• Energy Research
• IN close
• BE close
• SA close
• CM close
• English close

Distance relays due to their selectivity and operating speed are used in HV/EHV line protection. The dynamic nature of Mho characteristic, which happens to be most primitive technique in line protection implemented with distance relaying, is built by using the measurement of local voltage and current signals. These signals have been influenced substantially by fault resistance and the source impedance feeding the line. In case of different generation sources, the source impedance and fault characteristic also change accordingly. Environmental benefit of wind turbine technology is making it a potential source of energy. These wind turbine-generating units (WTGU) use rugged induction/synchronous machines along with power electronics converters as controlling equipment. This gives a new challenge to distance relays, as the fault current contribution of these sources depends on the converter operational principle. In this thesis a typical wind farm of Indian systems are modeled in an IN-HOUSE tool developed as part of fault analysis on wind farm system. Directly connected and front-end converter based wind turbines with their interconnections are modeled in this simulation tool. Fault voltage and current waveforms are obtained for all types of wind turbine-generating units with both radial and LILO (Loop in Loop out) connection. PSCAD based modeling has been done for DFIG type of wind turbines. The fault waveforms are generated to evaluate relay performance. Five case studies having both Radial and Loop in Loop out (LILO) connection of wind farms are simulated. These case studies generate approximately 20000 cases, which are analyzed for distance relay performance studies. In addition, the analysis is further verified on relay hardware having three characteristics, namely Self Polarized Mho (SPM), Quadrature Polarized Mho (QPM) and Quadrilateral (QUAD) characteristics. The detailed studies are carried out in this thesis to ensure and suggest the system operators with appropriate relay characteristics to be used for ...

The aviation sector generates specific emissions having an impact on climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change special report on aviation (1999) has revealed the importance of those impacts on global warming. Its total climate impact is by far more important than only its CO2 emission climate impact. In addition to CO2, also condensation trails, NOx emissions and cirrus cloud formation have a significant impact on climate change. Despite these statements, yet, emissions from international air are not targeted by the Kyoto Protocol commitments. Different policy measures may thus be considered for the inclusion and integration of international air transport into climate policy. The analysis of such possible measures is of particular interest for Belgium, given the importance of this sector in its economy and territory. Belgium has also considerable number of overflights due to his location in the so-called FLAP zone (Frankfurt-London-Amsterdam-Paris). There are several ranges of measures to reduce the impact of aviation emissions, including changes in aircraft and engine technology, fuel, operational practices, and regulatory and economic measures (IPCC , 1999). Research on global environmental change increasingly takes place in interdisciplinary teams, in which scientists in different fields have regular discussions and dialogues, and think together in an interdisciplinary way (Welpa et al., 2006). On the basis of these considerations the Aviation and the Belgian Climate Policy Impact (ABCI) Project was charged to provide an in-depth analysis and assessment, from a technical, environmental and an economic point of view. In the attempt to integrate the findings on aviation and Belgian climate policy with other issues of concern - such as the other environmental impacts related to air transport it was decided to use a Multicriteria analysis. The intention of this paper is principally to show the Multicriteria analysis methodology with the software application related to a complex decision problem on behalf of sustainable transport policy support.

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is considered a promising solution to address the negative impacts of conventional vehicles on the environment and human health. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of EVs, including their types, technology, adoption, government policies, environmental impact, and future prospects. The review reveals that EVs have the potential to significantly reduce air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and noise pollution. However, their adoption has been hindered by various factors such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, and risk, which can be addressed through policy interventions and infrastructure development. The paper highlights the significance of the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme in India and other international policies and initiatives to support the adoption of EVs. The review also identifies the technological advances and battery development as promising opportunities for the future of EVs. The paper concludes by providing implications for policy and practice, including the need for incentives and infrastructure development to promote EV adoption and recommends further research on the consumer trends and challenges in the adoption of EVs.

The present study probes to assess the distributional shifts in sardine landings across the states and its impact on the revenue realisation across the country. The secondary data related to the landings across the states were obtained from the National Marine Living Resources Data Centre (NMLRDC) of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi for the period 1985-2017 and the primary data on the landing centre prices were obtained from Socio-Economic Evaluation Technology and Transfer Division (SEETTD) of CMFRI. Average landings showed a sturdy decrease after 2013 elucidating the price surges and regional shifts in distribution of oil sardines off the Indian coast. The prices showed an amplified growth rate in the Northwest coast of India stating the increased demand for sardines in the region during the recent decades. The surge in mean prices and mean landing quantity between the decades was computed using the Decomposition Model. An analysis of the landing centre prices of oil sardine along India showed the highest change in mean price which means that there is a higher price effect when compared to the quantity effect. The availability of sardine in non- traditional demand areas is due to shifts in habitat distribution (towards the latitudinal stretch) and the demand for import of sardines to the domestic markets and fishmeal industries. The study advocates the need for establishing affordable prices (minimum support and maximum ceiling prices) for sardines to provide sustenance to the fishers and fish food security to the consumers in the demand-rich regions.

Chattopadhyay, Manabendu; Maiti Pradip and Rakshit Mihir(eds), Essays on Public Intervention, Institutional Arrangements and Economic Efficiency. Calcutta: K. P. Bagchi, (1999), pp. 101-130

Super capacitor energy storages have very high power density and low energy density in comparison with battery energy storages. In this case, it is impartment to well configure the super capacitor energy storage as peak power unit in each particular application (e.g. hybrid electric vehicle). Therefore, the simple and accurate model of super capacitors is required. In this paper, the methods of identifying and modeling their electrical characteristics are presented. Based on the detected parameters, the modeling of super capacitors is evaluated both in simulation system and in the test setup of a dedicated passenger car in ECE15 cycle.

Phases in development of a small wind electric generator has been explained. Design and Construction of ' blades Is given in some detail. An approach to design of furling unit has been proposed and tried. Wind tunnel tests and field trial results have been included

Weather and climate extremes such its droughts and floods have far reaching impacts in Kenya. They have had implications on a variety of sectors including, agriculture, water resources, health, energy and disaster management among others. Lake Victoria and its catchment support millions of people and any impact onl its ability to support the livelihood of the communities in this region is of major concern. Thus, the main objective of this study was to assess the potential future climatic changes in the Nzoia catchment in the Lake Victoria basin and how they might affect streamflow The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to investigate the impact of climatic change on streamflow of the study area. The model was set up using readily available spatial and temporal data and calibrated against measured daily streamflow. Climate change. scenarios were obtained from general circulation models Results obtained showed increased amounts of annual rainfall for all the scenarios but with variations on a monthly basis. All - but 1 - global circulation models (GCMS) showed consistency in the monthly rainfall amounts. The analysis revealed important rainfall-runoff linear relationships for certain months that could be extrapolated to estimate amounts of streamflow under various scenarios of change in rainfall. Streamflow response was not sensitive to changes in temperature. If all other variables e.g. land cover, population growth etc, were held constant. a significant increase in streamflow may be expected in the coming decades as a consequence of increased rainfall amounts.

From the beginning, energy has been the driving force of mankind. Without it, the evolution of mankind would have been impossible. Despite the need for access to energy to achieve higher levels of development, in many contexts around the world, situations of energy vulnerability and energy poverty exist. In many international legal instruments, the recognition of the right to energy as a human right has been strengthened. In several national frameworks, there are many trends in the protection of this fundamental right, while in others the right to energy is a forgotten issue. Given the level of development achieved by humankind, it is becoming increasingly necessary to grant greater legal protection to this right, especially with its recognition as a constitutional right. The Constitution as a fundamental norm provides the framework for the development of complementary norms that guarantee effective protection of the right to energy. The object of study of this research is Latin America and the Caribbean legal frameworks. Cuba, as part of the region, does not expressly recognise the right to energy in the Constitution of 2019. This research aims to systematise the good practices associated with the recognition of the right to energy as a constitutional right in Latin America and the Caribbean for its future recognition in Cuba. To accomplish this objective, the following research methods will be used: historical-legal, exegetical-analytical, and legal comparison. As a result, this research presents a systematisation of good practices associated with the recognition of the right to energy as a constitutional right in Latin America.

This article aims to examine how the implementation of environmental taxes could build on the success of value-added tax (VAT) to become more efficient and consistent. This is not to increase the overall tax burden on citizens but to reorganize existing indirect taxation differently by better taking into account European Union (EU) environmental objectives, in particular regarding the circular economy. With its broad tax base, its systemic structure based on neutrality (which does not exclude differentiation), its wide acceptance among taxpayers, and its proven compliance process, the VAT has some features that could inspire environmental policymakers. It indeed impacts consumer choices at the broadest possible level while avoiding distortions. The authors begin by identifying the reasons for the success and robustness of VAT. A new concept of ‘green VAT’ will then be proposed based not on the classical instrument of reduced rates for specific transactions as is already done and advocated by EU institutions (European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, A new Circular Economy Action Plan. For a cleaner and more competitive Europe, COM(2020) 98 final (11 Mar. 2020). See also Opinion of the European Committee of the Regions – New Circular Economy Action Plan (2020/C 440/18), OJ C 440/107 (18 Dec. 2020), para. 23.) but on a coherent life cycle approach to all goods and services. This new approach identifies negative externalities by following the same value chain as the VAT. It aligns as much as possible with the administration and compliance methods already implemented by the VAT. Finally, a possible virtual use of the new green VAT concept will be presented. It does not require any legislative changes. It takes the form of a ‘virtual tax’ that appears on the price tag of every product without being effectively paid and may be used as an indicator for the actual environmental cost of ...