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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Aerts, Dorien; Minnen, Joeri; Glorieux, Ignace; Wouters, Ine; +1 Authors

    User behaviour plays a key role in the energy demand of residential buildings, and its importance will only increase when moving towards nearly Zero-Energy homes. However, little detailed information is available on how users interact with their homes. Due to the lack of information, user behaviour is often included in building performance simulations through one standard user pattern. To obtain more accurate energy demand simulations, we need user patterns that capture the wide variations in behaviour without making simulations overly complicated. To this end, we developed a probabilistic model which generate realistic occupancy and activity sequences respectively. This paper reports on the methodology used to construct the model based on Belgian time-use data. The modelling of individual sequences based on this method enables to include highly differentiated yet realistic behaviour in building simulations. By linking the model to the use of appliances, individual household load profiles may be obtained.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Vrije Universiteit B...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Vrije Universiteit B...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • Authors: Jayant B. Udgaonkar; G.S. Lakshmikanth; K. Sridevi; Guruswamy Krishnamoorthy;

    Coincidental equilibrium unfolding transitions observed by multiple structural probes are taken to justify the modeling of protein unfolding as a two-state, N U, cooperative process. However, for many of the large number of proteins that undergo apparently two-state equilibrium unfolding reactions, folding intermediates are detected in kinetic experiments. The small protein barstar is one such protein. Here the two-state model for equilibrium unfolding has been critically evaluated in barstar by estimating the intramolecular distance distribution by time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) methods, in which fluorescence decay kinetics are analyzed by the maximum entropy method (MEM). Using a mutant form of barstar containing only Trp 53 as the fluorescence donor and a thionitrobenzoic acid moiety attached to Cys 82 as the fluorescence acceptor, the distance between the donor and acceptor has been shown to increase incrementally with increasing denaturant concentration. Although other probes, such as circular dichroism and fluorescence intensity, suggest that the labeled protein undergoes two-state equilibrium unfolding, the TR-FRET probe clearly indicates multistate equilibrium unfolding. Native protein expands progressively through a continuum of native-like forms that achieve the dimensions of a molten globule, whose heterogeneity increases with increasing denaturant concentration and which appears to be separated from the unfolded ensemble by a free energy barrier.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: BRECHET, Thierry; PERALTA, Susana;

    We model a non-cooperative energy tax setting game amongst countries who join an international market in which firms trade emission permits. Countries can auction a share of their permit endowment and issue the remainder for free to a representative firm. Each country’s regulator has a double mandate consisting of obtaining tax and auction revenue without increasing firm’s costs too much. Energy may be subsidized or taxed depending on the relative weight of the two objectives. We show how equilibrium taxes depend on the proportion of permits which is auctioned, on the total amount of permits in the market, on the allocation of permits across countries and on the number of participating countries. We also show how the creation of the market in a previously unregulated world changes energy taxation. Finally, we highlight that, despite the permit market being perfectly competitive, it does not achieve emission abatement in a cost-efficient way.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Research Papers in E...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Crismer, Jean-Baptiste; Thomas Haas; Duponcheel, Matthieu; Winckelmans, Grégoire; +1 Authors

    Rigid-wing ground-gen airborne wind energy systems (AWES) fly complex trajectories. This therefore calls for accurate modeling of the dynamics and for advanced control. Flying in atmospheric conditions also requires a high fidelity modeling of the turbulent scales. In the present work, we aim to develop a LES framework to study AWES in turbulent winds and assess the robustness of the controller against flow perturbations. The toolbox AWEbox is used for trajectory generation and control. Here the device is flown with a closed-loop controller using a 6-DOF aircraft mode. A rigid wing AWES is considered and is modeled using an actuator line (AL) based aircraft model for the wing. The model is used to study the behavior of controlled AWES when flying in turbulent atmospheric flows; also with shear as for the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The performances are then compared to those from the idealized conditions, evaluated with AWEbox, and were found to match well with the reference.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Dépôt Institutionel ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Dépôt Institutionel ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: De Ruyck, Jacques; Lavric, Elena Daniela; Bram, Svend; Novak-Zdravkovic, Ana; +5 Authors

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Vrije Universiteit B...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Vrije Universiteit B...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • Authors: Midya, S K; Ganda, S C; Sahu, S N;
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kaushik Bharati; N K Ganguly;

    Malaria is largely neglected in the South-East Asia Region (SEAR), although it has the highest number of people susceptible to the disease. Malaria in the SEAR exhibits special epidemiological characteristics such as "forest malaria" and malaria due to migration across international borders. The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) has been a focal-point for the emergence of drug resistant malaria. With the recent emergence of artemisinin resistance, coupled with the limited availability of insecticides, malaria control efforts in the SEAR face a steep challenge. Indirect man-made factors such as climate change, as well as direct man-made factors such as the circulation of counterfeit drugs have added to the problem. Increased monitoring, surveillance, pharmacovigilance as well as cross-border collaboration are required to address these problems. Regional networking and data-sharing will keep all stakeholders updated about the status of various malaria control programmes in the SEAR. Cutting-edge technologies such as GIS/GPS (geographical information system/global positioning system) systems and mobile phones can provide information in "real-time". A holistic and sustained approach to malaria control by integrated vector management (IVM) is suggested, in which all the stakeholder countries work collaboratively as a consortium. This approach will address the malaria problem in a collective manner so that malaria control can be sustained over time.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Indian Journal of Me...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Indian Journal of Me...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • Authors: Kamran Abbasi; Parveen Ali; Virginia Barbour; Thomas Benfield; +9 Authors

    Plus de 200 revues de santé appellent les Nations Unies, les dirigeants politiques et les professionnels de la santé à reconnaître que le changement climatique et la perte de biodiversité sont une crise indivisible et doivent être abordés ensemble pour préserver la santé et éviter les catastrophes. Cette crise environnementale globale est maintenant si grave qu'elle constitue une urgence sanitaire mondiale. Le monde répond actuellement à la crise climatique et à la crise de la nature comme s'il s'agissait de défis distincts. C'est une erreur dangereuse. La 28e Conférence des Parties (COP) sur le changement climatique est sur le point de se tenir à Dubaï, tandis que la 16e COP sur la biodiversité se tiendra en Turquie en 2024. Les communautés de recherche qui fournissent les preuves pour les deux COP sont malheureusement largement séparées, mais elles ont été réunies pour un atelier en 2020 lorsqu'elles ont conclu que : « Ce n'est qu'en considérant le climat et la biodiversité comme faisant partie du même problème complexe… que des solutions peuvent être développées qui évitent la mauvaise adaptation et maximisent les résultats bénéfiques.« .1 Comme le monde de la santé l'a reconnu avec le développement du concept de santé planétaire, le monde naturel est constitué d'un système global interdépendant. Les dommages causés à un sous-système peuvent créer une rétroaction qui en endommage un autre - par exemple, la sécheresse, les incendies de forêt, les inondations et les autres effets de la hausse des températures mondiales détruisent la vie végétale et entraînent l'érosion des sols et inhibent le stockage du carbone, ce qui signifie plus de réchauffement de la planète.2 Le changement climatique devrait dépasser la déforestation et d'autres changements dans l'utilisation des terres en tant que principal facteur de perte de nature.3 La nature a un pouvoir remarquable de restauration. Par exemple, les terres déboisées peuvent redevenir des forêts grâce à la régénération naturelle, et le phytoplancton marin, qui agit comme des réserves naturelles de carbone, transforme plus d'un milliard de tonnes de biomasse photosynthétique tous les 8 jours.4 La gestion autochtone des terres et de la mer a un rôle particulièrement important à jouer dans la régénération et les soins continus.5 La restauration d'un sous-système peut aider un autre - par exemple, reconstituer le sol pourrait aider à éliminer les gaz à effet de serre de l'atmosphère à grande échelle.6 Mais les actions qui peuvent bénéficier à un sous-système peuvent nuire à un autre - par exemple, planter des forêts avec un type d'arbre peut éliminer le dioxyde de carbone de l'air mais peut endommager la biodiversité qui est fondamentale pour des écosystèmes sains.7 La santé humaine est endommagée directement à la fois par la crise climatique, comme les revues l'ont décrit dans les éditoriaux précédents ,8, 9 et par la crise de la nature.10 Cette crise planétaire indivisible aura des effets majeurs sur la santé en raison de la perturbation des systèmes sociaux et économiques - courts-circuits de terre, d'abri, de nourriture et d'eau, exacerbant la pauvreté, qui à son tour conduira à des migrations de masse et à des conflits. La hausse des températures, les événements météorologiques extrêmes, la pollution de l'air et la propagation des maladies infectieuses sont quelques-unes des principales menaces pour la santé exacerbées par le changement climatique.11 « Sans la nature, nous n'avons rien », a été le résumé brutal du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies, António Guterres, lors de la COP sur la biodiversité à Montréal l'année dernière.12 Même si nous pouvions maintenir le réchauffement climatique en dessous d'une augmentation de 1,5 ° C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels, nous pourrions encore causer des dommages catastrophiques à la santé en détruisant la nature. L'accès à l'eau potable est fondamental pour la santé humaine, mais la pollution a endommagé la qualité de l'eau, provoquant une augmentation des maladies d'origine hydrique.13 La contamination de l'eau sur terre peut également avoir des effets considérables sur les écosystèmes éloignés lorsque cette eau s'écoule dans l'océan.14 Une bonne nutrition repose sur la diversité de la variété des aliments, mais il y a eu une perte frappante de diversité génétique dans le système alimentaire. À l'échelle mondiale, environ un cinquième de la population dépend des espèces sauvages pour sa nourriture et ses moyens de subsistance.15 Le déclin de la faune sauvage est un défi majeur pour ces populations, en particulier dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Les poissons fournissent plus de la moitié des protéines alimentaires dans de nombreuses nations africaines, sud-asiatiques et insulaires, mais l'acidification des océans a réduit la qualité et la quantité de fruits de mer.16 Les changements dans l'utilisation des terres ont forcé des dizaines de milliers d'espèces à entrer en contact plus étroit, augmentant l'échange d'agents pathogènes et l'émergence de nouvelles maladies et pandémies.17 Les personnes qui perdent le contact avec l'environnement naturel et la biodiversité en déclin ont toutes deux été liées à une augmentation des maladies non transmissibles, auto-immunes et inflammatoires et des troubles métaboliques, allergiques et neuropsychiatriques.10, 18 Pour les peuples autochtones, prendre soin de la nature et se connecter avec elle est particulièrement important pour leur santé.19 La nature a également été une source importante de médicaments, et donc la diversité réduite limite également la découverte de nouveaux médicaments. Les communautés sont en meilleure santé si elles ont accès à des espaces verts de haute qualité qui aident à filtrer la pollution de l'air, à réduire la température de l'air et du sol et à offrir des possibilités d'activité physique.20 Le lien avec la nature réduit le stress, la solitude et la dépression tout en favorisant les interactions sociales.21 Ces avantages sont menacés par l'augmentation continue de l'urbanisation.22 Enfin, les impacts sur la santé du changement climatique et de la perte de biodiversité seront vécus de manière inégale entre et au sein des pays, les communautés les plus vulnérables supportant souvent le fardeau le plus lourd.10 Parallèlement, les inégalités alimentent également ces crises environnementales. Les défis environnementaux et les inégalités sociales/sanitaires sont des défis qui partagent les moteurs et il y a des co-bénéfices potentiels à les relever.10 En décembre 2022, la COP sur la biodiversité a convenu de la conservation et de la gestion efficaces d'au moins 30% des terres, des zones côtières et des océans du monde d'ici 2030.23 Les pays industrialisés ont convenu de mobiliser 30 milliards de dollars par an pour aider les pays en développement à le faire.23 Ces accords font écho aux promesses faites lors des COP sur le climat. Pourtant, de nombreux engagements pris lors des COP n'ont pas été respectés. Cela a permis aux écosystèmes d'être poussés plus loin au bord du gouffre, augmentant considérablement le risque d'arriver à des « points de basculement », des pannes brutales dans le fonctionnement de la nature.2, 24 Si ces événements se produisaient, les impacts sur la santé seraient globalement catastrophiques. Ce risque, combiné aux graves impacts sur la santé déjà en cours, signifie que l'Organisation mondiale de la santé devrait déclarer la crise indivisible du climat et de la nature comme une urgence sanitaire mondiale. Les trois conditions préalables pour que l'OMS déclare qu'une situation est une urgence de santé publique de portée internationale25 sont les suivantes : (1) elle est grave, soudaine, inhabituelle ou inattendue ; (2) elle a des implications pour la santé publique au-delà des frontières nationales de l'État affecté ; et (3) elle peut nécessiter une action internationale immédiate. Le changement climatique semble remplir toutes ces conditions. Bien que l'accélération du changement climatique et la perte de biodiversité ne soient pas soudaines ou inattendues, elles sont certainement graves et inhabituelles. Par conséquent, nous appelons l'OMS à faire cette déclaration avant ou lors de la soixante-dix-septième Assemblée mondiale de la Santé en mai 2024. Pour faire face à cette situation d'urgence, les processus de la COP doivent être harmonisés. Dans un premier temps, les conventions respectives doivent faire pression pour une meilleure intégration des plans climatiques nationaux avec les équivalents de biodiversité.3 Comme l'a conclu l'atelier de 2020 qui a réuni les scientifiques du climat et de la nature, « les points de levier critiques comprennent l'exploration de visions alternatives de la bonne qualité de vie, repenser la consommation et les déchets, changer les valeurs liées à la relation homme-nature, réduire les inégalités et promouvoir l'éducation et l'apprentissage.» 1 Tous ces éléments seraient bénéfiques pour la santé. Les professionnels de la santé doivent être de puissants défenseurs à la fois de la restauration de la biodiversité et de la lutte contre le changement climatique pour le bien de la santé. Les dirigeants politiques doivent reconnaître à la fois les graves menaces pour la santé de la crise planétaire et les avantages qui peuvent découler pour la santé de la lutte contre la crise.26 Mais d'abord, nous devons reconnaître cette crise pour ce qu'elle est : une urgence sanitaire mondiale. Cet éditorial est publié simultanément dans plusieurs revues. Pour la liste complète des revues, voir : https://www.bmj.com/content/full-list-authors-and-signatories-climate-nature-emergency-editorial-october-2023. Más de 200 revistas de salud piden a las Naciones Unidas, a los líderes políticos y a los profesionales de la salud que reconozcan que el cambio climático y la pérdida de biodiversidad son una crisis indivisible y deben abordarse juntos para preservar la salud y evitar catástrofes. Esta crisis ambiental general es ahora tan grave como para ser una emergencia sanitaria mundial. El mundo está respondiendo actualmente a la crisis climática y a la crisis de la naturaleza como si fueran desafíos separados. Este es un error peligroso. La 28ª Conferencia de las Partes (COP) sobre el cambio climático está a punto de celebrarse en Dubai, mientras que la 16ª COP sobre biodiversidad se celebrará en Turquía en 2024. Desafortunadamente, las comunidades de investigación que proporcionan la evidencia de las dos COP están en gran medida separadas, pero se reunieron para un taller en 2020 cuando concluyeron que: "Solo considerando el clima y la biodiversidad como partes del mismo problema complejo... se pueden desarrollar soluciones que eviten la mala adaptación y maximicen los resultados beneficiosos.".1 Como el mundo de la salud ha reconocido con el desarrollo del concepto de salud planetaria, el mundo natural está formado por un sistema interdependiente general. El daño a un subsistema puede crear una retroalimentación que daña a otro, por ejemplo, la sequía, los incendios forestales, las inundaciones y los otros efectos del aumento de las temperaturas globales destruyen la vida vegetal y conducen a la erosión del suelo e inhiben el almacenamiento de carbono, lo que significa más calentamiento global.2 El cambio climático superará la deforestación y otros cambios en el uso de la tierra como el principal impulsor de la pérdida de la naturaleza.3 La naturaleza tiene un notable poder de restauración. Por ejemplo, las tierras deforestadas pueden revertir a bosques a través de la regeneración natural, y el fitoplancton marino, que actúan como reservas naturales de carbono, genera mil millones de toneladas de biomasa fotosintética cada 8 días.4 La gestión de tierras y mares indígenas tiene un papel particularmente importante que desempeñar en la regeneración y el cuidado continuo.5 Restaurar un subsistema puede ayudar a otro, por ejemplo, reponer el suelo podría ayudar a eliminar los gases de efecto invernadero de la atmósfera a gran escala.6 Pero las acciones que pueden beneficiar a un subsistema pueden dañar a otro, por ejemplo, plantar bosques con un tipo de árbol puede eliminar el dióxido de carbono del aire, pero puede dañar la biodiversidad que es fundamental para los ecosistemas saludables.7 La salud humana se daña directamente tanto por la crisis climática, como las revistas han descrito en editoriales anteriores ,8, 9 y por la crisis de la naturaleza.10 Esta crisis planetaria indivisible tendrá efectos importantes en la salud como resultado de la interrupción de los sistemas sociales y económicos: escasez de tierra, refugio, alimentos y agua, lo que a su vez conducirá a la migración masiva y el conflicto. El aumento de las temperaturas, los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, la contaminación del aire y la propagación de enfermedades infecciosas son algunas de las principales amenazas para la salud exacerbadas por el cambio climático.11 "Sin naturaleza, no tenemos nada", fue el resumen contundente del Secretario General de la ONU, António Guterres, en la COP sobre biodiversidad en Montreal el año pasado.12 Incluso si pudiéramos mantener el calentamiento global por debajo de un aumento de 1,5 ° C sobre los niveles preindustriales, aún podríamos causar un daño catastrófico a la salud al destruir la naturaleza. El acceso al agua limpia es fundamental para la salud humana, sin embargo, la contaminación ha dañado la calidad del agua, causando un aumento de las enfermedades transmitidas por el agua.13 La contaminación del agua en la tierra también puede tener efectos de gran alcance en los ecosistemas distantes cuando el agua se escurre hacia el océano.14 Una buena nutrición se basa en la diversidad en la variedad de alimentos, pero ha habido una sorprendente pérdida de diversidad genética en el sistema alimentario. A nivel mundial, alrededor de una quinta parte de las personas dependen de las especies silvestres para su alimentación y sus medios de subsistencia.15 La disminución de la vida silvestre es un gran desafío para estas poblaciones, particularmente en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. Los peces proporcionan más de la mitad de la proteína dietética en muchas naciones africanas, del sur de Asia y pequeñas islas, pero la acidificación de los océanos ha reducido la calidad y la cantidad de mariscos.16 Los cambios en el uso de la tierra han obligado a decenas de miles de especies a un contacto más estrecho, aumentando el intercambio de patógenos y la aparición de nuevas enfermedades y pandemias.17 Las personas que pierden contacto con el entorno natural y la disminución de la biodiversidad se han relacionado con el aumento de las enfermedades no transmisibles, autoinmunes e inflamatorias y los trastornos metabólicos, alérgicos y neuropsiquiátricos.10, 18 Para los pueblos indígenas, el cuidado y la conexión con la naturaleza es especialmente importante para su salud.19 La naturaleza también ha sido una fuente importante de medicamentos y, por lo tanto, la reducción de la diversidad también limita el descubrimiento de nuevos medicamentos. Las comunidades son más saludables si tienen acceso a espacios verdes de alta calidad que ayudan a filtrar la contaminación del aire, reducen las temperaturas del aire y del suelo y brindan oportunidades para la actividad física.20 La conexión con la naturaleza reduce el estrés, la soledad y la depresión al tiempo que promueve la interacción social.21 Estos beneficios se ven amenazados por el continuo aumento de la urbanización.22 Finalmente, los impactos en la salud del cambio climático y la pérdida de biodiversidad se experimentarán de manera desigual entre y dentro de los países, y las comunidades más vulnerables a menudo soportan la mayor carga.10 En relación con esto, se podría decir que la desigualdad también está alimentando estas crisis ambientales. Los desafíos ambientales y las desigualdades sociales/sanitarias son desafíos que comparten impulsores y existen posibles beneficios colaterales de abordarlos.10 En diciembre de 2022, la COP sobre biodiversidad acordó conservar y gestionar eficazmente al menos el 30% de la tierra, las zonas costeras y los océanos del mundo para 2030.23 Los países industrializados acordaron movilizar 30 000 millones de dólares al año para ayudar a las naciones en desarrollo a hacerlo.23 Estos acuerdos se hacen eco de las promesas hechas en las COP sobre el clima. Sin embargo, muchos compromisos asumidos en las COP no se han cumplido. Esto ha permitido que los ecosistemas se vean empujados aún más al borde, lo que aumenta en gran medida el riesgo de llegar a "puntos de inflexión", interrupciones abruptas en el funcionamiento de la naturaleza.2, 24 Si estos eventos ocurrieran, los impactos en la salud serían catastróficos a nivel mundial. Este riesgo, combinado con los graves impactos que ya se están produciendo en la salud, significa que la Organización Mundial de la Salud debe declarar la crisis climática y natural indivisible como una emergencia sanitaria mundial. Las tres condiciones previas para QUE la OMS declare que una situación es una Emergencia de Salud Pública de Preocupación Internacional25 son que: (1) sea grave, repentina, inusual o inesperada; (2) tenga implicaciones para la salud pública más allá de la frontera nacional del Estado afectado; y (3) pueda requerir una acción internacional inmediata. El cambio climático parece cumplir todas esas condiciones. Si bien la aceleración del cambio climático y la pérdida de biodiversidad no son repentinas o inesperadas, ciertamente son graves e inusuales. Por lo tanto, pedimos a la OMS QUE haga esta declaración antes o en la 77ª Asamblea Mundial de la Salud en mayo de 2024. Abordar esta emergencia requiere que los procesos de COP estén armonizados. Como primer paso, las respectivas convenciones deben impulsar una mejor integración de los planes climáticos nacionales con los equivalentes de biodiversidad.3 Como concluyó el taller de 2020 que reunió a los científicos del clima y la naturaleza, "Los puntos de influencia críticos incluyen explorar visiones alternativas de buena calidad de vida, repensar el consumo y el desperdicio, cambiar los valores relacionados con la relación humano-naturaleza, reducir las desigualdades y promover la educación y el aprendizaje."1 Todos estos beneficiarían la salud. Los profesionales de la salud deben ser poderosos defensores tanto de la restauración de la biodiversidad como de la lucha contra el cambio climático por el bien de la salud. Los líderes políticos deben reconocer tanto las graves amenazas para la salud derivadas de la crisis planetaria como los beneficios que pueden derivarse para la salud de abordar la crisis.26 Pero primero, debemos reconocer esta crisis por lo que es: una emergencia sanitaria mundial. Este editorial se publica simultáneamente en varias revistas. Para obtener la lista completa de revistas, consulte: https://www.bmj.com/content/full-list-authors-and-signatories-climate-nature-emergency-editorial-october-2023. Over 200 health journals, call on the United Nations, political leaders, and health professionals to recognize that climate change and biodiversity loss are one indivisible crisis and must be tackled together to preserve health and avoid catastrophe. This overall environmental crisis is now so severe as to be a global health emergency. The world is currently responding to the climate crisis and the nature crisis as if they were separate challenges. This is a dangerous mistake. The 28th Conference of the Parties (COP) on climate change is about to be held in Dubai while the 16th COP on biodiversity is due to be held in Turkey in 2024. The research communities that provide the evidence for the two COPs are unfortunately largely separate, but they were brought together for a workshop in 2020 when they concluded that: "Only by considering climate and biodiversity as parts of the same complex problem…can solutions be developed that avoid maladaptation and maximize the beneficial outcomes.".1 As the health world has recognized with the development of the concept of planetary health, the natural world is made up of one overall interdependent system. Damage to one subsystem can create feedback that damages another—for example, drought, wildfires, floods, and the other effects of rising global temperatures destroy plant life, and lead to soil erosion and inhibit carbon storage, which means more global warming.2 Climate change is set to overtake deforestation and other land-use change as the primary driver of nature loss.3 Nature has a remarkable power to restore. For example, deforested land can revert to forest through natural regeneration, and marine phytoplankton, which act as natural carbon stores, turn over one billion tons of photosynthesizing biomass every 8 days.4 Indigenous land and sea management has a particularly important role to play in regeneration and continuing care.5 Restoring one subsystem can help another—for example, replenishing soil could help remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere on a vast scale.6 But actions that may benefit one subsystem can harm another—for example, planting forests with one type of tree can remove carbon dioxide from the air but can damage the biodiversity that is fundamental to healthy ecosystems.7 Human health is damaged directly by both the climate crisis, as the journals have described in previous editorials,8, 9 and by the nature crisis.10 This indivisible planetary crisis will have major effects on health as a result of the disruption of social and economic systems—shortages of land, shelter, food, and water, exacerbating poverty, which in turn will lead to mass migration and conflict. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, air pollution, and the spread of infectious diseases are some of the major health threats exacerbated by climate change.11 "Without nature, we have nothing," was UN Secretary-General António Guterres's blunt summary at the biodiversity COP in Montreal last year.12 Even if we could keep global warming below an increase of 1.5°C over pre-industrial levels, we could still cause catastrophic harm to health by destroying nature. Access to clean water is fundamental to human health, yet pollution has damaged water quality, causing a rise in water-borne diseases.13 Contamination of water on land can also have far-reaching effects on distant ecosystems when that water runs off into the ocean.14 Good nutrition is underpinned by diversity in the variety of foods, but there has been a striking loss of genetic diversity in the food system. Globally, about a fifth of people rely on wild species for food and their livelihoods.15 Declines in wildlife are a major challenge for these populations, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Fish provide more than half of dietary protein in many African, South Asian, and small island nations, but ocean acidification has reduced the quality and quantity of seafood.16 Changes in land use have forced tens of thousands of species into closer contact, increasing the exchange of pathogens and the emergence of new diseases and pandemics.17 People losing contact with the natural environment and the declining biodiversity have both been linked to increases in noncommunicable, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and metabolic, allergic, and neuropsychiatric disorders.10, 18 For Indigenous people, caring for and connecting with nature is especially important for their health.19 Nature has also been an important source of medicines, and thus reduced diversity also constrains the discovery of new medicines. Communities are healthier if they have access to high-quality green spaces that help filter air pollution, reduce air and ground temperatures, and provide opportunities for physical activity.20 Connection with nature reduces stress, loneliness, and depression while promoting social interaction.21 These benefits are threatened by the continuing rise in urbanization.22 Finally, the health impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss will be experienced unequally between and within countries, with the most vulnerable communities often bearing the highest burden.10 Linked to this, inequality is also arguably fueling these environmental crises. Environmental challenges and social/health inequities are challenges that share drivers and there are potential co-benefits of addressing them.10 In December 2022, the biodiversity COP agreed on the effective conservation and management of at least 30% percent of the world's land, coastal areas, and oceans by 2030.23 Industrialized countries agreed to mobilize $30 billion per year to support developing nations to do so.23 These agreements echo promises made at climate COPs. Yet, many commitments made at COPs have not been met. This has allowed ecosystems to be pushed further to the brink, greatly increasing the risk of arriving at "tipping points," abrupt breakdowns in the functioning of nature.2, 24 If these events were to occur, the impacts on health would be globally catastrophic. This risk, combined with the severe impacts on health already occurring, means that the World Health Organization should declare the indivisible climate and nature crisis as a global health emergency. The three pre-conditions for WHO to declare a situation to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern25 are that it: (1) is serious, sudden, unusual, or unexpected; (2) carries implications for public health beyond the affected State's national border; and (3) may require immediate international action. Climate change would appear to fulfill all of those conditions. While the accelerating climate change and loss of biodiversity are not sudden or unexpected, they are certainly serious and unusual. Hence we call for WHO to make this declaration before or at the Seventy-seventh World Health Assembly in May 2024. Tackling this emergency requires the COP processes to be harmonized. As a first step, the respective conventions must push for better integration of national climate plans with biodiversity equivalents.3 As the 2020 workshop that brought climate and nature scientists together concluded, "Critical leverage points include exploring alternative visions of good quality of life, rethinking consumption and waste, shifting values related to the human-nature relationship, reducing inequalities, and promoting education and learning."1 All of these would benefit health. Health professionals must be powerful advocates for both restoring biodiversity and tackling climate change for the good of health. Political leaders must recognize both the severe threats to health from the planetary crisis and the benefits that can flow to health from tackling the crisis.26 But first, we must recognize this crisis for what it is: a global health emergency. This editorial is being published simultaneously in multiple journals. For the full list of journals see: https://www.bmj.com/content/full-list-authors-and-signatories-climate-nature-emergency-editorial-october-2023. تدعو أكثر من 200 مجلة صحية الأمم المتحدة والقادة السياسيين والمهنيين الصحيين إلى الاعتراف بأن تغير المناخ وفقدان التنوع البيولوجي هما أزمة واحدة لا تتجزأ ويجب معالجتها معًا للحفاظ على الصحة وتجنب الكارثة. أصبحت هذه الأزمة البيئية الشاملة الآن شديدة لدرجة أنها أصبحت حالة طوارئ صحية عالمية. يستجيب العالم حاليًا لأزمة المناخ وأزمة الطبيعة كما لو كانتا تحديات منفصلة. هذا خطأ فادح. ومن المقرر أن يعقد مؤتمر الأطراف الثامن والعشرون المعني بتغير المناخ في دبي بينما من المقرر أن يعقد مؤتمر الأطراف السادس عشر المعني بالتنوع البيولوجي في تركيا في عام 2024. لسوء الحظ، فإن المجتمعات البحثية التي تقدم الأدلة على مؤتمر الأطراف منفصلة إلى حد كبير، ولكن تم جمعها لحلقة عمل في عام 2020 عندما خلصت إلى ما يلي: "فقط من خلال النظر في المناخ والتنوع البيولوجي كأجزاء من نفس المشكلة المعقدة...يمكن تطوير حلول تتجنب سوء التكيف وتعظيم النتائج المفيدة.".1 كما أدرك عالم الصحة مع تطور مفهوم صحة الكواكب، فإن العالم الطبيعي يتكون من نظام مترابط شامل واحد. يمكن أن يؤدي الضرر الذي يلحق بنظام فرعي واحد إلى إنشاء ردود فعل تلحق الضرر بآخر - على سبيل المثال، الجفاف وحرائق الغابات والفيضانات والآثار الأخرى لارتفاع درجات الحرارة العالمية التي تدمر الحياة النباتية، وتؤدي إلى تآكل التربة وتمنع تخزين الكربون، مما يعني المزيد من الاحترار العالمي. 2 من المقرر أن يتفوق تغير المناخ على إزالة الغابات والتغييرات الأخرى في استخدام الأراضي كمحرك أساسي لفقدان الطبيعة. 3 تتمتع الطبيعة بقدرة ملحوظة على الاستعادة. على سبيل المثال، يمكن أن تعود الأراضي التي أزيلت منها الغابات إلى الغابات من خلال التجدد الطبيعي، وتقوم العوالق النباتية البحرية، التي تعمل كمخازن للكربون الطبيعي، بتسليم مليار طن من الكتلة الحيوية للتركيب الضوئي كل 8 أيام .4 وتلعب إدارة الأراضي والبحار الأصلية دورًا مهمًا بشكل خاص في التجديد والرعاية المستمرة .5 يمكن أن تساعد استعادة نظام فرعي واحد في مساعدة نظام آخر - على سبيل المثال، يمكن أن يساعد تجديد التربة في إزالة غازات الدفيئة من الغلاف الجوي على نطاق واسع .6 لكن الإجراءات التي قد تفيد نظامًا فرعيًا واحدًا يمكن أن تلحق الضرر بآخر - على سبيل المثال، يمكن أن تؤدي زراعة الغابات بنوع واحد من الأشجار إلى إزالة ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الهواء ولكن يمكن أن تلحق الضرر بالتنوع البيولوجي الذي يعد أساسيًا للنظم البيئية الصحية .7 تتضرر صحة الإنسان بشكل مباشر بسبب كل من أزمة المناخ، كما وصفت المجلات في مقالات افتتاحية سابقة، 8، 9 وبسبب أزمة الطبيعة .10 سيكون لهذه الأزمة الكوكبية غير القابلة للتجزئة آثار كبيرة على الصحة نتيجة لاختلال النظم الاجتماعية والاقتصادية - نقص الأراضي والمأوى والغذاء والمياه وتفاقم الفقر، مما سيؤدي بدوره إلى الهجرة الجماعية والصراع. إن ارتفاع درجات الحرارة والظواهر الجوية المتطرفة وتلوث الهواء وانتشار الأمراض المعدية هي بعض التهديدات الصحية الرئيسية التي تفاقمت بسبب تغير المناخ .11 كان ملخص الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة أنطونيو غوتيريش الفظ في مؤتمر الأطراف للتنوع البيولوجي في مونتريال العام الماضي .12 حتى لو تمكنا من الحفاظ على الاحترار العالمي دون زيادة قدرها 1.5 درجة مئوية عن مستويات ما قبل الصناعة، فلا يزال بإمكاننا التسبب في ضرر كارثي للصحة من خلال تدمير الطبيعة. يعد الحصول على المياه النظيفة أمرًا أساسيًا لصحة الإنسان، ومع ذلك فقد أضر التلوث بنوعية المياه، مما تسبب في ارتفاع الأمراض التي تنقلها المياه .13 يمكن أن يكون لتلوث المياه على الأرض أيضًا آثار بعيدة المدى على النظم الإيكولوجية البعيدة عندما تتدفق هذه المياه إلى المحيط .14 تعتمد التغذية الجيدة على التنوع في مجموعة متنوعة من الأطعمة، ولكن كان هناك فقدان مذهل للتنوع الجيني في النظام الغذائي. وعلى الصعيد العالمي، يعتمد حوالي خُمس الناس على الأنواع البرية للحصول على الغذاء وسبل عيشهم .15 ويمثل الانخفاض في الحياة البرية تحديًا كبيرًا لهؤلاء السكان، لا سيما في البلدان المنخفضة والمتوسطة الدخل. توفر الأسماك أكثر من نصف البروتين الغذائي في العديد من الدول الأفريقية وجنوب آسيا والجزر الصغيرة، لكن تحمض المحيطات قلل من جودة وكمية المأكولات البحرية .16 أجبرت التغييرات في استخدام الأراضي عشرات الآلاف من الأنواع على الاتصال الوثيق، مما زاد من تبادل مسببات الأمراض وظهور أمراض وأوبئة جديدة .17 وقد تم ربط كل من الأشخاص الذين يفقدون الاتصال بالبيئة الطبيعية وتناقص التنوع البيولوجي بزيادة الأمراض غير المعدية وأمراض المناعة الذاتية والالتهابات والاضطرابات الأيضية والحساسية والعصبية النفسية .10، 18 بالنسبة للسكان الأصليين، فإن رعاية الطبيعة والتواصل معها أمر مهم بشكل خاص لصحتهم .19 كانت الطبيعة أيضًا مصدرًا مهمًا للأدوية، وبالتالي فإن انخفاض التنوع يقيد أيضًا اكتشاف أدوية جديدة. تكون المجتمعات أكثر صحة إذا كان بإمكانها الوصول إلى مساحات خضراء عالية الجودة تساعد على تصفية تلوث الهواء، وتقليل درجات حرارة الهواء والأرض، وتوفر فرصًا للنشاط البدني .20 التواصل مع الطبيعة يقلل من التوتر والوحدة والاكتئاب مع تعزيز التفاعل الاجتماعي .21 هذه الفوائد مهددة بالارتفاع المستمر في التحضر .22 أخيرًا، ستتعرض الآثار الصحية لتغير المناخ وفقدان التنوع البيولوجي بشكل غير متساوٍ بين البلدان وداخلها، وغالبًا ما تتحمل المجتمعات الأكثر ضعفًا العبء الأكبر .10 ويرتبط عدم المساواة أيضًا بهذه الأزمات البيئية. التحديات البيئية والتفاوتات الاجتماعية/الصحية هي تحديات تشترك في الدوافع وهناك فوائد مشتركة محتملة لمعالجتها .10 في ديسمبر 2022، وافق مؤتمر الأطراف المعني بالتنوع البيولوجي على الحفظ والإدارة الفعالين لما لا يقل عن 30 ٪ من الأراضي والمناطق الساحلية والمحيطات في العالم بحلول عام 2030 .23 ووافقت البلدان الصناعية على تعبئة 30 مليار دولار سنويًا لدعم الدول النامية للقيام بذلك .23 وتعكس هذه الاتفاقات الوعود التي قطعت في مؤتمرات الأطراف المعنية بالمناخ. ومع ذلك، لم يتم الوفاء بالعديد من الالتزامات التي تم التعهد بها في مؤتمرات الأطراف. وقد سمح ذلك بدفع النظم الإيكولوجية إلى حافة الهاوية، مما يزيد بشكل كبير من خطر الوصول إلى "نقاط التحول"، والانهيارات المفاجئة في عمل الطبيعة .2، 24 إذا حدثت هذه الأحداث، فإن الآثار على الصحة ستكون كارثية على مستوى العالم. ويعني هذا الخطر، إلى جانب الآثار الشديدة على الصحة التي تحدث بالفعل، أنه ينبغي لمنظمة الصحة العالمية أن تعلن أزمة المناخ والطبيعة غير القابلة للتجزئة كحالة طوارئ صحية عالمية. تتمثل الشروط المسبقة الثلاثة لإعلان منظمة الصحة العالمية أن الوضع يمثل حالة طوارئ صحية عامة تثير قلقًا دوليًا (25) في أنه: (1) خطير أو مفاجئ أو غير عادي أو غير متوقع ؛ (2) ينطوي على آثار على الصحة العامة خارج الحدود الوطنية للدولة المتضررة ؛ و (3) قد يتطلب اتخاذ إجراء دولي فوري. ويبدو أن تغير المناخ يفي بكل هذه الشروط. في حين أن التغير المناخي المتسارع وفقدان التنوع البيولوجي ليسا مفاجئان أو غير متوقعين، إلا أنهما بالتأكيد خطيران وغير عاديين. ومن ثم ندعو منظمة الصحة العالمية إلى إصدار هذا الإعلان قبل أو في جمعية الصحة العالمية السابعة والسبعين في أيار/مايو 2024. تتطلب معالجة هذه الحالة الطارئة مواءمة عمليات مؤتمر الأطراف. كخطوة أولى، يجب أن تدفع الاتفاقيات المعنية إلى تحسين تكامل الخطط المناخية الوطنية مع معادلات التنوع البيولوجي .3 وكما خلصت ورشة العمل لعام 2020 التي جمعت علماء المناخ والطبيعة معًا، "تشمل نقاط التأثير الحاسمة استكشاف رؤى بديلة لنوعية الحياة الجيدة، وإعادة التفكير في الاستهلاك والنفايات، وتغيير القيم المتعلقة بالعلاقة بين الإنسان والطبيعة، والحد من أوجه عدم المساواة، وتعزيز التعليم والتعلم."1 كل هذا من شأنه أن يفيد الصحة. يجب أن يكون المهنيون الصحيون دعاة أقوياء لاستعادة التنوع البيولوجي ومعالجة تغير المناخ من أجل مصلحة الصحة. يجب على القادة السياسيين الاعتراف بكل من التهديدات الخطيرة للصحة من أزمة الكوكب والفوائد التي يمكن أن تتدفق على الصحة من معالجة الأزمة .26 ولكن أولاً، يجب أن ندرك هذه الأزمة على حقيقتها: حالة طوارئ صحية عالمية. يتم نشر هذه الافتتاحية في وقت واحد في مجلات متعددة. للاطلاع على القائمة الكاملة للمجلات، انظر: https://www.bmj.com/content/full-list-authors-and-signatories-climate-nature-emergency-editorial-october-2023.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mehrpooya Mehdi; Sayed Mohammad Ali Moosavian; Vatani Ali;

    A type of novel hypercross-linked fiber adsorbent was obtained by sulfonation and cross-linking reaction of polypropylene fiber grafted styrene-divinylbenzene. The aim of the fiber sulfonation and cross-linking method was to prepare rigid three dimensional networks in the entire fiber and change the ion exchange capacity of fiber. The hypercross-linked fiber adsorbent possesses a principally different structure and could offer new possibility for adsorption, which is characterized by high adsorption capacity for aniline in this paper. A series of static adsorption tests were made. The results showed that the adsorbent has excellent adsorption capacity for aniline and the adsorption equilibrium data can be well fitted by Freundlich model. Adsorption of aniline on adsorbent was chemical adsorption and high temperature was favourable to endothermic chemisorption process. In addition, the kinetic studies were also carried out. The hypercross-linked fiber adsorbent showed faster adsorption rate than the base fiber. The quicker attainment of adsorption equilibrium (within 20 minutes) for aniline on adsorbent is advantageous for practical use. The pseudo-second-order rate model was suitable to describe the process. The pseudo-second-order model gave an excellent fit to all experimental data and adsorption capacities calculated by pseudo-second-order rate model were close to the values actually measured.

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    Authors: Vadovics, Edina; Vadovics, Kristóf; Zsemberovszky, Linda; Asenova, Desislava; +10 Authors

    This deliverable was prepared as part of the ‘mapping of energy citizenship in Europe’ task within the EnergyPROSPECTS project. It summarizes the methodology used for reviewing energy citizenship in Europe including details of the online data collection tool.

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    Other literature type . 2022
    License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Aerts, Dorien; Minnen, Joeri; Glorieux, Ignace; Wouters, Ine; +1 Authors

    User behaviour plays a key role in the energy demand of residential buildings, and its importance will only increase when moving towards nearly Zero-Energy homes. However, little detailed information is available on how users interact with their homes. Due to the lack of information, user behaviour is often included in building performance simulations through one standard user pattern. To obtain more accurate energy demand simulations, we need user patterns that capture the wide variations in behaviour without making simulations overly complicated. To this end, we developed a probabilistic model which generate realistic occupancy and activity sequences respectively. This paper reports on the methodology used to construct the model based on Belgian time-use data. The modelling of individual sequences based on this method enables to include highly differentiated yet realistic behaviour in building simulations. By linking the model to the use of appliances, individual household load profiles may be obtained.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • Authors: Jayant B. Udgaonkar; G.S. Lakshmikanth; K. Sridevi; Guruswamy Krishnamoorthy;

    Coincidental equilibrium unfolding transitions observed by multiple structural probes are taken to justify the modeling of protein unfolding as a two-state, N U, cooperative process. However, for many of the large number of proteins that undergo apparently two-state equilibrium unfolding reactions, folding intermediates are detected in kinetic experiments. The small protein barstar is one such protein. Here the two-state model for equilibrium unfolding has been critically evaluated in barstar by estimating the intramolecular distance distribution by time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) methods, in which fluorescence decay kinetics are analyzed by the maximum entropy method (MEM). Using a mutant form of barstar containing only Trp 53 as the fluorescence donor and a thionitrobenzoic acid moiety attached to Cys 82 as the fluorescence acceptor, the distance between the donor and acceptor has been shown to increase incrementally with increasing denaturant concentration. Although other probes, such as circular dichroism and fluorescence intensity, suggest that the labeled protein undergoes two-state equilibrium unfolding, the TR-FRET probe clearly indicates multistate equilibrium unfolding. Native protein expands progressively through a continuum of native-like forms that achieve the dimensions of a molten globule, whose heterogeneity increases with increasing denaturant concentration and which appears to be separated from the unfolded ensemble by a free energy barrier.

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    Authors: BRECHET, Thierry; PERALTA, Susana;

    We model a non-cooperative energy tax setting game amongst countries who join an international market in which firms trade emission permits. Countries can auction a share of their permit endowment and issue the remainder for free to a representative firm. Each country’s regulator has a double mandate consisting of obtaining tax and auction revenue without increasing firm’s costs too much. Energy may be subsidized or taxed depending on the relative weight of the two objectives. We show how equilibrium taxes depend on the proportion of permits which is auctioned, on the total amount of permits in the market, on the allocation of permits across countries and on the number of participating countries. We also show how the creation of the market in a previously unregulated world changes energy taxation. Finally, we highlight that, despite the permit market being perfectly competitive, it does not achieve emission abatement in a cost-efficient way.

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    Authors: Crismer, Jean-Baptiste; Thomas Haas; Duponcheel, Matthieu; Winckelmans, Grégoire; +1 Authors

    Rigid-wing ground-gen airborne wind energy systems (AWES) fly complex trajectories. This therefore calls for accurate modeling of the dynamics and for advanced control. Flying in atmospheric conditions also requires a high fidelity modeling of the turbulent scales. In the present work, we aim to develop a LES framework to study AWES in turbulent winds and assess the robustness of the controller against flow perturbations. The toolbox AWEbox is used for trajectory generation and control. Here the device is flown with a closed-loop controller using a 6-DOF aircraft mode. A rigid wing AWES is considered and is modeled using an actuator line (AL) based aircraft model for the wing. The model is used to study the behavior of controlled AWES when flying in turbulent atmospheric flows; also with shear as for the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The performances are then compared to those from the idealized conditions, evaluated with AWEbox, and were found to match well with the reference.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: De Ruyck, Jacques; Lavric, Elena Daniela; Bram, Svend; Novak-Zdravkovic, Ana; +5 Authors

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  • Authors: Midya, S K; Ganda, S C; Sahu, S N;
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    Authors: Kaushik Bharati; N K Ganguly;

    Malaria is largely neglected in the South-East Asia Region (SEAR), although it has the highest number of people susceptible to the disease. Malaria in the SEAR exhibits special epidemiological characteristics such as "forest malaria" and malaria due to migration across international borders. The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) has been a focal-point for the emergence of drug resistant malaria. With the recent emergence of artemisinin resistance, coupled with the limited availability of insecticides, malaria control efforts in the SEAR face a steep challenge. Indirect man-made factors such as climate change, as well as direct man-made factors such as the circulation of counterfeit drugs have added to the problem. Increased monitoring, surveillance, pharmacovigilance as well as cross-border collaboration are required to address these problems. Regional networking and data-sharing will keep all stakeholders updated about the status of various malaria control programmes in the SEAR. Cutting-edge technologies such as GIS/GPS (geographical information system/global positioning system) systems and mobile phones can provide information in "real-time". A holistic and sustained approach to malaria control by integrated vector management (IVM) is suggested, in which all the stakeholder countries work collaboratively as a consortium. This approach will address the malaria problem in a collective manner so that malaria control can be sustained over time.

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  • Authors: Kamran Abbasi; Parveen Ali; Virginia Barbour; Thomas Benfield; +9 Authors

    Plus de 200 revues de santé appellent les Nations Unies, les dirigeants politiques et les professionnels de la santé à reconnaître que le changement climatique et la perte de biodiversité sont une crise indivisible et doivent être abordés ensemble pour préserver la santé et éviter les catastrophes. Cette crise environnementale globale est maintenant si grave qu'elle constitue une urgence sanitaire mondiale. Le monde répond actuellement à la crise climatique et à la crise de la nature comme s'il s'agissait de défis distincts. C'est une erreur dangereuse. La 28e Conférence des Parties (COP) sur le changement climatique est sur le point de se tenir à Dubaï, tandis que la 16e COP sur la biodiversité se tiendra en Turquie en 2024. Les communautés de recherche qui fournissent les preuves pour les deux COP sont malheureusement largement séparées, mais elles ont été réunies pour un atelier en 2020 lorsqu'elles ont conclu que : « Ce n'est qu'en considérant le climat et la biodiversité comme faisant partie du même problème complexe… que des solutions peuvent être développées qui évitent la mauvaise adaptation et maximisent les résultats bénéfiques.« .1 Comme le monde de la santé l'a reconnu avec le développement du concept de santé planétaire, le monde naturel est constitué d'un système global interdépendant. Les dommages causés à un sous-système peuvent créer une rétroaction qui en endommage un autre - par exemple, la sécheresse, les incendies de forêt, les inondations et les autres effets de la hausse des températures mondiales détruisent la vie végétale et entraînent l'érosion des sols et inhibent le stockage du carbone, ce qui signifie plus de réchauffement de la planète.2 Le changement climatique devrait dépasser la déforestation et d'autres changements dans l'utilisation des terres en tant que principal facteur de perte de nature.3 La nature a un pouvoir remarquable de restauration. Par exemple, les terres déboisées peuvent redevenir des forêts grâce à la régénération naturelle, et le phytoplancton marin, qui agit comme des réserves naturelles de carbone, transforme plus d'un milliard de tonnes de biomasse photosynthétique tous les 8 jours.4 La gestion autochtone des terres et de la mer a un rôle particulièrement important à jouer dans la régénération et les soins continus.5 La restauration d'un sous-système peut aider un autre - par exemple, reconstituer le sol pourrait aider à éliminer les gaz à effet de serre de l'atmosphère à grande échelle.6 Mais les actions qui peuvent bénéficier à un sous-système peuvent nuire à un autre - par exemple, planter des forêts avec un type d'arbre peut éliminer le dioxyde de carbone de l'air mais peut endommager la biodiversité qui est fondamentale pour des écosystèmes sains.7 La santé humaine est endommagée directement à la fois par la crise climatique, comme les revues l'ont décrit dans les éditoriaux précédents ,8, 9 et par la crise de la nature.10 Cette crise planétaire indivisible aura des effets majeurs sur la santé en raison de la perturbation des systèmes sociaux et économiques - courts-circuits de terre, d'abri, de nourriture et d'eau, exacerbant la pauvreté, qui à son tour conduira à des migrations de masse et à des conflits. La hausse des températures, les événements météorologiques extrêmes, la pollution de l'air et la propagation des maladies infectieuses sont quelques-unes des principales menaces pour la santé exacerbées par le changement climatique.11 « Sans la nature, nous n'avons rien », a été le résumé brutal du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies, António Guterres, lors de la COP sur la biodiversité à Montréal l'année dernière.12 Même si nous pouvions maintenir le réchauffement climatique en dessous d'une augmentation de 1,5 ° C par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels, nous pourrions encore causer des dommages catastrophiques à la santé en détruisant la nature. L'accès à l'eau potable est fondamental pour la santé humaine, mais la pollution a endommagé la qualité de l'eau, provoquant une augmentation des maladies d'origine hydrique.13 La contamination de l'eau sur terre peut également avoir des effets considérables sur les écosystèmes éloignés lorsque cette eau s'écoule dans l'océan.14 Une bonne nutrition repose sur la diversité de la variété des aliments, mais il y a eu une perte frappante de diversité génétique dans le système alimentaire. À l'échelle mondiale, environ un cinquième de la population dépend des espèces sauvages pour sa nourriture et ses moyens de subsistance.15 Le déclin de la faune sauvage est un défi majeur pour ces populations, en particulier dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Les poissons fournissent plus de la moitié des protéines alimentaires dans de nombreuses nations africaines, sud-asiatiques et insulaires, mais l'acidification des océans a réduit la qualité et la quantité de fruits de mer.16 Les changements dans l'utilisation des terres ont forcé des dizaines de milliers d'espèces à entrer en contact plus étroit, augmentant l'échange d'agents pathogènes et l'émergence de nouvelles maladies et pandémies.17 Les personnes qui perdent le contact avec l'environnement naturel et la biodiversité en déclin ont toutes deux été liées à une augmentation des maladies non transmissibles, auto-immunes et inflammatoires et des troubles métaboliques, allergiques et neuropsychiatriques.10, 18 Pour les peuples autochtones, prendre soin de la nature et se connecter avec elle est particulièrement important pour leur santé.19 La nature a également été une source importante de médicaments, et donc la diversité réduite limite également la découverte de nouveaux médicaments. Les communautés sont en meilleure santé si elles ont accès à des espaces verts de haute qualité qui aident à filtrer la pollution de l'air, à réduire la température de l'air et du sol et à offrir des possibilités d'activité physique.20 Le lien avec la nature réduit le stress, la solitude et la dépression tout en favorisant les interactions sociales.21 Ces avantages sont menacés par l'augmentation continue de l'urbanisation.22 Enfin, les impacts sur la santé du changement climatique et de la perte de biodiversité seront vécus de manière inégale entre et au sein des pays, les communautés les plus vulnérables supportant souvent le fardeau le plus lourd.10 Parallèlement, les inégalités alimentent également ces crises environnementales. Les défis environnementaux et les inégalités sociales/sanitaires sont des défis qui partagent les moteurs et il y a des co-bénéfices potentiels à les relever.10 En décembre 2022, la COP sur la biodiversité a convenu de la conservation et de la gestion efficaces d'au moins 30% des terres, des zones côtières et des océans du monde d'ici 2030.23 Les pays industrialisés ont convenu de mobiliser 30 milliards de dollars par an pour aider les pays en développement à le faire.23 Ces accords font écho aux promesses faites lors des COP sur le climat. Pourtant, de nombreux engagements pris lors des COP n'ont pas été respectés. Cela a permis aux écosystèmes d'être poussés plus loin au bord du gouffre, augmentant considérablement le risque d'arriver à des « points de basculement », des pannes brutales dans le fonctionnement de la nature.2, 24 Si ces événements se produisaient, les impacts sur la santé seraient globalement catastrophiques. Ce risque, combiné aux graves impacts sur la santé déjà en cours, signifie que l'Organisation mondiale de la santé devrait déclarer la crise indivisible du climat et de la nature comme une urgence sanitaire mondiale. Les trois conditions préalables pour que l'OMS déclare qu'une situation est une urgence de santé publique de portée internationale25 sont les suivantes : (1) elle est grave, soudaine, inhabituelle ou inattendue ; (2) elle a des implications pour la santé publique au-delà des frontières nationales de l'État affecté ; et (3) elle peut nécessiter une action internationale immédiate. Le changement climatique semble remplir toutes ces conditions. Bien que l'accélération du changement climatique et la perte de biodiversité ne soient pas soudaines ou inattendues, elles sont certainement graves et inhabituelles. Par conséquent, nous appelons l'OMS à faire cette déclaration avant ou lors de la soixante-dix-septième Assemblée mondiale de la Santé en mai 2024. Pour faire face à cette situation d'urgence, les processus de la COP doivent être harmonisés. Dans un premier temps, les conventions respectives doivent faire pression pour une meilleure intégration des plans climatiques nationaux avec les équivalents de biodiversité.3 Comme l'a conclu l'atelier de 2020 qui a réuni les scientifiques du climat et de la nature, « les points de levier critiques comprennent l'exploration de visions alternatives de la bonne qualité de vie, repenser la consommation et les déchets, changer les valeurs liées à la relation homme-nature, réduire les inégalités et promouvoir l'éducation et l'apprentissage.» 1 Tous ces éléments seraient bénéfiques pour la santé. Les professionnels de la santé doivent être de puissants défenseurs à la fois de la restauration de la biodiversité et de la lutte contre le changement climatique pour le bien de la santé. Les dirigeants politiques doivent reconnaître à la fois les graves menaces pour la santé de la crise planétaire et les avantages qui peuvent découler pour la santé de la lutte contre la crise.26 Mais d'abord, nous devons reconnaître cette crise pour ce qu'elle est : une urgence sanitaire mondiale. Cet éditorial est publié simultanément dans plusieurs revues. Pour la liste complète des revues, voir : https://www.bmj.com/content/full-list-authors-and-signatories-climate-nature-emergency-editorial-october-2023. Más de 200 revistas de salud piden a las Naciones Unidas, a los líderes políticos y a los profesionales de la salud que reconozcan que el cambio climático y la pérdida de biodiversidad son una crisis indivisible y deben abordarse juntos para preservar la salud y evitar catástrofes. Esta crisis ambiental general es ahora tan grave como para ser una emergencia sanitaria mundial. El mundo está respondiendo actualmente a la crisis climática y a la crisis de la naturaleza como si fueran desafíos separados. Este es un error peligroso. La 28ª Conferencia de las Partes (COP) sobre el cambio climático está a punto de celebrarse en Dubai, mientras que la 16ª COP sobre biodiversidad se celebrará en Turquía en 2024. Desafortunadamente, las comunidades de investigación que proporcionan la evidencia de las dos COP están en gran medida separadas, pero se reunieron para un taller en 2020 cuando concluyeron que: "Solo considerando el clima y la biodiversidad como partes del mismo problema complejo... se pueden desarrollar soluciones que eviten la mala adaptación y maximicen los resultados beneficiosos.".1 Como el mundo de la salud ha reconocido con el desarrollo del concepto de salud planetaria, el mundo natural está formado por un sistema interdependiente general. El daño a un subsistema puede crear una retroalimentación que daña a otro, por ejemplo, la sequía, los incendios forestales, las inundaciones y los otros efectos del aumento de las temperaturas globales destruyen la vida vegetal y conducen a la erosión del suelo e inhiben el almacenamiento de carbono, lo que significa más calentamiento global.2 El cambio climático superará la deforestación y otros cambios en el uso de la tierra como el principal impulsor de la pérdida de la naturaleza.3 La naturaleza tiene un notable poder de restauración. Por ejemplo, las tierras deforestadas pueden revertir a bosques a través de la regeneración natural, y el fitoplancton marino, que actúan como reservas naturales de carbono, genera mil millones de toneladas de biomasa fotosintética cada 8 días.4 La gestión de tierras y mares indígenas tiene un papel particularmente importante que desempeñar en la regeneración y el cuidado continuo.5 Restaurar un subsistema puede ayudar a otro, por ejemplo, reponer el suelo podría ayudar a eliminar los gases de efecto invernadero de la atmósfera a gran escala.6 Pero las acciones que pueden beneficiar a un subsistema pueden dañar a otro, por ejemplo, plantar bosques con un tipo de árbol puede eliminar el dióxido de carbono del aire, pero puede dañar la biodiversidad que es fundamental para los ecosistemas saludables.7 La salud humana se daña directamente tanto por la crisis climática, como las revistas han descrito en editoriales anteriores ,8, 9 y por la crisis de la naturaleza.10 Esta crisis planetaria indivisible tendrá efectos importantes en la salud como resultado de la interrupción de los sistemas sociales y económicos: escasez de tierra, refugio, alimentos y agua, lo que a su vez conducirá a la migración masiva y el conflicto. El aumento de las temperaturas, los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos, la contaminación del aire y la propagación de enfermedades infecciosas son algunas de las principales amenazas para la salud exacerbadas por el cambio climático.11 "Sin naturaleza, no tenemos nada", fue el resumen contundente del Secretario General de la ONU, António Guterres, en la COP sobre biodiversidad en Montreal el año pasado.12 Incluso si pudiéramos mantener el calentamiento global por debajo de un aumento de 1,5 ° C sobre los niveles preindustriales, aún podríamos causar un daño catastrófico a la salud al destruir la naturaleza. El acceso al agua limpia es fundamental para la salud humana, sin embargo, la contaminación ha dañado la calidad del agua, causando un aumento de las enfermedades transmitidas por el agua.13 La contaminación del agua en la tierra también puede tener efectos de gran alcance en los ecosistemas distantes cuando el agua se escurre hacia el océano.14 Una buena nutrición se basa en la diversidad en la variedad de alimentos, pero ha habido una sorprendente pérdida de diversidad genética en el sistema alimentario. A nivel mundial, alrededor de una quinta parte de las personas dependen de las especies silvestres para su alimentación y sus medios de subsistencia.15 La disminución de la vida silvestre es un gran desafío para estas poblaciones, particularmente en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. Los peces proporcionan más de la mitad de la proteína dietética en muchas naciones africanas, del sur de Asia y pequeñas islas, pero la acidificación de los océanos ha reducido la calidad y la cantidad de mariscos.16 Los cambios en el uso de la tierra han obligado a decenas de miles de especies a un contacto más estrecho, aumentando el intercambio de patógenos y la aparición de nuevas enfermedades y pandemias.17 Las personas que pierden contacto con el entorno natural y la disminución de la biodiversidad se han relacionado con el aumento de las enfermedades no transmisibles, autoinmunes e inflamatorias y los trastornos metabólicos, alérgicos y neuropsiquiátricos.10, 18 Para los pueblos indígenas, el cuidado y la conexión con la naturaleza es especialmente importante para su salud.19 La naturaleza también ha sido una fuente importante de medicamentos y, por lo tanto, la reducción de la diversidad también limita el descubrimiento de nuevos medicamentos. Las comunidades son más saludables si tienen acceso a espacios verdes de alta calidad que ayudan a filtrar la contaminación del aire, reducen las temperaturas del aire y del suelo y brindan oportunidades para la actividad física.20 La conexión con la naturaleza reduce el estrés, la soledad y la depresión al tiempo que promueve la interacción social.21 Estos beneficios se ven amenazados por el continuo aumento de la urbanización.22 Finalmente, los impactos en la salud del cambio climático y la pérdida de biodiversidad se experimentarán de manera desigual entre y dentro de los países, y las comunidades más vulnerables a menudo soportan la mayor carga.10 En relación con esto, se podría decir que la desigualdad también está alimentando estas crisis ambientales. Los desafíos ambientales y las desigualdades sociales/sanitarias son desafíos que comparten impulsores y existen posibles beneficios colaterales de abordarlos.10 En diciembre de 2022, la COP sobre biodiversidad acordó conservar y gestionar eficazmente al menos el 30% de la tierra, las zonas costeras y los océanos del mundo para 2030.23 Los países industrializados acordaron movilizar 30 000 millones de dólares al año para ayudar a las naciones en desarrollo a hacerlo.23 Estos acuerdos se hacen eco de las promesas hechas en las COP sobre el clima. Sin embargo, muchos compromisos asumidos en las COP no se han cumplido. Esto ha permitido que los ecosistemas se vean empujados aún más al borde, lo que aumenta en gran medida el riesgo de llegar a "puntos de inflexión", interrupciones abruptas en el funcionamiento de la naturaleza.2, 24 Si estos eventos ocurrieran, los impactos en la salud serían catastróficos a nivel mundial. Este riesgo, combinado con los graves impactos que ya se están produciendo en la salud, significa que la Organización Mundial de la Salud debe declarar la crisis climática y natural indivisible como una emergencia sanitaria mundial. Las tres condiciones previas para QUE la OMS declare que una situación es una Emergencia de Salud Pública de Preocupación Internacional25 son que: (1) sea grave, repentina, inusual o inesperada; (2) tenga implicaciones para la salud pública más allá de la frontera nacional del Estado afectado; y (3) pueda requerir una acción internacional inmediata. El cambio climático parece cumplir todas esas condiciones. Si bien la aceleración del cambio climático y la pérdida de biodiversidad no son repentinas o inesperadas, ciertamente son graves e inusuales. Por lo tanto, pedimos a la OMS QUE haga esta declaración antes o en la 77ª Asamblea Mundial de la Salud en mayo de 2024. Abordar esta emergencia requiere que los procesos de COP estén armonizados. Como primer paso, las respectivas convenciones deben impulsar una mejor integración de los planes climáticos nacionales con los equivalentes de biodiversidad.3 Como concluyó el taller de 2020 que reunió a los científicos del clima y la naturaleza, "Los puntos de influencia críticos incluyen explorar visiones alternativas de buena calidad de vida, repensar el consumo y el desperdicio, cambiar los valores relacionados con la relación humano-naturaleza, reducir las desigualdades y promover la educación y el aprendizaje."1 Todos estos beneficiarían la salud. Los profesionales de la salud deben ser poderosos defensores tanto de la restauración de la biodiversidad como de la lucha contra el cambio climático por el bien de la salud. Los líderes políticos deben reconocer tanto las graves amenazas para la salud derivadas de la crisis planetaria como los beneficios que pueden derivarse para la salud de abordar la crisis.26 Pero primero, debemos reconocer esta crisis por lo que es: una emergencia sanitaria mundial. Este editorial se publica simultáneamente en varias revistas. Para obtener la lista completa de revistas, consulte: https://www.bmj.com/content/full-list-authors-and-signatories-climate-nature-emergency-editorial-october-2023. Over 200 health journals, call on the United Nations, political leaders, and health professionals to recognize that climate change and biodiversity loss are one indivisible crisis and must be tackled together to preserve health and avoid catastrophe. This overall environmental crisis is now so severe as to be a global health emergency. The world is currently responding to the climate crisis and the nature crisis as if they were separate challenges. This is a dangerous mistake. The 28th Conference of the Parties (COP) on climate change is about to be held in Dubai while the 16th COP on biodiversity is due to be held in Turkey in 2024. The research communities that provide the evidence for the two COPs are unfortunately largely separate, but they were brought together for a workshop in 2020 when they concluded that: "Only by considering climate and biodiversity as parts of the same complex problem…can solutions be developed that avoid maladaptation and maximize the beneficial outcomes.".1 As the health world has recognized with the development of the concept of planetary health, the natural world is made up of one overall interdependent system. Damage to one subsystem can create feedback that damages another—for example, drought, wildfires, floods, and the other effects of rising global temperatures destroy plant life, and lead to soil erosion and inhibit carbon storage, which means more global warming.2 Climate change is set to overtake deforestation and other land-use change as the primary driver of nature loss.3 Nature has a remarkable power to restore. For example, deforested land can revert to forest through natural regeneration, and marine phytoplankton, which act as natural carbon stores, turn over one billion tons of photosynthesizing biomass every 8 days.4 Indigenous land and sea management has a particularly important role to play in regeneration and continuing care.5 Restoring one subsystem can help another—for example, replenishing soil could help remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere on a vast scale.6 But actions that may benefit one subsystem can harm another—for example, planting forests with one type of tree can remove carbon dioxide from the air but can damage the biodiversity that is fundamental to healthy ecosystems.7 Human health is damaged directly by both the climate crisis, as the journals have described in previous editorials,8, 9 and by the nature crisis.10 This indivisible planetary crisis will have major effects on health as a result of the disruption of social and economic systems—shortages of land, shelter, food, and water, exacerbating poverty, which in turn will lead to mass migration and conflict. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, air pollution, and the spread of infectious diseases are some of the major health threats exacerbated by climate change.11 "Without nature, we have nothing," was UN Secretary-General António Guterres's blunt summary at the biodiversity COP in Montreal last year.12 Even if we could keep global warming below an increase of 1.5°C over pre-industrial levels, we could still cause catastrophic harm to health by destroying nature. Access to clean water is fundamental to human health, yet pollution has damaged water quality, causing a rise in water-borne diseases.13 Contamination of water on land can also have far-reaching effects on distant ecosystems when that water runs off into the ocean.14 Good nutrition is underpinned by diversity in the variety of foods, but there has been a striking loss of genetic diversity in the food system. Globally, about a fifth of people rely on wild species for food and their livelihoods.15 Declines in wildlife are a major challenge for these populations, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Fish provide more than half of dietary protein in many African, South Asian, and small island nations, but ocean acidification has reduced the quality and quantity of seafood.16 Changes in land use have forced tens of thousands of species into closer contact, increasing the exchange of pathogens and the emergence of new diseases and pandemics.17 People losing contact with the natural environment and the declining biodiversity have both been linked to increases in noncommunicable, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and metabolic, allergic, and neuropsychiatric disorders.10, 18 For Indigenous people, caring for and connecting with nature is especially important for their health.19 Nature has also been an important source of medicines, and thus reduced diversity also constrains the discovery of new medicines. Communities are healthier if they have access to high-quality green spaces that help filter air pollution, reduce air and ground temperatures, and provide opportunities for physical activity.20 Connection with nature reduces stress, loneliness, and depression while promoting social interaction.21 These benefits are threatened by the continuing rise in urbanization.22 Finally, the health impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss will be experienced unequally between and within countries, with the most vulnerable communities often bearing the highest burden.10 Linked to this, inequality is also arguably fueling these environmental crises. Environmental challenges and social/health inequities are challenges that share drivers and there are potential co-benefits of addressing them.10 In December 2022, the biodiversity COP agreed on the effective conservation and management of at least 30% percent of the world's land, coastal areas, and oceans by 2030.23 Industrialized countries agreed to mobilize $30 billion per year to support developing nations to do so.23 These agreements echo promises made at climate COPs. Yet, many commitments made at COPs have not been met. This has allowed ecosystems to be pushed further to the brink, greatly increasing the risk of arriving at "tipping points," abrupt breakdowns in the functioning of nature.2, 24 If these events were to occur, the impacts on health would be globally catastrophic. This risk, combined with the severe impacts on health already occurring, means that the World Health Organization should declare the indivisible climate and nature crisis as a global health emergency. The three pre-conditions for WHO to declare a situation to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern25 are that it: (1) is serious, sudden, unusual, or unexpected; (2) carries implications for public health beyond the affected State's national border; and (3) may require immediate international action. Climate change would appear to fulfill all of those conditions. While the accelerating climate change and loss of biodiversity are not sudden or unexpected, they are certainly serious and unusual. Hence we call for WHO to make this declaration before or at the Seventy-seventh World Health Assembly in May 2024. Tackling this emergency requires the COP processes to be harmonized. As a first step, the respective conventions must push for better integration of national climate plans with biodiversity equivalents.3 As the 2020 workshop that brought climate and nature scientists together concluded, "Critical leverage points include exploring alternative visions of good quality of life, rethinking consumption and waste, shifting values related to the human-nature relationship, reducing inequalities, and promoting education and learning."1 All of these would benefit health. Health professionals must be powerful advocates for both restoring biodiversity and tackling climate change for the good of health. Political leaders must recognize both the severe threats to health from the planetary crisis and the benefits that can flow to health from tackling the crisis.26 But first, we must recognize this crisis for what it is: a global health emergency. This editorial is being published simultaneously in multiple journals. For the full list of journals see: https://www.bmj.com/content/full-list-authors-and-signatories-climate-nature-emergency-editorial-october-2023. تدعو أكثر من 200 مجلة صحية الأمم المتحدة والقادة السياسيين والمهنيين الصحيين إلى الاعتراف بأن تغير المناخ وفقدان التنوع البيولوجي هما أزمة واحدة لا تتجزأ ويجب معالجتها معًا للحفاظ على الصحة وتجنب الكارثة. أصبحت هذه الأزمة البيئية الشاملة الآن شديدة لدرجة أنها أصبحت حالة طوارئ صحية عالمية. يستجيب العالم حاليًا لأزمة المناخ وأزمة الطبيعة كما لو كانتا تحديات منفصلة. هذا خطأ فادح. ومن المقرر أن يعقد مؤتمر الأطراف الثامن والعشرون المعني بتغير المناخ في دبي بينما من المقرر أن يعقد مؤتمر الأطراف السادس عشر المعني بالتنوع البيولوجي في تركيا في عام 2024. لسوء الحظ، فإن المجتمعات البحثية التي تقدم الأدلة على مؤتمر الأطراف منفصلة إلى حد كبير، ولكن تم جمعها لحلقة عمل في عام 2020 عندما خلصت إلى ما يلي: "فقط من خلال النظر في المناخ والتنوع البيولوجي كأجزاء من نفس المشكلة المعقدة...يمكن تطوير حلول تتجنب سوء التكيف وتعظيم النتائج المفيدة.".1 كما أدرك عالم الصحة مع تطور مفهوم صحة الكواكب، فإن العالم الطبيعي يتكون من نظام مترابط شامل واحد. يمكن أن يؤدي الضرر الذي يلحق بنظام فرعي واحد إلى إنشاء ردود فعل تلحق الضرر بآخر - على سبيل المثال، الجفاف وحرائق الغابات والفيضانات والآثار الأخرى لارتفاع درجات الحرارة العالمية التي تدمر الحياة النباتية، وتؤدي إلى تآكل التربة وتمنع تخزين الكربون، مما يعني المزيد من الاحترار العالمي. 2 من المقرر أن يتفوق تغير المناخ على إزالة الغابات والتغييرات الأخرى في استخدام الأراضي كمحرك أساسي لفقدان الطبيعة. 3 تتمتع الطبيعة بقدرة ملحوظة على الاستعادة. على سبيل المثال، يمكن أن تعود الأراضي التي أزيلت منها الغابات إلى الغابات من خلال التجدد الطبيعي، وتقوم العوالق النباتية البحرية، التي تعمل كمخازن للكربون الطبيعي، بتسليم مليار طن من الكتلة الحيوية للتركيب الضوئي كل 8 أيام .4 وتلعب إدارة الأراضي والبحار الأصلية دورًا مهمًا بشكل خاص في التجديد والرعاية المستمرة .5 يمكن أن تساعد استعادة نظام فرعي واحد في مساعدة نظام آخر - على سبيل المثال، يمكن أن يساعد تجديد التربة في إزالة غازات الدفيئة من الغلاف الجوي على نطاق واسع .6 لكن الإجراءات التي قد تفيد نظامًا فرعيًا واحدًا يمكن أن تلحق الضرر بآخر - على سبيل المثال، يمكن أن تؤدي زراعة الغابات بنوع واحد من الأشجار إلى إزالة ثاني أكسيد الكربون من الهواء ولكن يمكن أن تلحق الضرر بالتنوع البيولوجي الذي يعد أساسيًا للنظم البيئية الصحية .7 تتضرر صحة الإنسان بشكل مباشر بسبب كل من أزمة المناخ، كما وصفت المجلات في مقالات افتتاحية سابقة، 8، 9 وبسبب أزمة الطبيعة .10 سيكون لهذه الأزمة الكوكبية غير القابلة للتجزئة آثار كبيرة على الصحة نتيجة لاختلال النظم الاجتماعية والاقتصادية - نقص الأراضي والمأوى والغذاء والمياه وتفاقم الفقر، مما سيؤدي بدوره إلى الهجرة الجماعية والصراع. إن ارتفاع درجات الحرارة والظواهر الجوية المتطرفة وتلوث الهواء وانتشار الأمراض المعدية هي بعض التهديدات الصحية الرئيسية التي تفاقمت بسبب تغير المناخ .11 كان ملخص الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة أنطونيو غوتيريش الفظ في مؤتمر الأطراف للتنوع البيولوجي في مونتريال العام الماضي .12 حتى لو تمكنا من الحفاظ على الاحترار العالمي دون زيادة قدرها 1.5 درجة مئوية عن مستويات ما قبل الصناعة، فلا يزال بإمكاننا التسبب في ضرر كارثي للصحة من خلال تدمير الطبيعة. يعد الحصول على المياه النظيفة أمرًا أساسيًا لصحة الإنسان، ومع ذلك فقد أضر التلوث بنوعية المياه، مما تسبب في ارتفاع الأمراض التي تنقلها المياه .13 يمكن أن يكون لتلوث المياه على الأرض أيضًا آثار بعيدة المدى على النظم الإيكولوجية البعيدة عندما تتدفق هذه المياه إلى المحيط .14 تعتمد التغذية الجيدة على التنوع في مجموعة متنوعة من الأطعمة، ولكن كان هناك فقدان مذهل للتنوع الجيني في النظام الغذائي. وعلى الصعيد العالمي، يعتمد حوالي خُمس الناس على الأنواع البرية للحصول على الغذاء وسبل عيشهم .15 ويمثل الانخفاض في الحياة البرية تحديًا كبيرًا لهؤلاء السكان، لا سيما في البلدان المنخفضة والمتوسطة الدخل. توفر الأسماك أكثر من نصف البروتين الغذائي في العديد من الدول الأفريقية وجنوب آسيا والجزر الصغيرة، لكن تحمض المحيطات قلل من جودة وكمية المأكولات البحرية .16 أجبرت التغييرات في استخدام الأراضي عشرات الآلاف من الأنواع على الاتصال الوثيق، مما زاد من تبادل مسببات الأمراض وظهور أمراض وأوبئة جديدة .17 وقد تم ربط كل من الأشخاص الذين يفقدون الاتصال بالبيئة الطبيعية وتناقص التنوع البيولوجي بزيادة الأمراض غير المعدية وأمراض المناعة الذاتية والالتهابات والاضطرابات الأيضية والحساسية والعصبية النفسية .10، 18 بالنسبة للسكان الأصليين، فإن رعاية الطبيعة والتواصل معها أمر مهم بشكل خاص لصحتهم .19 كانت الطبيعة أيضًا مصدرًا مهمًا للأدوية، وبالتالي فإن انخفاض التنوع يقيد أيضًا اكتشاف أدوية جديدة. تكون المجتمعات أكثر صحة إذا كان بإمكانها الوصول إلى مساحات خضراء عالية الجودة تساعد على تصفية تلوث الهواء، وتقليل درجات حرارة الهواء والأرض، وتوفر فرصًا للنشاط البدني .20 التواصل مع الطبيعة يقلل من التوتر والوحدة والاكتئاب مع تعزيز التفاعل الاجتماعي .21 هذه الفوائد مهددة بالارتفاع المستمر في التحضر .22 أخيرًا، ستتعرض الآثار الصحية لتغير المناخ وفقدان التنوع البيولوجي بشكل غير متساوٍ بين البلدان وداخلها، وغالبًا ما تتحمل المجتمعات الأكثر ضعفًا العبء الأكبر .10 ويرتبط عدم المساواة أيضًا بهذه الأزمات البيئية. التحديات البيئية والتفاوتات الاجتماعية/الصحية هي تحديات تشترك في الدوافع وهناك فوائد مشتركة محتملة لمعالجتها .10 في ديسمبر 2022، وافق مؤتمر الأطراف المعني بالتنوع البيولوجي على الحفظ والإدارة الفعالين لما لا يقل عن 30 ٪ من الأراضي والمناطق الساحلية والمحيطات في العالم بحلول عام 2030 .23 ووافقت البلدان الصناعية على تعبئة 30 مليار دولار سنويًا لدعم الدول النامية للقيام بذلك .23 وتعكس هذه الاتفاقات الوعود التي قطعت في مؤتمرات الأطراف المعنية بالمناخ. ومع ذلك، لم يتم الوفاء بالعديد من الالتزامات التي تم التعهد بها في مؤتمرات الأطراف. وقد سمح ذلك بدفع النظم الإيكولوجية إلى حافة الهاوية، مما يزيد بشكل كبير من خطر الوصول إلى "نقاط التحول"، والانهيارات المفاجئة في عمل الطبيعة .2، 24 إذا حدثت هذه الأحداث، فإن الآثار على الصحة ستكون كارثية على مستوى العالم. ويعني هذا الخطر، إلى جانب الآثار الشديدة على الصحة التي تحدث بالفعل، أنه ينبغي لمنظمة الصحة العالمية أن تعلن أزمة المناخ والطبيعة غير القابلة للتجزئة كحالة طوارئ صحية عالمية. تتمثل الشروط المسبقة الثلاثة لإعلان منظمة الصحة العالمية أن الوضع يمثل حالة طوارئ صحية عامة تثير قلقًا دوليًا (25) في أنه: (1) خطير أو مفاجئ أو غير عادي أو غير متوقع ؛ (2) ينطوي على آثار على الصحة العامة خارج الحدود الوطنية للدولة المتضررة ؛ و (3) قد يتطلب اتخاذ إجراء دولي فوري. ويبدو أن تغير المناخ يفي بكل هذه الشروط. في حين أن التغير المناخي المتسارع وفقدان التنوع البيولوجي ليسا مفاجئان أو غير متوقعين، إلا أنهما بالتأكيد خطيران وغير عاديين. ومن ثم ندعو منظمة الصحة العالمية إلى إصدار هذا الإعلان قبل أو في جمعية الصحة العالمية السابعة والسبعين في أيار/مايو 2024. تتطلب معالجة هذه الحالة الطارئة مواءمة عمليات مؤتمر الأطراف. كخطوة أولى، يجب أن تدفع الاتفاقيات المعنية إلى تحسين تكامل الخطط المناخية الوطنية مع معادلات التنوع البيولوجي .3 وكما خلصت ورشة العمل لعام 2020 التي جمعت علماء المناخ والطبيعة معًا، "تشمل نقاط التأثير الحاسمة استكشاف رؤى بديلة لنوعية الحياة الجيدة، وإعادة التفكير في الاستهلاك والنفايات، وتغيير القيم المتعلقة بالعلاقة بين الإنسان والطبيعة، والحد من أوجه عدم المساواة، وتعزيز التعليم والتعلم."1 كل هذا من شأنه أن يفيد الصحة. يجب أن يكون المهنيون الصحيون دعاة أقوياء لاستعادة التنوع البيولوجي ومعالجة تغير المناخ من أجل مصلحة الصحة. يجب على القادة السياسيين الاعتراف بكل من التهديدات الخطيرة للصحة من أزمة الكوكب والفوائد التي يمكن أن تتدفق على الصحة من معالجة الأزمة .26 ولكن أولاً، يجب أن ندرك هذه الأزمة على حقيقتها: حالة طوارئ صحية عالمية. يتم نشر هذه الافتتاحية في وقت واحد في مجلات متعددة. للاطلاع على القائمة الكاملة للمجلات، انظر: https://www.bmj.com/content/full-list-authors-and-signatories-climate-nature-emergency-editorial-october-2023.

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    Authors: Mehrpooya Mehdi; Sayed Mohammad Ali Moosavian; Vatani Ali;

    A type of novel hypercross-linked fiber adsorbent was obtained by sulfonation and cross-linking reaction of polypropylene fiber grafted styrene-divinylbenzene. The aim of the fiber sulfonation and cross-linking method was to prepare rigid three dimensional networks in the entire fiber and change the ion exchange capacity of fiber. The hypercross-linked fiber adsorbent possesses a principally different structure and could offer new possibility for adsorption, which is characterized by high adsorption capacity for aniline in this paper. A series of static adsorption tests were made. The results showed that the adsorbent has excellent adsorption capacity for aniline and the adsorption equilibrium data can be well fitted by Freundlich model. Adsorption of aniline on adsorbent was chemical adsorption and high temperature was favourable to endothermic chemisorption process. In addition, the kinetic studies were also carried out. The hypercross-linked fiber adsorbent showed faster adsorption rate than the base fiber. The quicker attainment of adsorption equilibrium (within 20 minutes) for aniline on adsorbent is advantageous for practical use. The pseudo-second-order rate model was suitable to describe the process. The pseudo-second-order model gave an excellent fit to all experimental data and adsorption capacities calculated by pseudo-second-order rate model were close to the values actually measured.

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    Authors: Vadovics, Edina; Vadovics, Kristóf; Zsemberovszky, Linda; Asenova, Desislava; +10 Authors

    This deliverable was prepared as part of the ‘mapping of energy citizenship in Europe’ task within the EnergyPROSPECTS project. It summarizes the methodology used for reviewing energy citizenship in Europe including details of the online data collection tool.

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