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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohammad Omar Alfadil; orcid Mukhtar A. Kassem;
    Mukhtar A. Kassem
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Mukhtar A. Kassem in OpenAIRE
    Kherun Nita Ali; orcid Wael Alaghbari;
    Wael Alaghbari
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Wael Alaghbari in OpenAIRE

    The COVID-19 pandemic represents a type of force majeure that significantly and unexpectedly affected all human lifestyles. This study includes an integrative review of articles published across Scopus and Web of Science journals and compiled using the systematic review methodology based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) Statement and VOSreview (visualization of similarities) software by defining keywords that include “construction industry” and “force majeure” and “environmental risks” as a starting point. Moreover, the research years and the countries covered by this research were determined in a second stage. Finally, the abstracts of selected studies were reviewed in order to extract factors similar to the pandemic conditions of COVID-19 along with the brief results of the research. Out of 6384 publications identified and 56 publications reporting, 20 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria with full text. Based on our findings, there has been a continuous growth of publications on construction risk and environmental research since 2010. Malaysia had the greatest contribution to the research topic of the countries covered by the study, followed by Egypt. The Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management journal published the greatest number of publications related to the research topic. In this review, the most important previous studies are classified according to their handling of force majeure and environmental risks and the most important factors mentioned in these studies are identified. In addition, recommendations are made for dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic and for mitigating its effects on the construction industry in the Arab world and Malaysia. The results of this review will benefit researchers and construction companies alike in furthering research on reducing the risks of COVID-19 to construction projects and avoiding the significant economic loss that results from stopping these projects.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article
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      Data sources: UnpayWall
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mohammad Omar Alfadil; orcid Mukhtar A. Kassem;
    Mukhtar A. Kassem
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Mukhtar A. Kassem in OpenAIRE
    Kherun Nita Ali; orcid Wael Alaghbari;
    Wael Alaghbari
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Wael Alaghbari in OpenAIRE

    The COVID-19 pandemic represents a type of force majeure that significantly and unexpectedly affected all human lifestyles. This study includes an integrative review of articles published across Scopus and Web of Science journals and compiled using the systematic review methodology based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) Statement and VOSreview (visualization of similarities) software by defining keywords that include “construction industry” and “force majeure” and “environmental risks” as a starting point. Moreover, the research years and the countries covered by this research were determined in a second stage. Finally, the abstracts of selected studies were reviewed in order to extract factors similar to the pandemic conditions of COVID-19 along with the brief results of the research. Out of 6384 publications identified and 56 publications reporting, 20 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria with full text. Based on our findings, there has been a continuous growth of publications on construction risk and environmental research since 2010. Malaysia had the greatest contribution to the research topic of the countries covered by the study, followed by Egypt. The Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management journal published the greatest number of publications related to the research topic. In this review, the most important previous studies are classified according to their handling of force majeure and environmental risks and the most important factors mentioned in these studies are identified. In addition, recommendations are made for dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic and for mitigating its effects on the construction industry in the Arab world and Malaysia. The results of this review will benefit researchers and construction companies alike in furthering research on reducing the risks of COVID-19 to construction projects and avoiding the significant economic loss that results from stopping these projects.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    License: CC BY
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Sustainability
    Article . 2022
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sustainabilityarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Sustainability
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: M. A. Al-Gwaiz;

    A method is presented for constructing fundamental solutions for the Helmholtz operators Δ ± k2 in Rn in terms of the fundamental singularity for the Laplacian Δ. The feasibility of representing a fundamental solution for Δ2 − k4 by forming convolutions of such solutions is also discussed.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of King Saud...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of King Saud University: Engineering Sciences
    Article . 1995 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of King Saud...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of King Saud University: Engineering Sciences
      Article . 1995 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: M. A. Al-Gwaiz;

    A method is presented for constructing fundamental solutions for the Helmholtz operators Δ ± k2 in Rn in terms of the fundamental singularity for the Laplacian Δ. The feasibility of representing a fundamental solution for Δ2 − k4 by forming convolutions of such solutions is also discussed.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of King Saud...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Journal of King Saud University: Engineering Sciences
    Article . 1995 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Journal of King Saud...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Journal of King Saud University: Engineering Sciences
      Article . 1995 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Hisham Alabduljabbar; orcid Ghasan Fahim Huseien;
    Ghasan Fahim Huseien
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Ghasan Fahim Huseien in OpenAIRE
    Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam; orcid bw Rayed Alyouef;
    Rayed Alyouef
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Rayed Alyouef in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    Alkali activated concretes have emerged as a prospective alternative to conventional concrete wherein diverse waste materials have been converted as valuable spin-offs. This paper presents a wide experimental study on the sustainability of employing waste sawdust as a fine/coarse aggregate replacement incorporating fly ash (FA) and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) to make high-performance cement-free lightweight concretes. Waste sawdust was replaced with aggregate at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 vol% incorporating alkali binder, including 70% FA and 30% GBFS. The blend was activated using a low sodium hydroxide concentration (2 M). The acoustic, thermal, and predicted engineering properties of concretes were evaluated, and the life cycle of various mixtures were calculated to investigate the sustainability of concrete. Besides this, by using the available experimental test database, an optimized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was developed to estimate the mechanical properties of the designed alkali-activated mortar mixes depending on each sawdust volume percentage. Based on the findings, it was found that the sound absorption and reduction in thermal conductivity were enhanced with increasing sawdust contents. The compressive strengths of the specimens were found to be influenced by the sawdust content and the strength dropped from 65 to 48 MPa with the corresponding increase in the sawdust levels from 0% up to 100%. The results also showed that the emissions of carbon dioxide, energy utilization, and outlay tended to drop with an increase in the amount of sawdust and show more the lightweight concrete to be more sustainable for construction applications.

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    Materials
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
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    PubMed Central
    Other literature type . 2020
    Data sources: PubMed Central
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    Article . 2020
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Authors: Hisham Alabduljabbar; orcid Ghasan Fahim Huseien;
    Ghasan Fahim Huseien
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    Abdul Rahman Mohd Sam; orcid bw Rayed Alyouef;
    Rayed Alyouef
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    Rayed Alyouef in OpenAIRE
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    Alkali activated concretes have emerged as a prospective alternative to conventional concrete wherein diverse waste materials have been converted as valuable spin-offs. This paper presents a wide experimental study on the sustainability of employing waste sawdust as a fine/coarse aggregate replacement incorporating fly ash (FA) and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) to make high-performance cement-free lightweight concretes. Waste sawdust was replaced with aggregate at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 vol% incorporating alkali binder, including 70% FA and 30% GBFS. The blend was activated using a low sodium hydroxide concentration (2 M). The acoustic, thermal, and predicted engineering properties of concretes were evaluated, and the life cycle of various mixtures were calculated to investigate the sustainability of concrete. Besides this, by using the available experimental test database, an optimized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was developed to estimate the mechanical properties of the designed alkali-activated mortar mixes depending on each sawdust volume percentage. Based on the findings, it was found that the sound absorption and reduction in thermal conductivity were enhanced with increasing sawdust contents. The compressive strengths of the specimens were found to be influenced by the sawdust content and the strength dropped from 65 to 48 MPa with the corresponding increase in the sawdust levels from 0% up to 100%. The results also showed that the emissions of carbon dioxide, energy utilization, and outlay tended to drop with an increase in the amount of sawdust and show more the lightweight concrete to be more sustainable for construction applications.

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    Authors: orcid Surya Pratap Singh;
    Surya Pratap Singh
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    Meena Kumari Sharma; orcid Shatrudhan Pandey;
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    orcid bw S. M. Mozammil Hasnain;
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    The growing population and increasing urbanization have led to a surge in domestic wastewater generation, posing significant challenges for effective and sustainable treatment. The present study demonstrates a novel and sustainable approach for the onsite treatment of domestic wastewater using an integrated settler-based biofilm reactor (ISBR) with efficient biogas generation. The ISBR provides an optimized environment for the growth of biofilm, facilitating the removal of organic pollutants and pathogens. Moreover, the ISBR enables the recovery of a valuable resource in the form of biogas, thus enhancing the overall utility of the treatment process. The performance of the ISBR was comprehensively evaluated at laboratory scale through treating the actual domestic wastewater generated from the hostel of Manipal University Jaipur. The ISBR system was operated under an ambient environment at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The results demonstrated remarkable efficiency in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and coliforms removal, with average removal efficiency being more than 90%. According to the COD mass balance analysis, 48.2% of the influent COD was recovered as bioenergy. The chromatogram revealed a high percentage of methane gas in the collected biogas sample. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis of the accumulated sludge in the ISBR system depicted the morphology of methanogenic bacteria. Both the experimental and theoretical results confirmed the feasibility and sustainability of the ISBR system at the onsite level.

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    Authors: orcid Surya Pratap Singh;
    Surya Pratap Singh
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    Surya Pratap Singh in OpenAIRE
    Meena Kumari Sharma; orcid Shatrudhan Pandey;
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    Shatrudhan Pandey in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw S. M. Mozammil Hasnain;
    S. M. Mozammil Hasnain
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    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    S. M. Mozammil Hasnain in OpenAIRE
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    The growing population and increasing urbanization have led to a surge in domestic wastewater generation, posing significant challenges for effective and sustainable treatment. The present study demonstrates a novel and sustainable approach for the onsite treatment of domestic wastewater using an integrated settler-based biofilm reactor (ISBR) with efficient biogas generation. The ISBR provides an optimized environment for the growth of biofilm, facilitating the removal of organic pollutants and pathogens. Moreover, the ISBR enables the recovery of a valuable resource in the form of biogas, thus enhancing the overall utility of the treatment process. The performance of the ISBR was comprehensively evaluated at laboratory scale through treating the actual domestic wastewater generated from the hostel of Manipal University Jaipur. The ISBR system was operated under an ambient environment at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The results demonstrated remarkable efficiency in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and coliforms removal, with average removal efficiency being more than 90%. According to the COD mass balance analysis, 48.2% of the influent COD was recovered as bioenergy. The chromatogram revealed a high percentage of methane gas in the collected biogas sample. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis of the accumulated sludge in the ISBR system depicted the morphology of methanogenic bacteria. Both the experimental and theoretical results confirmed the feasibility and sustainability of the ISBR system at the onsite level.

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    Authors: orcid Saif Haider;
    Saif Haider
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    Saif Haider in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Muhammad Umer Masood;
    Muhammad Umer Masood
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    Muhammad Umer Masood in OpenAIRE
    orcid Muhammad Rashid;
    Muhammad Rashid
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    Muhammad Rashid in OpenAIRE
    orcid Fahad Alshehri;
    Fahad Alshehri
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    Fahad Alshehri in OpenAIRE
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    Assessing the impacts of climate change and land use/land cover changes on water resources within a catchment is essential because it helps us understand how these dynamic factors affect the quantity, quality, and availability of freshwater. This knowledge is crucial for making informed decisions about water management, conservation, and adaptation strategies, especially in regions facing increasing environmental uncertainties and challenges to water resource sustainability. In Pakistan’s Kunhar River Basin (KRB), this investigation explores the potential effects of shifting land use/land cover (LULC), and climate on stream flows. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a semi-distributed hydrological model, and the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset from multiple global climate models (GCMs) were used to evaluate these effects. The temperature and precipitation data were downscaled using the CMhyd software; for both shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP2 and SSP5), the top-performing GCM out of four was required to produce downscaled precipitation and temperature predictions while taking future land use characteristics into account. The output from the chosen GCM indicated that by the conclusion of the 21st century, relative to the reference period (1985–2014), the study area’s average monthly precipitation, highest temperature, and lowest temperature will be increasing. Precipitation is anticipated to increase between 2015 and 2100 by 20.5% and 29.1% according to the SSP2 and SSP5 scenarios, respectively. This study’s findings, which emphasize the need for project planners and managers taking into account the effects of climate and land cover changes in their management techniques, show that climate change can have a significant impact on the changing seasons of flows in the Kunhar River basin.

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    Authors: orcid Saif Haider;
    Saif Haider
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    orcid bw Muhammad Umer Masood;
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    orcid Muhammad Rashid;
    Muhammad Rashid
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    orcid Fahad Alshehri;
    Fahad Alshehri
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    Fahad Alshehri in OpenAIRE
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    Assessing the impacts of climate change and land use/land cover changes on water resources within a catchment is essential because it helps us understand how these dynamic factors affect the quantity, quality, and availability of freshwater. This knowledge is crucial for making informed decisions about water management, conservation, and adaptation strategies, especially in regions facing increasing environmental uncertainties and challenges to water resource sustainability. In Pakistan’s Kunhar River Basin (KRB), this investigation explores the potential effects of shifting land use/land cover (LULC), and climate on stream flows. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a semi-distributed hydrological model, and the most recent Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset from multiple global climate models (GCMs) were used to evaluate these effects. The temperature and precipitation data were downscaled using the CMhyd software; for both shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP2 and SSP5), the top-performing GCM out of four was required to produce downscaled precipitation and temperature predictions while taking future land use characteristics into account. The output from the chosen GCM indicated that by the conclusion of the 21st century, relative to the reference period (1985–2014), the study area’s average monthly precipitation, highest temperature, and lowest temperature will be increasing. Precipitation is anticipated to increase between 2015 and 2100 by 20.5% and 29.1% according to the SSP2 and SSP5 scenarios, respectively. This study’s findings, which emphasize the need for project planners and managers taking into account the effects of climate and land cover changes in their management techniques, show that climate change can have a significant impact on the changing seasons of flows in the Kunhar River basin.

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    Authors: Khawer Khan; Noaman Ul-Haq; Wajeeh Ur Rahman; Muzaffar Ali; +7 Authors

    The synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible J. curcas seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) and heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In this effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in J. curcas oil were reduced from 12.4 to less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted the oil to biodiesel. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst load, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 96% was obtained from CaO nanoparticles at a reaction time of 5.5 h with 4 wt.% of the catalyst and an 18:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimum conditions for KOH were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, 5 wt.% of the catalyst, and a reaction time of 3.5 h, and this returned a yield of 92%. The fuel properties of the optimized biodiesel were within the limits specified in ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard. In addition, the 5% blends in petroleum diesel were within the ranges prescribed in ASTM D975, the American diesel fuel standard.

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    Authors: Khawer Khan; Noaman Ul-Haq; Wajeeh Ur Rahman; Muzaffar Ali; +7 Authors

    The synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible J. curcas seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) and heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In this effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in J. curcas oil were reduced from 12.4 to less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted the oil to biodiesel. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst load, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 96% was obtained from CaO nanoparticles at a reaction time of 5.5 h with 4 wt.% of the catalyst and an 18:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimum conditions for KOH were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, 5 wt.% of the catalyst, and a reaction time of 3.5 h, and this returned a yield of 92%. The fuel properties of the optimized biodiesel were within the limits specified in ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard. In addition, the 5% blends in petroleum diesel were within the ranges prescribed in ASTM D975, the American diesel fuel standard.

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    Authors: orcid Amit Kumar Yadav;
    Amit Kumar Yadav
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Amit Kumar Yadav in OpenAIRE
    orcid Hasmat Malik;
    Hasmat Malik
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    Hasmat Malik in OpenAIRE
    Vibha Yadav; Majed A. Alotaibi; +2 Authors

    There are many renewable energy sources available, especially wind energy, but it is not being fully utilized. In the wind energy industry, Wind Power Potential (WPP) is essential since it is critical to the development, operation, and optimization of wind power plants. WPP plays a significant role in the wind energy project life cycle, impacting site selection, project viability, technology choices, and ultimate success. This means that specific WPP for certain places need to be determined for development in wind industry.The goal of this study is to conduct a statistical comparison and analysis of the efficacy of various numerical methods, including the method of moments (MoM), the energy pattern factor method (EPFM), the maximum likelihood method (MLM), the energy density method (EDM), the energy pattern factor method of Sathyajith (EPFMS), Rayleigh's distribution (Rayl), and the novel energy pattern factor method (NEPFM). These methods are compared for different sites of Andhra Pradesh India. The NEPFM is considered the most effective approach for assessing the wind energy density in the regions of Visakhapatnam, Amaravati, and Tirupati. Conversely, the MLM (Modified Logarithmic Model) technique has demonstrated superior performance in evaluating the wind energy potential specifically for the Rajamahendravaram site. The Rayleigh distribution, also known as Rayl., was utilized as the primary approach for calculating the probability density of the geographical sites of Visakhapatnam, Rajamahendravaram, and Amaravati. Additionally, the energy pattern factor method was employed to analyze the site of Tirupati. The Rayleigh distribution is found to be the most suitable statistical model for estimating the cumulative density of site locations in Visakhapatnam and Amaravati. Similarly, the innovative energy pattern factor technique is recommended for analyzing the cumulative density of site locations in Rajamahendravaram and Tirupati.

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    Authors: orcid Amit Kumar Yadav;
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    Amit Kumar Yadav in OpenAIRE
    orcid Hasmat Malik;
    Hasmat Malik
    ORCID
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    Hasmat Malik in OpenAIRE
    Vibha Yadav; Majed A. Alotaibi; +2 Authors

    There are many renewable energy sources available, especially wind energy, but it is not being fully utilized. In the wind energy industry, Wind Power Potential (WPP) is essential since it is critical to the development, operation, and optimization of wind power plants. WPP plays a significant role in the wind energy project life cycle, impacting site selection, project viability, technology choices, and ultimate success. This means that specific WPP for certain places need to be determined for development in wind industry.The goal of this study is to conduct a statistical comparison and analysis of the efficacy of various numerical methods, including the method of moments (MoM), the energy pattern factor method (EPFM), the maximum likelihood method (MLM), the energy density method (EDM), the energy pattern factor method of Sathyajith (EPFMS), Rayleigh's distribution (Rayl), and the novel energy pattern factor method (NEPFM). These methods are compared for different sites of Andhra Pradesh India. The NEPFM is considered the most effective approach for assessing the wind energy density in the regions of Visakhapatnam, Amaravati, and Tirupati. Conversely, the MLM (Modified Logarithmic Model) technique has demonstrated superior performance in evaluating the wind energy potential specifically for the Rajamahendravaram site. The Rayleigh distribution, also known as Rayl., was utilized as the primary approach for calculating the probability density of the geographical sites of Visakhapatnam, Rajamahendravaram, and Amaravati. Additionally, the energy pattern factor method was employed to analyze the site of Tirupati. The Rayleigh distribution is found to be the most suitable statistical model for estimating the cumulative density of site locations in Visakhapatnam and Amaravati. Similarly, the innovative energy pattern factor technique is recommended for analyzing the cumulative density of site locations in Rajamahendravaram and Tirupati.

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    Authors: Khawaja Moyeezullah Ghori; Khawaja Moyeezullah Ghori; orcid Rabeeh Ayaz Abbasi;
    Rabeeh Ayaz Abbasi
    ORCID
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    Rabeeh Ayaz Abbasi in OpenAIRE
    Asad Nawaz; +3 Authors

    AbstractPower companies are responsible for producing and transferring the required amount of electricity from grid stations to individual households. Many countries suffer huge losses in billions of dollars due to non-technical loss (NTL) in power supply companies. To deal with NTL, many machine learning classifiers have been employed in recent time. However, few has been studied about the performance evaluation metrics that are used in NTL detection to evaluate how good or bad the classifier is in predicting the non-technical loss. This paper first uses three classifiers: random forest,K-nearest neighbors and linear support vector machine to predict the occurrence of NTL in a real dataset of an electric supply company containing approximately 80,000 monthly consumption records. Then, it computes 14 performance evaluation metrics across the three classifiers and identify the key scientific relationships between them. These relationships provide insights into deciding which classifier can be more useful under given scenarios for NTL detection. This work can be proved to be a baseline not only for the NTL detection in power industry but also for the selection of appropriate performance evaluation metrics for NTL detection.

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    Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing
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    Authors: Khawaja Moyeezullah Ghori; Khawaja Moyeezullah Ghori; orcid Rabeeh Ayaz Abbasi;
    Rabeeh Ayaz Abbasi
    ORCID
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    Rabeeh Ayaz Abbasi in OpenAIRE
    Asad Nawaz; +3 Authors

    AbstractPower companies are responsible for producing and transferring the required amount of electricity from grid stations to individual households. Many countries suffer huge losses in billions of dollars due to non-technical loss (NTL) in power supply companies. To deal with NTL, many machine learning classifiers have been employed in recent time. However, few has been studied about the performance evaluation metrics that are used in NTL detection to evaluate how good or bad the classifier is in predicting the non-technical loss. This paper first uses three classifiers: random forest,K-nearest neighbors and linear support vector machine to predict the occurrence of NTL in a real dataset of an electric supply company containing approximately 80,000 monthly consumption records. Then, it computes 14 performance evaluation metrics across the three classifiers and identify the key scientific relationships between them. These relationships provide insights into deciding which classifier can be more useful under given scenarios for NTL detection. This work can be proved to be a baseline not only for the NTL detection in power industry but also for the selection of appropriate performance evaluation metrics for NTL detection.

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    Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing
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      Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing
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    Authors: Ehab M. Esmail; orcid Faisal Alsaif;
    Faisal Alsaif
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Faisal Alsaif in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem;
    Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem
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    Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz;
    Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz
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    Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz in OpenAIRE
    +2 Authors

    For high-voltage (symmetric and non-symmetric) transmission networks, detecting simultaneous faults utilizing a single-end-based scheme is complex. In this regard, this paper suggests novel schemes for detecting simultaneous faults. The proposed schemes comprise two different stages: fault detection and identification and fault classification. The first proposed scheme needs communication links among both ends (sending and receiving) to detect and identify the fault. This communication link between both ends is used to send and receive three-phase current magnitudes for sending and receiving ends in the proposed fault detection (PFD) unit at both ends. The second proposed scheme starts with proposed fault classification (PFC) units at both ends. The proposed classification technique applies the Clarke transform on local current signals to classify the open conductor and simultaneous faults. The sign of all current Clarke components is the primary key for distinguishing between all types of simultaneous low-impedance and high-impedance faults. The fault detection time of the proposed schemes reaches 20 ms. The alternative transient program (ATP) package simulates a 500 kV–150-mile transmission line. The simulation studies are carried out to assess the suggested fault detection and identification and fault classification scheme performance under various OCFs and simultaneous earth faults in un-transposed and transposed TLs. The behavior of the proposed schemes is tested and validated by considering different fault scenarios with varying locations of fault, inception angles, fault resistance, and noise. A comparative study of the proposed schemes and other techniques is presented. Furthermore, the proposed schemes are extended to another transmission line, such as the 400 kV–144 km line. The obtained results demonstrated the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed scheme in correctly detecting simultaneous faults, low-impedance faults, and high-impedance faults.

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    Frontiers in Energy Research
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    Frontiers in Energy Research
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    Authors: Ehab M. Esmail; orcid Faisal Alsaif;
    Faisal Alsaif
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    Faisal Alsaif in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem;
    Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem
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    Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz in OpenAIRE
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    For high-voltage (symmetric and non-symmetric) transmission networks, detecting simultaneous faults utilizing a single-end-based scheme is complex. In this regard, this paper suggests novel schemes for detecting simultaneous faults. The proposed schemes comprise two different stages: fault detection and identification and fault classification. The first proposed scheme needs communication links among both ends (sending and receiving) to detect and identify the fault. This communication link between both ends is used to send and receive three-phase current magnitudes for sending and receiving ends in the proposed fault detection (PFD) unit at both ends. The second proposed scheme starts with proposed fault classification (PFC) units at both ends. The proposed classification technique applies the Clarke transform on local current signals to classify the open conductor and simultaneous faults. The sign of all current Clarke components is the primary key for distinguishing between all types of simultaneous low-impedance and high-impedance faults. The fault detection time of the proposed schemes reaches 20 ms. The alternative transient program (ATP) package simulates a 500 kV–150-mile transmission line. The simulation studies are carried out to assess the suggested fault detection and identification and fault classification scheme performance under various OCFs and simultaneous earth faults in un-transposed and transposed TLs. The behavior of the proposed schemes is tested and validated by considering different fault scenarios with varying locations of fault, inception angles, fault resistance, and noise. A comparative study of the proposed schemes and other techniques is presented. Furthermore, the proposed schemes are extended to another transmission line, such as the 400 kV–144 km line. The obtained results demonstrated the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed scheme in correctly detecting simultaneous faults, low-impedance faults, and high-impedance faults.

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    Frontiers in Energy Research
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      Frontiers in Energy Research
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    Authors: Fayaz Hussain; orcid Saboor Shaik;
    Saboor Shaik
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    Saboor Shaik in OpenAIRE
    Sher Afghan Khan; orcid Van Van Huynh;
    Van Van Huynh
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    Van Van Huynh in OpenAIRE
    +4 Authors

    It is crucial to produce potable water from salt water in arid places using a stepped solar still desalination process. This work presents the temperature distribution and phase transformation of lauric acid PCM in inclined stepped solar still desalination system. A second-order finite volume method is employed for discretizing the two-dimensional geometry, while energy, continuity, and momentum equations are solved and then coupled using the second-order PRESTO algorithm. The solidification and melting CFD models have been used to capture the melting stages of lauric acid PCM. Four steps with an inclination of 30° to ground and two different cases with saline water levels of 10 mm and 40 mm have been reported. The results reveal that the temperature and mass fraction of lauric acid PCM strongly depends on the saline water level at each step, the number of steps, the angle of inclination, and the location of the solar still step. The maximum percentage increase in PCM melting fraction is 50%, and a PCM temperature rise of 4 °C is observed in the case of SWL-max compared to SWL-min. The total enthalpy of lauric acid PCM is increased by 30% for the SWL-max water level compared to the SWL-min water level.

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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Fayaz Hussain; orcid Saboor Shaik;
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    It is crucial to produce potable water from salt water in arid places using a stepped solar still desalination process. This work presents the temperature distribution and phase transformation of lauric acid PCM in inclined stepped solar still desalination system. A second-order finite volume method is employed for discretizing the two-dimensional geometry, while energy, continuity, and momentum equations are solved and then coupled using the second-order PRESTO algorithm. The solidification and melting CFD models have been used to capture the melting stages of lauric acid PCM. Four steps with an inclination of 30° to ground and two different cases with saline water levels of 10 mm and 40 mm have been reported. The results reveal that the temperature and mass fraction of lauric acid PCM strongly depends on the saline water level at each step, the number of steps, the angle of inclination, and the location of the solar still step. The maximum percentage increase in PCM melting fraction is 50%, and a PCM temperature rise of 4 °C is observed in the case of SWL-max compared to SWL-min. The total enthalpy of lauric acid PCM is increased by 30% for the SWL-max water level compared to the SWL-min water level.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Case Studies in Ther...arrow_drop_down
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    Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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    License: CC BY NC ND
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      Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Crossref
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