (Green Globe), Malta (EU Flower) and Ireland (Green Hospitality Award). Global CO2 emissions were compared and calculated from the delivered electricity and fuels consumption data from seventy selected certified hotels worldwide. No corrections were made in the calculations for climate, quality of services, existence of services etc. The performance indicator used is kgCO2 per guest night. The analyses shows no clear pattern. CO2 emissions show a wide variance in performance for 8 hotels certified under different schemes, as well as for 28 hotels certified under the same scheme. In some cases emissions reduced after certification in others no change. Certified hotels do not necessarily have lower emissions than uncertified hotels and a comparison of before – and after – certification shows no significant improvement prior to certification. Most dramatically emissions from certified hotels widely vary by a factor of 7. Although it is arguable a number of corrections should be made to account for different climates, the research highlights that hotels with high CO2 emissions are being awarded certification and it questions what message‘certification’ gives to guests and other stakeholders. At worst it appears ‘business as usual’ can achieve certification with no obvious improvement in performance. The overall conclusion is that existing certification schemes do not properly account for CO2 emissions and do not produce more energy efficient (or less CO2 intensive) buildings. Hotel accommodation was found to be more CO2 intensive than domestic emissions. The findings also uncovered inconsistencies in current methods of certification and indicate a vital need for improved methods. The results also challenge prevailing aesthetic stereotypes of sustainable hotels. The author concludes a simple CO2 accounting method is needed as the first step of a diagnostic process leading to a solution i.e. reduced emissions, to the problem i.e. high energy consumption and/or emissions, thus reducing the environmental impact (in terms of emissions reduction) of the hotel. This method of accounting can be adopted universally by using a Regional, European (O.475 kgCO2/kWh) or Universal (0.55 kgCO2/kWh) conversion factor. In relation to the proper calculation of energy and CO2 emission, sub-metering is a key factor, and with current technological developments, realistic and affordable. Furthermore, apart from certification itself, an essential quality with any monitoring system is that the user can obtain results easily and understandably, in order to get feedback from their actions. This could be facilitated by incorporating sub-metering as part of the building environmental management system software. This ensures that the certification activity is not simply a benchmark, but is also part of a diagnostic and educational process, which will continue to drive emissions down. Only then should it be ethically justified to use as a marketing tool providing diagnostic support in existing buildings, and design and operational guidance for new designs. No page 475 due to incorrect pagination - dissertation complete.

{"references": ["Adam, David. 2020. \"Special Report: The Simulations Driving the World's Response to COVID-19.\" Nature 580 (7803): 316\u201318. doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01003-6.", "Akhmerov, Anton, Maria Cruz, Niels Drost, Cees Hof, Tomas Knapen, Mateusz Kuzak, Carlos Martinez-Ortiz, Yasemin Turkyilmaz-van der Velden, and Ben van Werkhoven. 2019. \"Raising the Profile of Research Software,\" August. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.3378572.", "Barton, C. Michael, Marina Alberti, Daniel Ames, Jo-An Atkinson, Jerad Bales, Edmund 5 Burke, Min Chen, et al. 2020. \"Call for Transparency of COVID-19 Models.\" Edited by Jennifer Sills. Science 368 (6490): 482.2-483. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8637.", "Carmack, John. n.d. \"'The Imperial College Epidemic Simulation Code That I Helped a Little on Is Now Public:' / Twitter.\" Twitter. Accessed May 6, 2020. https://twitter.com/id_aa_carmack/status/1254872368763277313.", "Carver, Jeffrey C., Sandra Gesing, Daniel S. Katz, Karthik Ram, and Nicholas Weber. 2018. \"Conceptualization of a US Research Software Sustainability Institute (URSSI).\" Computing in Science & Engineering 20 (3): 4\u20139. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2018.03221924.", "Cl\u00e9ment-Fontaine, M\u00e9lanie, Roberto Di Cosmo, Bastien Guerry, Patrick MOREAU, and Fran\u00e7ois Pellegrini. 2019. \"Encouraging a Wider Usage of Software Derived from Research.\" Research Report. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02545142.", "Jim\u00e9nez, Rafael C., Mateusz Kuzak, Monther Alhamdoosh, Michelle Barker, B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Batut, Mikael Borg, Salvador Capella-Gutierrez, et al. 2017. \"Four Simple Recommendations to Encourage Best Practices in Research Software.\" F1000Research 6 (June): 876. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11407.1.", "Krylov, Anna, Theresa L. Windus, Taylor Barnes, Eliseo Marin-Rimoldi, Jessica A. Nash, Benjamin Pritchard, Daniel G. A. Smith, et al. 2018. \"Perspective: Computational Chemistry Software and Its Advancement as Illustrated through Three Grand Challenge Cases for Molecular Science.\" The Journal of Chemical Physics 149 (18): 180901. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5052551.", "NSF. 2017. \"Software Infrastructure for Sustained Innovation (SSE, SSI, S2I2): Software Elements, Frameworks and Institute Conceptualizations.\" 2017. https://www.nsf.gov/publications/pub_summ.jsp?ods_key=nsf17526.", "Research Data Alliance. 2020. \"RDA COVID-19 Guidelines and Recommendations.\" RDA. April 23, 2020. https://www.rd-alliance.org/group/rda-covid19-rda-covid19- omics-rda-covid19-epidemiology-rda-covid19-clinical-rda-covid19-0.", "Research Data Alliance. 2020. \"FAIR4RS WG.\" April 28, 2020. https://www.rd-alliance.org/groups/fair- 4-research-software-fair4rs-wg.", "Sheehan, Jeremy. 2016. \"Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Science.\" Whitehouse.Gov. February 22, 2016. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/02/22/increasing-accessresults- federally-funded-science.", "Smith, Arfon M., Daniel S. Katz, Kyle E. Niemeyer, and FORCE11 Software Citation Working Group. 2016. \"Software Citation Principles.\" PeerJ Computer Science 2: e86. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.86.", "The HEP Software Foundation, Johannes Albrecht, Antonio Augusto Alves, Guilherme Amadio, Giuseppe Andronico, Nguyen Anh-Ky, Laurent Aphecetche, et al. 2019. \"A Roadmap for HEP Software and Computing R&D for the 2020s.\" Computing and Software for Big Science 3 (1): 7. doi.org/10.1007/s41781-018-0018-8.", "Wilkins-Diehr, Nancy, Michael Zentner, Marlon Pierce, Maytal Dahan, Katherine Lawrence, Linda Hayden, and Nayiri Mullinix. 2018. \"The Science Gateways Community Institute at Two Years.\" In Proceedings of the Practice and Experience on Advanced Research Computing, 1\u20138. Pittsburgh PA USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3219104.3219142."]} The Research Software Alliance (ReSA) welcomes this opportunity to inform approaches for ensuring broad public access to the peer-reviewed scholarly publications, data, and code that result from federally-funded scientific research. This submission focuses on how improving the recognition and value of research software can increase the access to unclassified published research, digital scientific data, and code supported by the US Government. ReSA is the international organization representing the research software community. ReSA’s vision is that research software be recognized and valued as a fundamental and vital component of research worldwide.

What should we do now in order to make it possible to build the sustainable and equitable Bath we aspire to? This is a situation report designed to instigate a debate between the different anchor institutions. This does not constitute a traditional academic report. It is a synthesis of existing knowledge from multiple sources in conjunction with a series of interviews with key actors in regional and local anchor institutions. This is a piece of informed commentary which will hopefully result in policies for building back better. For the purposes of this situation report the primary focus is on the City of Bath and the immediate adjacent local electoral districts. As a matter of analytical and administrative ease this focus occasionally expands to the city-region, the West of England and the South West generally, as required by the administrative and policy implementation boundaries determined by regional and national actors that incorporate the BANES local authority. We recommend that that the following steps be taken to bring about a more sustainable and equitable society: Bath���s leading public sector players can do more to act as true anchor institutions. They should publish strategies and action plans that clearly specify how they will collaborate and use their economic power and influence for the benefit of local businesses and local communities. The University of Bath should play an active and leading role. Bath���s resilient growth strategy should build on the goodwill shown by businesses for communities during COVID-19. Bath can and should do more to build a dynamic and resilient small business sector based on cluster growth strategies in the areas of specialist professional services, healthcare, creative and digital technologies and green technologies. Bath needs a holistic strategy aimed at enabling all young people and children living and working in the area to flourish now and in the future. Bath should use the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a framework for creating a local impact management and measurement system for tracking and reporting its progress towards achieving more inclusive and sustainable prosperity. How could this be achieved practically? Sign-up all medium to large employers to the (Real) Living Wage; Build more affordable social housing as a priority; Provide more extensive subsidies to public transportation within the City of Bath and with better connections between villages and with the City of Bristol[1]; Develop further education and apprenticeship routes into new green jobs in, for example, decarbonising the housing stock, this would allow for useful linkages between BANES, Bath College and the universities; Expand childcare and early years services in the most disadvantaged communities in BANES, applying evidence from the effectiveness of early intervention strategies; Develop an evidence-informed framework for knowledge co-production and policy creation and evaluation, where people working between the various anchor institutions can interact with the work performed by the University of Bath and Bath Spa University. This situation report on Bath���s crisis-hit economy is the product of the ���local conversations��� generated by means of a series of in-depth stakeholder interviews, which we held during the summer of 2020. We interviewed a diversity of large and small businesses from manufacturing and engineering, software development and design, property and construction, finance and accountancy, architecture, energy supply and hospitality, as well as public and social sector actors including, but not limited to, BANES Council, the NHS, CURO Housing Association and the Universities of Bath and Bath Spa. The goal of this situation report is to contribute to debate among the anchor institutions on how best to promote inclusive and sustainable prosperity in a post-COVID-19, post-Brexit BANES. The City of Bath, while actively interested in achieving carbon neutrality following the declaration of a climate emergency by the BANES Council[2], still struggles to achieve inclusive growth. An effective way of achieving inclusive and sustainable growth is with a ���place-based��� policy, where local people have a say in what needs to be done and how it is to be done. A major advantage to the locality is the presence of two higher education establishments and a further education college. These post-secondary institutions can be used to great effect to bring about the inclusive and sustainable growth desired by BANES. The University of Bath can help in a leadership and knowledge co-production role. Bath���s hospitals, especially the RUH, are also important drivers of the ���third age economy��� and the future health care sector. Bath���s NHS sector and universities together generate more than one in five local job opportunities directly and indirectly. 37% of Bath���s total employment is in health, education and other predominantly public sector activities compared to a national figure of 26%. A dynamic, innovative public sector is a source of local economic resilience. There are some major challenges facing BANES that were identified during our interviews. Lack of affordable housing, working poverty and deprivation Shortage of high-quality business space Skills gaps Shutdown of the tourist economy Social polarisation The strong performance of Bath���s universities and Bath College on employability, apprenticeships and educational progression appears to contrast with the local ���skills shortages��� reported by the interviewees. We can attribute this to labour market barriers ��� transport accessibility and a lack of affordable housing ��� and a shortage of good quality jobs that offer decent pay and a career start. There is wide recognition that Bath faces distinctive problems of governance that go beyond differences derived from political party disputes; the aptitude for visionary leadership and the dissatisfaction with respect to the relationship between central and local government was conveyed by interviewees. Those interviewed shared a view that COVID-19 has exacerbated Bath���s inequalities. Home-working capabilities are different for those at either end of the socio-economic spectrum. Tourist arrivals were affected from January, with reduced numbers from China, and by the end of March the flow of visitors completely dried up, with no significant improvement in numbers until lock-down rules were eased at the beginning of July. The financial impact on BANES Council illustrates the scale of the hit. Against an annual budget of ��120 million, by the end of June it was anticipating lost income of ��30 million from parking, museums and commercial rents, ��7.5 million in reduced council tax and business rates, and an extra ��10 million in COVID-19-related additional costs. Faced with a ��40 million deficit it was clear that only extraordinary central government transfers would enable it to avoid issuing a ���section 114 notice��� bankruptcy notice. Brexit triggers perceived threats, including a further loss in tourism and trade due to new border restrictions, new tariffs, supply chain disruptions, a fall in the inflow of skilled European workers and international students, and the resulting loss of competitiveness in export markets. In the recovery, Bath will need to throw its weight behind regional strategies for economic growth, competitiveness and employment ��� led by the West of England Authority (WECA) and the Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) and in future the Western Gateway Partnership. Thus, the geographical boundaries of Bath���s economic development strategy need to be stretched regionally, calling for strong local leadership to ensure that ���competitive collaboration��� between place-based stakeholders results in a win-win game for all. There are positive signs of new collaborative initiatives between anchor institutions. COVID-19 may just be the catalyst for launching an anchor institution-based approach to inclusive growth. What do we need to do to improve? We need to attract inward investment in high value knowledge-based sectors and incentivise high growth companies and new entrepreneurs to build their businesses in the area. ���Reinventing��� Bath as a place to do business and as a place to live and work will support and strengthen existing business connections. It would also be less city-centric: emphasising the potential attractions of locating in the towns and villages for which Bath is a hub, where community-led business initiatives have unrealised potential ��� for example, revitalisation of local pubs, post offices and other amenities. We need to develop growth clusters led by anchor institutions in areas where Bath has a competitive advantage: the health-care economy (which many experts believe will lead the next fifty years of global economic growth), the creative economy, the digital economy and the green economy. We use the term ���economy��� rather than ���sector��� because the technologies and markets in these areas converge and overlap ��� for example, digital medicine or smart eco-transport systems. Cluster strategies would need to cover innovation, technical support and skills programmes geared to the needs of SMEs in particular. New business-led skills initiatives like the RESTART/ISTART need to be accelerated.[3] We need to renew and re-purpose BANES town centres ��� the City of Bath in particular ��� is a high priority given the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the use of office and retail space, which have reinforced strong trends toward on-line shopping and home-based teleworking. We need to switch Bath to a green growth model and build on from the Council���s declaration of a Climate emergency in March 2019. The main focus of this was on how to achieve emission reduction targets by 2030 through improvement in the energy efficiency of buildings (many old and badly insulated), a shift to public transport, and promotion of local renewable energy generation. Bath���s older population is vulnerable to protracted heat waves, and localised flooding is a perennial risk to housing where the hilly topography concentrates storm run-off.[4] We need to close the educational attainment gap, providing better job and apprenticeship opportunities for young people and graduate retention to keep skilled people located in the region. Some of our business interviewees were able to point to strong collaborative links, often based on links with individual academics. Other respondents reported having very little contact with any of the post-secondary institutions in the city. Nearly all those interviewed cited these post-secondary institutions as assets that were not reaching their full potential for local impact. The interviewees perceived scope for the University of Bath to become much more engaged with its surrounding economy and communities. Moving the University of Bath towards a role in promoting social innovation that builds on its position as an anchor institution requires thinking beyond the conventional ���triple helix��� model of engagement between universities, industry and government. A new ���quadruple helix��� model is already being put into practice by the University of Manchester and new universities such as Aalto in Finland.[5] This more expansive and inclusive model adds users to the three stakeholders in the original triple helix model. Importantly, it extends the locus of innovation activity from the campus to ���living labs��� closer to users ��� whether they are firms, public sector agencies or community-led organisations. The extraordinary requirements and challenges of COVID-19 has the opportunity to place the University of Bath back at the heart of the place-based recovery debate. Existing tools, models and structures exist and have been successful in both the UK and the rest of the world, but they all require leadership. In the context of Bath, it is becoming clear that the University of Bath, in tandem with Bath Spa University and Bath College, are well placed to provide some of the leadership needed for the redevelopment of Bath post-COVID. [1] For example: internal City of Bath bus services are provided free of charge and put in place a 75% discount for regular commuters between Bristol and Bath via monthly or annual employee-employer interest free loans to support the purchase of monthly and annual transport tickets. More efforts should be put in place for a tax efficient structure similar to the Irish taxsaver.ie scheme, which will result in a fare reduction of up to 52% and a reduced social insurance tax for employers. [2] https://www.bathnes.gov.uk/climate-emergency [3] https://www.tbebathandsomerset.co.uk/weca-istart-funding/#:~:text=I%2DSTART%20is%20designed%20to,East%20Somerset%20Council%20and%20WECA. [4] Gasparrini, A., & Armstrong, B. (2011). The impact of heat waves on mortality. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 22(1), 68���73. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181fdcd99 [5] Reichert, Sybille (2019). The Role of Universities in Regional Innovation Ecosystems. Brussels. European Universities Association.

open access article This study explored the correlates of climate anxiety in a diverse range of national contexts. We analysed cross-sectional data gathered in 32 countries (N = 12,246). Our results show that climate anxiety is positively related to rate of exposure to information about climate change impacts, the amount of attention people pay to climate change information, and perceived descriptive norms about emotional responding to climate change. Climate anxiety was also positively linked to pro-environmental behaviours and negatively linked to mental wellbeing. Notably, climate anxiety had a significant inverse association with mental wellbeing in 31 out of 32 countries. In contrast, it had a significant association with pro-environmental behaviour in 24 countries, and with environmental activism in 12 countries. Our findings highlight contextual boundaries to engagement in environmental action as an antidote to climate anxiety, and the broad international significance of considering negative climate-related emotions as a plausible threat to wellbeing.

The initial lockdown phase of the COVID-19 pandemic presented an unfortunate opportunity to observe how abrupt, large-scale changes in traffic volume can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study explores how carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Virginia’s transportation sector may have been affected by the changes in activity stemming from COVID-19 to inform more carbon-neutral policies as the state recovers from the economic downfall. Emission savings were calculated by multiplying the percent change from 2019 to 2020 in traffic volume from the Virginia Department of Transportation with the business-as-usual 2020 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimate of CO2 emissions for Virginia’s transportation sector. We estimate Virginia’s 2020 COVID-19 transportation CO2 emissions reduction is around 15.0% (14.2 to 15.7%), with reduced passenger vehicle traffic making up the bulk of the inferred reduction. This study highlights the utility of reimagining our current transportation sector as a way to implement sustainable, state-level carbon reduction policies, such as the Clean Car Standards.

Dataset associated with the publication "Environmental and economic potential of decentralised electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis powered by solar energy" by Sebastiano C. D'Angelo, Antonio J. Martín, Selene Cobo, Diego Freire-Ordóñez, Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez, and Javier Pérez-Ramírez, available at https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EE02683J. The dataset includes the numeric data required to plot all the figures embedded in the main manuscript and in the Electronic Supplementary Information (ESI). The structure of the dataset is here elucidated sheet by sheet: GeneralParameters: numerical values for the scaled functional unit used in the study, the world population value adopted, and the three voltage efficiencies assumed in different parts of the study. AL_BaseCase_SensECE: numerical values associated with the results for the ammonia leaf scenarios adopting a voltage efficiency of 63% (base case) and a Faradaic efficiency varying from 1% to 100%; highest, average, and lowest capacity factors for the solar power production were here used. The ammonia leaf configuration here assessed is the one including solar panels, electrolyzer, and fuel cell as key components. The results report all the ReCiPe 2016 (hierarchical approach) midpoints and endpoints and the values for the assessed planetary boundaries; the levelised cost of ammonia (LCOA) is reported, as well. AL_EtaV75_SensECE: this sheet has the structure as the previous one, but includes the results for the ammonia leaf scenario using 75% voltage efficiency, instead of 63%. The remaining assumptions do not deviate from the base case. AL_Eta100_SensECE: this sheet has the structure as the previous one, but includes the results for the ammonia leaf scenario using 100% voltage efficiency, instead of 63%. The remaining assumptions do not deviate from the base case. AL_NoFC_H2Vented_SensECE: this sheet has the same structure as the sheet "AL_BaseCase_SensECE", but includes the ammonia leaf scenario using a configuration with no fuel cell. The hydrogen by-product was here considered vented to the air. The remaining assumptions do not deviate from the base case. AL_NoFC_H2Subst_SensECE: this sheet has the same structure as the sheet "AL_BaseCase_SensECE", but includes the ammonia leaf scenario using a configuration with no fuel cell. The hydrogen by-product was here considered substituting the production of an equivalent quantity from a water electrolyzer deployed in the same location as the ammonia leaf. The remaining assumptions do not deviate from the base case. AL_BaseCase_SpatAnal_BreakFEff: numerical results for the ammonia leaf base case scenario stemming from the spatial analysis performed on a global grid of 1140 points. The yearly average capacity factors for the solar panels at each location are included, and the results portraying the breakeven Faradaic efficiency for the indicators climate change - CO2 concentration, global warming, human health, and levelised cost of ammonia were included. The assumptions for the voltage efficiency and the other parameters correspond to the base case. AL_BaseCase_SpatAnal_AbsValues: numerical results for the ammonia leaf scenarios using the base case state-of-the-art (34%) and 100% Faradaic efficiency, as well as the base case voltage efficiency of 63%. The same metrics as the previous sheet are reported. The structure of the sheet is the same as the previous one. AL_BaseCase_Breakdowns: breakdown of the same four indicators as the previous sheet for the best and worst combination of Faradaic efficiency and solar panels capacity factors, i.e., 34% Faradaic efficiency and 6% capacity factor on one side and 100% Faradaic efficiency and 26% capacity factor on the other side. The breakdown is divided into solar panels, electrolyser, fuel cell, and other elements. A further breakdown of the levelised cost of ammonia (LCOA) into capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenditure (OPEX) is provided, as well. The voltage efficiency is the same as the base case, as well as the other parameters. AL_BaseCase_CAPEXSens: numerical results for the levelised cost of ammonia (LCOA) in dependence of the sensitivity on the capital expenditure (CAPEX) for the ammonia leaf configuration assessed in the base case. Two cases assuming state-of-the-art (34%) and 100% Faradaic efficiency were assumed, and lowest, average, and highest capacity factor are included. The remaining parameters do not deviate from the base case configuration. AL_gHB_BestMap: numerical results to produce the map showing the best technology between ammonia leaf (AL) and green Haber-Bosch (gHB) in the category climate change - CO2 concentration for all the assessed locations. column D shows the share of safe operating space (%SOS) for each location, while column E shows which technology was selected, where 1 is ammonia leaf and 2 is green HB. AL_BaseCase_Sensitivity: percentual variation of the results obtained assuming the base configuration ammonia leaf for a state-of-the-art Faradaic efficiency and an average capacity factor for the solar panels. The varied parameters include the voltage efficiency (columns C-D-E), the levelised cost of electricity (columns G-H-I), the electrolyser cost (columns K-L-M), the fuel cell cost (columns O-P-Q), the electrolyser environmental impact (columns S-T-U), and the fuel cell environmental impact (columns W-X-Y). CompTech_BaseCase: environmental and economic metrics characterizing the assessed Haber-Bosch scenarios (business as usual, BAU; blue Haber-Bosch; green Haber-Bosch for lowest, average, and highest solar panels capacity factor; BAU assuming natural gas spot prices in Europe in August 2022). The reported metrics are the ReCiPe 2016 (hierarchical approach) midpoints and endpoints, the planetary boundaries, and the levelised cost of ammonia (LCOA). CompTech_EtaV75: this sheet has the same structure as the previous one, but the hydrogen electrolyser used for the green Haber-Bosch scenarios was assumed to have a 10% stack efficiency improvement. The remaining parameters are the same. CompTech_EtaV100: this sheet has the same structure as the previous one, but the hydrogen electrolyser used for the green Haber-Bosch scenarios was assumed to have a 100% stack efficiency. The remaining parameters are the same. CompValues_Fig1: numerical values for yearly global warming impacts of a selection of countries, as well as for the yearly human health impacts of selected diseases and catastrophic events.

Ocean acidification (OA) studies to date have typically used stable open-ocean pH and CO2 values to predict the physiological responses of intertidal species to future climate scenarios, with few studies accounting for natural fluctuations of abiotic conditions or the alternating periods of emersion and immersion routinely experienced during tidal cycles. Here, we determine seawater carbonate chemistry and the corresponding in situ haemolymph acid–base responses over real time for two populations of mussel (Mytilus edulis) during tidal cycles, demonstrating that intertidal mussels experience daily acidosis during emersion. Using these field data to parameterize experimental work we demonstrate that air temperature and mussel size strongly influence this acidosis, with larger mussels at higher temperatures experiencing greater acidosis. There was a small interactive effect of prior immersion in OA conditions (pHNBS 7.7/pCO2 930 µatm) such that the haemolymph pH measured at the start of emersion was lower in large mussels exposed to OA. Critically, the acidosis induced in mussels during emersion in situ was greater (delta pH approximately 0.8 units) than that induced by experimental OA (ΔpH approximately 0.1 units). Understanding how environmental fluctuations influence physiology under current scenarios is critical to our ability to predict the responses of key marine biota to future environmental changes. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2019) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2020-07-07.