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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Somda, Jacques; Zougmoré, Robert B.; Sawadogo, Issa; Bationo, B. André; +2 Authors

    This chapter focuses on the evaluation of adaptive capacities of community-level human systems related to agriculture and food security. It highlights findings regarding approaches and domains to monitor and evaluate behavioral changes from CGIAR’s research program on climate change, agriculture and food security (CCAFS). This program, implemented in five West African countries, is intended to enhance adaptive capacities in agriculture management of natural resources and food systems. In support of participatory action research on climate-smart agriculture, a monitoring and evaluation plan was designed with the participation of all stakeholders to track changes in behavior of the participating community members. Individuals’ and groups’ stories of changes were collected using most significant change tools. The collected stories of changes were substantiated through field visits and triangulation techniques. Frequencies of the occurrence of characteristics of behavioral changes in the stories were estimated. The results show that smallholder farmers in the intervention areas adopted various characteristics of behavior change grouped into five domains: knowledge, practices, access to assets, partnership and organization. These characteristics can help efforts to construct quantitative indicators of climate change adaptation at local level. Further, the results suggest that application of behavioral change theories can facilitate the development of climate change adaptation indicators that are complementary to indicators of development outcomes. We conclude that collecting stories on behavioral changes can contribute to biophysical adaptation monitoring and evaluation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
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  • Authors: Sharma, Bharat R.; Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Shah, Tushaar; Bharati, Luna; +9 Authors

    The basins of the Indus and Ganges rivers cover 2.20 million km2 and are inhabited by more than a billion people. The region is under extreme pressures of population and poverty, unregulated utilization of the resources and low levels of productivity. The needs are: (1) development policies that are regionally differentiated to ensure resource sustainability and high productivity; (2) immediate development and implementation of policies for sound groundwater management and energy use; (3) improvement of the fragile food security and to broaden its base; and (4) policy changes to address land fragmentation and improved infrastructure. Meeting these needs will help to improve productivity, reduce rural poverty and improve overall human development.

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    Authors: Bryan, Elisabeth; Ringler, Claudia; Okoba, B.; Roncoli, C.; +2 Authors

    Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are particularly vulnerable to climate change, given dependence on agricultural production and limited adaptive capacity. Based on farm household and Participatory Rural Appraisal data collected from districts in various agroecological zones in Kenya, this paper examines farmers' perceptions of climate change, ongoing adaptation measures, and factors influencing farmers' decisions to adapt. The results show that households face considerable challenges in adapting to climate change. While many households have made small adjustments to their farming practices in response to climate change (in particular, changing planting decisions), few households are able to make more costly investments, for example in agroforestry or irrigation, although there is a desire to invest in such measures. This emphasizes the need for greater investments in rural and agricultural development to support the ability of households to make strategic, long-term decisions that affect their future well-being.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Environmental Management
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Environmental Management
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    In Africa, hydro-meteorological disasters (HMDs) have hit with increasing frequency and magnitude in recent years, with detrimental impacts on local livelihoods. African countries display a patchwork of national policies and institutional frameworks to address these rising HMDs. This paper examines the heterogeneity that exists within Africa′s institutional arrangements for climate-related disaster risk management, and introduces a three-partite policy classification that ranks each country as one of three disaster management policy types: the ‘Unprepared Firefighters′ (whose response to disasters is late, delayed and ineffective), the ‘Prepared Firefighters′ (for the most part effective disaster responders) and the ‘Disaster Averters′ (who experienced a paradigm shift and moved focus away from the hazard itself towards a reduction of the underlying risk factors that cause disasters). Through extensive data mining, interviews and qualitative country assessments, we map where African countries lie on this spectrum of effective climate-related disaster risk management. We find that African countries lay at different levels on the spectrum of effective disaster risk management. Across Africa, countries display differential progress in achieving the Hyogo Framework for Action goals and great variation and heterogeneity exists from country to country, one that calls for a concomitant heterogeneity in aid programs and initiatives meant to support comprehensive disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation (DRR–CCA) in Africa. In closing, this paper suggests ways to support African countries′ efforts towards effective disaster risk management and planning. It offers a qualitative method to continually assess developing countries′ progress in achieving the Hyogo Framework for Action goals, one that straddles top-down country self-reporting and bottom-up civil society assessment. Weather and Climate Extremes, 1 ISSN:2212-0947

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IIASA DAREarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Weather and Climate Extremes
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Weather and Climate Extremes
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2013
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    Article . 2013
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      Weather and Climate Extremes
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2013
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Malcolm Riley; Keith Wiebe; Timothy B. Sulser; Joanne E Arsenault; +11 Authors

    Twenty-first-century challenges for food and nutrition security include the spread of obesity worldwide and persistent undernutrition in vulnerable populations, along with continued micronutrient deficiencies. Climate change, increasing incomes and evolving diets complicate the search for sustainable solutions. Projecting to the year 2050, we explore future macronutrient and micronutrient adequacy with combined biophysical and socioeconomic scenarios that are country-specific. In all scenarios for 2050, the average benefits of widely shared economic growth, if achieved, are much greater than the modelled negative effects of climate change. Average macronutrient availability in 2050 at the country level appears adequate in all but the poorest countries. Many regions, however, will continue to have critical micronutrient inadequacies. Climate change alters micronutrient availability in some regions more than others. These findings indicate that the greatest food security challenge in 2050 will be providing nutritious diets rather than adequate calories. Research priorities and policies should emphasize nutritional quality by increasing availability and affordability of nutrient-dense foods and improving dietary diversity.

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    Nature Sustainability
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Nature Sustainability
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Vermeulen, S; Zougmore, R B; Wollenberg, E; Thornton, P; +8 Authors

    To achieve food security for many in low-income and middle-income countries for whom this is already a challenge, especially with the additional complications of climate change, will require early investment to support smallholder farming systems and the associated food systems that supply poor consumers. We need both local and global policy-linked research to accelerate sharing of lessons on institutions, practices and technologies for adaptation and mitigation. This strategy paper briefly outlines how the Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) of the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR) is working across research disciplines, organisational mandates, and spatial and temporal levels to assist immediate and longer-term policy actions.

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    Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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      Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Uran Chung; Sika Gbegbelegbe; Bekele Shiferaw; Richard Robertson; +4 Authors

    Cette étude utilise la modélisation géospatiale des cultures pour quantifier l'impact biophysique des conditions météorologiques extrêmes. Plus précisément, l'étude analyse l'extrême météorologique qui a affecté la production de maïs aux États-Unis en 2012 ; elle estime également l'effet d'un extrême météorologique similaire en 2050, en utilisant des scénarios climatiques futurs. L'impact secondaire des conditions météorologiques extrêmes sur la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement est également évalué à l'aide d'une analyse des tendances. De nombreuses études ont fait état de la réduction significative de la production de maïs aux États-Unis en raison de l'événement météorologique extrême (vague de chaleur et sécheresse combinées) survenu en 2012. Cependant, la plupart de ces études se sont concentrées sur le rendement et n'ont pas évalué l'effet potentiel des conditions météorologiques extrêmes sur les prix et la sécurité alimentaires. L'objectif général de cette étude était d'utiliser la modélisation géospatiale des cultures et l'analyse des tendances pour quantifier l'impact des conditions météorologiques extrêmes sur le rendement et la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement. Nous avons utilisé des données météorologiques historiques pour les événements extrêmes graves qui se sont produits aux États-Unis. Les données ont été obtenues auprès du National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) de la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). En outre, nous avons utilisé cinq scénarios climatiques : le climat de base qui est typique de la fin du XXe siècle (années 2000) et quatre scénarios climatiques futurs qui impliquent une combinaison de deux scénarios d'émission (A1B et B1) et de deux modèles de circulation mondiale (CSIRO-Mk3.0 et MIROC 3.2). DSSAT 4.5 a été combiné avec GRASS GIS pour la modélisation géospatiale des cultures. Le rendement céréalier du maïs simulé dans toutes les régions touchées des États-Unis indique que le rendement céréalier moyen dans la ceinture de maïs des États-Unis diminuerait de 29 % lorsque les conditions météorologiques extrêmes se produiraient en utilisant le climat de référence. Si les conditions météorologiques extrêmes se produisaient dans le scénario d'émission A1B dans les années 2050, respectivement, les rendements céréaliers moyens diminueraient de 38 % et 57 %, selon les modèles climatiques mondiaux CSIRO-Mk3.0 et MIROC 3.2, respectivement. Les conditions météorologiques extrêmes qui se sont produites aux États-Unis en 2012 ont entraîné une forte augmentation du prix mondial du maïs. En outre, il a probablement joué un rôle dans la réduction de la consommation et du commerce mondiaux de maïs en 2012/13, par rapport à 2011/12. Les pays les plus vulnérables aux conditions météorologiques extrêmes sont les pays pauvres avec des ratios de dépendance aux importations de maïs élevés, y compris les pays des Caraïbes, d'Afrique du Nord et d'Asie occidentale. D'autres pays vulnérables comprennent des pays à faible revenu avec des ratios de dépendance aux importations faibles, mais qui ne peuvent pas se permettre d'acheter du maïs à prix élevé. L'étude a également mis en évidence les voies par lesquelles un phénomène météorologique extrême affecterait la sécurité alimentaire, s'il se produisait en 2050 sous l'effet du changement climatique. Certaines des politiques qui pourraient aider les pays vulnérables à contrer les effets négatifs des phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes consistent en des programmes de protection sociale et de filet de sécurité. Les stratégies d'adaptation à moyen et à long terme comprennent l'augmentation des réserves alimentaires mondiales à un niveau où elles peuvent être utilisées pour couvrir les pertes de production causées par les conditions météorologiques extrêmes. Este estudio utiliza modelos geoespaciales de cultivos para cuantificar el impacto biofísico de los extremos climáticos. Más específicamente, el estudio analiza el clima extremo que afectó la producción de maíz en los Estados Unidos en 2012; también estima el efecto de un clima extremo similar en 2050, utilizando escenarios climáticos futuros. El impacto secundario del clima extremo en la seguridad alimentaria en el mundo en desarrollo también se evalúa mediante el análisis de tendencias. Muchos estudios han informado sobre la reducción significativa en la producción de maíz en los Estados Unidos debido al evento climático extremo (ola de calor combinada y sequía) que ocurrió en 2012. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estos estudios se centraron en el rendimiento y no evaluaron el efecto potencial de los extremos climáticos en los precios y la seguridad de los alimentos. El objetivo general de este estudio fue utilizar modelos de cultivos geoespaciales y análisis de tendencias para cuantificar el impacto de los extremos climáticos tanto en el rendimiento como en la seguridad alimentaria en el mundo en desarrollo. Utilizamos datos meteorológicos históricos para los eventos extremos severos que han ocurrido en los EE. UU. Los datos se obtuvieron del Centro Nacional de Datos Climáticos (NCDC) de la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica (NOAA). Además, utilizamos cinco escenarios climáticos: el clima de referencia típico de finales del siglo XX (2000) y cuatro escenarios climáticos futuros que implican una combinación de dos escenarios de emisiones (A1B y B1) y dos modelos de circulación global (CSIRO-Mk3.0 y MIROC 3.2). DSSAT 4.5 se combinó con GRASS GIS para el modelado geoespacial de cultivos. El rendimiento simulado de granos de maíz en todas las regiones afectadas en los EE. UU. indica que el rendimiento promedio de granos en el Cinturón de Maíz de los EE. UU. disminuiría en un 29% cuando los extremos climáticos se producen utilizando el clima de referencia. Si el clima extremo ocurriera bajo el escenario de emisiones A1B en la década de 2050, respectivamente, los rendimientos medios de los granos disminuirían en un 38% y un 57%, bajo los modelos climáticos globales CSIRO-Mk3.0 y MIROC 3.2, respectivamente. Los extremos climáticos que se produjeron en EE. UU. en 2012 dieron lugar a un fuerte aumento en el precio mundial del maíz. Además, probablemente desempeñó un papel en la reducción del consumo y el comercio mundial de maíz en 2012/13, en comparación con 2011/12. Los países más vulnerables a los extremos climáticos son los países pobres con altos índices de dependencia de las importaciones de maíz, incluidos los países del Caribe, el norte de África y Asia occidental. Otros países vulnerables incluyen países de bajos ingresos con bajos índices de dependencia de las importaciones, pero que no pueden permitirse el maíz de alto precio. El estudio también destacó las vías a través de las cuales un clima extremo afectaría la seguridad alimentaria, si ocurriera en 2050 bajo el cambio climático. Algunas de las políticas que podrían ayudar a los países vulnerables a contrarrestar los efectos negativos de las condiciones climáticas extremas consisten en programas de protección social y redes de seguridad. Las estrategias de adaptación a mediano y largo plazo incluyen el aumento de las reservas mundiales de alimentos a un nivel en el que puedan utilizarse para cubrir las pérdidas de producción provocadas por los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. This study uses geo-spatial crop modeling to quantify the biophysical impact of weather extremes. More specifically, the study analyzes the weather extreme which affected maize production in the USA in 2012; it also estimates the effect of a similar weather extreme in 2050, using future climate scenarios. The secondary impact of the weather extreme on food security in the developing world is also assessed using trend analysis. Many studies have reported on the significant reduction in maize production in the USA due to the extreme weather event (combined heat wave and drought) that occurred in 2012. However, most of these studies focused on yield and did not assess the potential effect of weather extremes on food prices and security. The overall goal of this study was to use geo-spatial crop modeling and trend analysis to quantify the impact of weather extremes on both yield and, followed food security in the developing world. We used historical weather data for severe extreme events that have occurred in the USA. The data were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In addition we used five climate scenarios: the baseline climate which is typical of the late 20th century (2000s) and four future climate scenarios which involve a combination of two emission scenarios (A1B and B1) and two global circulation models (CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC 3.2). DSSAT 4.5 was combined with GRASS GIS for geo-spatial crop modeling. Simulated maize grain yield across all affected regions in the USA indicates that average grain yield across the USA Corn Belt would decrease by 29% when the weather extremes occur using the baseline climate. If the weather extreme were to occur under the A1B emission scenario in the 2050s respectively, average grain yields would decrease by 38% and 57%, under the CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC 3.2 global climate models, respectively. The weather extremes that occurred in the USA in 2012 resulted in a sharp increase in the world maize price. In addition, it likely played a role in the reduction in world maize consumption and trade in 2012/13, compared to 2011/12. The most vulnerable countries to the weather extremes are poor countries with high maize import dependency ratios including those countries in the Caribbean, northern Africa and western Asia. Other vulnerable countries include low-income countries with low import dependency ratios but which cannot afford highly-priced maize. The study also highlighted the pathways through which a weather extreme would affect food security, were it to occur in 2050 under climate change. Some of the policies which could help vulnerable countries counter the negative effects of weather extremes consist of social protection and safety net programs. Medium- to long-term adaptation strategies include increasing world food reserves to a level where they can be used to cover the production losses brought by weather extremes. تستخدم هذه الدراسة نمذجة المحاصيل الجغرافية المكانية لتحديد التأثير الفيزيائي الحيوي للظواهر الجوية المتطرفة. وبشكل أكثر تحديدًا، تحلل الدراسة الطقس المتطرف الذي أثر على إنتاج الذرة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في عام 2012 ؛ كما تقدر تأثير الطقس المتطرف المماثل في عام 2050، باستخدام سيناريوهات المناخ المستقبلية. كما يتم تقييم التأثير الثانوي للطقس المتطرف على الأمن الغذائي في العالم النامي باستخدام تحليل الاتجاهات. أفادت العديد من الدراسات عن الانخفاض الكبير في إنتاج الذرة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بسبب الظواهر الجوية المتطرفة (موجة الحر والجفاف مجتمعة) التي وقعت في عام 2012. ومع ذلك، ركزت معظم هذه الدراسات على الغلة ولم تقيّم التأثير المحتمل للظواهر الجوية المتطرفة على أسعار المواد الغذائية وأمنها. كان الهدف العام من هذه الدراسة هو استخدام نمذجة المحاصيل الجغرافية المكانية وتحليل الاتجاهات لتحديد تأثير الظواهر الجوية المتطرفة على كل من الغلة والأمن الغذائي في العالم النامي. استخدمنا بيانات الطقس التاريخية للأحداث المتطرفة الشديدة التي وقعت في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. تم الحصول على البيانات من المركز الوطني للبيانات المناخية (NCDC) التابع للإدارة الوطنية للمحيطات والغلاف الجوي (NOAA). بالإضافة إلى ذلك، استخدمنا خمسة سيناريوهات مناخية: المناخ الأساسي الذي يعد نموذجيًا في أواخر القرن العشرين (2000s) وأربعة سيناريوهات مناخية مستقبلية تتضمن مزيجًا من سيناريوهين للانبعاثات (A1B و B1) ونموذجين للدوران العالمي (CSIRO-Mk3.0 و MIROC 3.2). تم دمج DSSAT 4.5 مع نظام المعلومات الجغرافية العشبي لنمذجة المحاصيل الجغرافية المكانية. يشير محصول حبوب الذرة المحاكى في جميع المناطق المتضررة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية إلى أن متوسط محصول الحبوب في جميع أنحاء حزام الذرة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية سينخفض بنسبة 29 ٪ عندما تحدث الأحوال الجوية المتطرفة باستخدام المناخ الأساسي. إذا حدث الطقس المتطرف في ظل سيناريو انبعاث A1B في الخمسينيات على التوالي، فإن متوسط غلة الحبوب سينخفض بنسبة 38 ٪ و 57 ٪، بموجب نموذجي المناخ العالميين CSIRO - Mk3.0 و MIROC 3.2، على التوالي. أدت الأحوال الجوية القاسية التي حدثت في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في عام 2012 إلى زيادة حادة في سعر الذرة العالمي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، من المحتمل أن يكون قد لعب دورًا في خفض استهلاك الذرة وتجارتها في العالم في الفترة 2012/2013، مقارنة بالفترة 2011/2012. البلدان الأكثر عرضة للظروف الجوية القاسية هي البلدان الفقيرة التي لديها نسب اعتماد عالية على واردات الذرة بما في ذلك تلك البلدان في منطقة البحر الكاريبي وشمال أفريقيا وغرب آسيا. وتشمل البلدان الضعيفة الأخرى البلدان منخفضة الدخل ذات النسب المنخفضة للاعتماد على الواردات ولكنها لا تستطيع تحمل تكاليف الذرة عالية السعر. كما سلطت الدراسة الضوء على المسارات التي سيؤثر من خلالها الطقس المتطرف على الأمن الغذائي، في حالة حدوثه في عام 2050 في ظل تغير المناخ. وتتألف بعض السياسات التي يمكن أن تساعد البلدان الضعيفة على مواجهة الآثار السلبية للظواهر الجوية المتطرفة من برامج الحماية الاجتماعية وشبكات الأمان. وتشمل استراتيجيات التكيف المتوسطة والطويلة الأجل زيادة الاحتياطيات الغذائية العالمية إلى مستوى يمكن من خلاله استخدامها لتغطية خسائر الإنتاج الناجمة عن الظروف الجوية القاسية.

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    Weather and Climate Extremes
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    Authors: Jules Bayala; Catherine Ky-Dembélé; Sidzabda Djibril Dayamba; Jacques Somda; +11 Authors

    Climate change and variability are significant challenges for the environment and food security worldwide. Development strategies focusing simultaneously on adaptive farming, productivity, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-known as climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategies-are key to responding to these challenges. For almost a decade, within the framework of Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), World Agroforestry (ICRAF), and its partners have been using Participatory Action Research (PAR) to fully engage key stakeholders in co-creating such CSA development strategies. This includes the testing of Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) CSA scalability options. The multidisciplinary teams include the National Research and Extension Systems (NARES), national meteorological services (NMS), non-profit organizations (NGOs), and local radio programs, among others. The CCAFS-West Africa Program, World Agroforestry-West and Central Africa (ICRAF-WCA), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), University of Reading, and Centre Régional de Formation et d'Application en Agro-météorologie et Hydrologie Opérationnelle (AGRHYMET) provide technical backstopping to the national teams. Climate information (CI) was used as an entry point to inform the development of CSA technologies and practices within Climate-Smart Villages (CSV). This groundwork has led to a greater understanding of three critical factors for successful CSV implementation: (1) Building strong partnerships to co-design and develop agricultural systems that improve ecosystem and population resilience, (2) Key stakeholders (researchers, farmers, development agents, and students) capacity strengthening through vocational and academic training, and (3) Using CI for livelihood planning at all scales. These three factors support more effective identification and testing of agricultural technologies and practices addressing climate variability and change at plot, community, and landscape levels. This paper discusses the PAR-CSA methodology and parameters for evaluation, including biophysical and social change. Keys to success, including communication, knowledge sharing tools, and scalability are also discussed. Finally, future opportunities for improvement are presented, including knowledge product development, CSA policy and investment planning, capacity building, further engagement of the private sector, and additional research on existing practices and tools.

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    Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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      Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/qs...
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    Authors: Descheemaeke, D; Oosting, S J; Homann-Kee Tui, S; Masikati, P; +2 Authors

    African mixed crop–livestock systems are vulnerable to climate change and need to adapt in order to improve productivity and sustain people’s livelihoods. These smallholder systems are characterized by high greenhouse gas emission rates, but could play a role in their mitigation. Although the impact of climate change is projected to be large, many uncertainties persist, in particular with respect to impacts on livestock and grazing components, whole-farm dynamics and heterogeneous farm populations. We summarize the current understanding on impacts and vulnerability and highlight key knowledge gaps for the separate system components and the mixed farming systems as a whole. Numerous adaptation and mitigation options exist for crop–livestock systems. We provide an overview by distinguishing risk management, diversification and sustainable intensification strategies, and by focusing on the contribution to the three pillars of climate-smart agriculture. Despite the potential solutions, smallholders face major constraints at various scales, including small farm sizes, the lack of response to the proposed measures and the multi-functionality of the livestock herd. Major institutional barriers include poor access to markets and relevant knowledge, land tenure insecurity and the common property status of most grazing resources. These limit the adoption potential and hence the potential impact on resilience and mitigation. In order to effectively inform decision-making, we therefore call for integrated, system-oriented impact assessments and a realistic consideration of the adoption constraints in smallholder systems. Building on agricultural system model development, integrated impact assessments and scenario analyses can inform the co-design and implementation of adaptation and mitigation strategies.F

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    Regional Environmental Change
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
    Article . 2016
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      Regional Environmental Change
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      Wageningen Staff Publications
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    Authors: Philip K. Thornton; Philip K. Thornton; Pramod K. Aggarwal; Pramod K. Aggarwal; +4 Authors

    Les impacts du changement climatique sur les rendements des cultures, tels que projetés par une série d'analyses d'impact menées depuis les années 1980, ont mis en évidence la question de l'insécurité alimentaire future. Une méta-analyse d'environ27 000 points de données provenant d'études publiées au cours des quatre dernières décennies révèle qu'au niveau des pays, les impacts moyens du changement climatique sur les rendements des cultures jusqu'aux années 2050 sont généralement faibles (mais négatifs) pour le riz et le blé, et modestes pour le maïs, à condition que les agriculteurs adoptent des pratiques et des technologies telles que des variétés améliorées, la plantation à des moments optimaux et une meilleure gestion de l'eau et des engrais. Ces technologies ont également le potentiel de réduire les différences entre les régions politiques, économiques et climatiques. Une fois ceux-ci adoptés, le changement climatique pourrait ne pas ajouter de manière significative au défi de la production alimentaire pour la majorité des pays, à l'exception de certains points chauds potentiels répartis dans le monde entier. Des investissements massifs, des politiques et un soutien institutionnel seront toutefois nécessaires pour faciliter l'adoption et la mise à l'échelle de ces pratiques et pour faire face à la variabilité climatique. Los impactos del cambio climático en los rendimientos de los cultivos, según lo proyectado por una serie de evaluaciones de impacto realizadas desde la década de 1980, han puesto de relieve el tema de la inseguridad alimentaria futura. Un metanálisis de ~27 000 puntos de datos de estudios publicados en las últimas cuatro décadas revela que, a nivel de país, los impactos promedio del cambio climático en los rendimientos de los cultivos hasta la década de 2050 son generalmente pequeños (pero negativos) para el arroz y el trigo, y modestos para el maíz, siempre que los agricultores adopten prácticas y tecnologías como variedades mejoradas, siembra en momentos óptimos y mejor gestión del agua y los fertilizantes. Estas tecnologías también tienen el potencial de reducir las diferencias entre las regiones políticas, económicas y climáticas. Una vez que se adopten, es posible que el cambio climático no aumente significativamente el desafío de la producción de alimentos para la mayoría de los países, a excepción de algunos puntos críticos potenciales distribuidos por todo el mundo. Sin embargo, se necesitará una inversión masiva, políticas y apoyo institucional para facilitar la adopción y la ampliación de tales prácticas, y para abordar la variabilidad climática. The impacts of climate change on crop yields, as projected by a slew of impact assessments carried out since the 1980s, have brought the issue of future food insecurity to the fore. A meta-analysis of ∼27 000 data points from studies published over the last four decades reveals that at country level, average impacts of climate change on crop yields up to the 2050s are generally small (but negative) for rice and wheat, and modest for maize, provided farmers adopt practices and technologies such as improved varieties, planting at optimal times, and improved water and fertilizer management. These technologies also have the potential to reduce differences across political, economic and climatic regions. Once these are adopted, climate change may not add significantly to the challenge of food production for the majority of countries except for some potential hotspots distributed around the world. Massive investment, policy, and institutional support will be needed, however, to facilitate adoption and scaling-out of such practices, and to address climatic variability. أدت آثار تغير المناخ على غلة المحاصيل، كما هو متوقع من خلال عدد كبير من تقييمات الأثر التي أجريت منذ الثمانينيات، إلى إبراز قضية انعدام الأمن الغذائي في المستقبل. يكشف التحليل التلوي لـ 27000 نقطة بيانات من الدراسات المنشورة على مدى العقود الأربعة الماضية أنه على المستوى القطري، يكون متوسط تأثيرات تغير المناخ على غلة المحاصيل حتى الخمسينيات صغيرًا بشكل عام (ولكنه سلبي) بالنسبة للأرز والقمح، ومتواضعًا بالنسبة للذرة، شريطة أن يتبنى المزارعون ممارسات وتقنيات مثل الأصناف المحسنة، والزراعة في الأوقات المثلى، وتحسين إدارة المياه والأسمدة. تتمتع هذه التقنيات أيضًا بالقدرة على تقليل الاختلافات عبر المناطق السياسية والاقتصادية والمناخية. وبمجرد اعتمادها، قد لا يضيف تغير المناخ بشكل كبير إلى التحدي المتمثل في إنتاج الغذاء بالنسبة لغالبية البلدان باستثناء بعض النقاط الساخنة المحتملة الموزعة في جميع أنحاء العالم. ومع ذلك، ستكون هناك حاجة إلى دعم استثماري وسياسي ومؤسسي هائل لتسهيل اعتماد هذه الممارسات وتوسيع نطاقها، ومعالجة التقلبات المناخية.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Somda, Jacques; Zougmoré, Robert B.; Sawadogo, Issa; Bationo, B. André; +2 Authors

    This chapter focuses on the evaluation of adaptive capacities of community-level human systems related to agriculture and food security. It highlights findings regarding approaches and domains to monitor and evaluate behavioral changes from CGIAR’s research program on climate change, agriculture and food security (CCAFS). This program, implemented in five West African countries, is intended to enhance adaptive capacities in agriculture management of natural resources and food systems. In support of participatory action research on climate-smart agriculture, a monitoring and evaluation plan was designed with the participation of all stakeholders to track changes in behavior of the participating community members. Individuals’ and groups’ stories of changes were collected using most significant change tools. The collected stories of changes were substantiated through field visits and triangulation techniques. Frequencies of the occurrence of characteristics of behavioral changes in the stories were estimated. The results show that smallholder farmers in the intervention areas adopted various characteristics of behavior change grouped into five domains: knowledge, practices, access to assets, partnership and organization. These characteristics can help efforts to construct quantitative indicators of climate change adaptation at local level. Further, the results suggest that application of behavioral change theories can facilitate the development of climate change adaptation indicators that are complementary to indicators of development outcomes. We conclude that collecting stories on behavioral changes can contribute to biophysical adaptation monitoring and evaluation.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://link.springer.com/cont...
    Part of book or chapter of book
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • Authors: Sharma, Bharat R.; Amarasinghe, Upali A.; Shah, Tushaar; Bharati, Luna; +9 Authors

    The basins of the Indus and Ganges rivers cover 2.20 million km2 and are inhabited by more than a billion people. The region is under extreme pressures of population and poverty, unregulated utilization of the resources and low levels of productivity. The needs are: (1) development policies that are regionally differentiated to ensure resource sustainability and high productivity; (2) immediate development and implementation of policies for sound groundwater management and energy use; (3) improvement of the fragile food security and to broaden its base; and (4) policy changes to address land fragmentation and improved infrastructure. Meeting these needs will help to improve productivity, reduce rural poverty and improve overall human development.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Bryan, Elisabeth; Ringler, Claudia; Okoba, B.; Roncoli, C.; +2 Authors

    Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are particularly vulnerable to climate change, given dependence on agricultural production and limited adaptive capacity. Based on farm household and Participatory Rural Appraisal data collected from districts in various agroecological zones in Kenya, this paper examines farmers' perceptions of climate change, ongoing adaptation measures, and factors influencing farmers' decisions to adapt. The results show that households face considerable challenges in adapting to climate change. While many households have made small adjustments to their farming practices in response to climate change (in particular, changing planting decisions), few households are able to make more costly investments, for example in agroforestry or irrigation, although there is a desire to invest in such measures. This emphasizes the need for greater investments in rural and agricultural development to support the ability of households to make strategic, long-term decisions that affect their future well-being.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Journal of Environmental Management
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Journal of Environmental Management
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    In Africa, hydro-meteorological disasters (HMDs) have hit with increasing frequency and magnitude in recent years, with detrimental impacts on local livelihoods. African countries display a patchwork of national policies and institutional frameworks to address these rising HMDs. This paper examines the heterogeneity that exists within Africa′s institutional arrangements for climate-related disaster risk management, and introduces a three-partite policy classification that ranks each country as one of three disaster management policy types: the ‘Unprepared Firefighters′ (whose response to disasters is late, delayed and ineffective), the ‘Prepared Firefighters′ (for the most part effective disaster responders) and the ‘Disaster Averters′ (who experienced a paradigm shift and moved focus away from the hazard itself towards a reduction of the underlying risk factors that cause disasters). Through extensive data mining, interviews and qualitative country assessments, we map where African countries lie on this spectrum of effective climate-related disaster risk management. We find that African countries lay at different levels on the spectrum of effective disaster risk management. Across Africa, countries display differential progress in achieving the Hyogo Framework for Action goals and great variation and heterogeneity exists from country to country, one that calls for a concomitant heterogeneity in aid programs and initiatives meant to support comprehensive disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation (DRR–CCA) in Africa. In closing, this paper suggests ways to support African countries′ efforts towards effective disaster risk management and planning. It offers a qualitative method to continually assess developing countries′ progress in achieving the Hyogo Framework for Action goals, one that straddles top-down country self-reporting and bottom-up civil society assessment. Weather and Climate Extremes, 1 ISSN:2212-0947

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IIASA DAREarrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Weather and Climate Extremes
    Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Weather and Climate Extremes
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Research Collection
    Article . 2013
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Article . 2013
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      Weather and Climate Extremes
      Article . 2013 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY NC ND
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Weather and Climate Extremes
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2013
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      Article . 2013
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Malcolm Riley; Keith Wiebe; Timothy B. Sulser; Joanne E Arsenault; +11 Authors

    Twenty-first-century challenges for food and nutrition security include the spread of obesity worldwide and persistent undernutrition in vulnerable populations, along with continued micronutrient deficiencies. Climate change, increasing incomes and evolving diets complicate the search for sustainable solutions. Projecting to the year 2050, we explore future macronutrient and micronutrient adequacy with combined biophysical and socioeconomic scenarios that are country-specific. In all scenarios for 2050, the average benefits of widely shared economic growth, if achieved, are much greater than the modelled negative effects of climate change. Average macronutrient availability in 2050 at the country level appears adequate in all but the poorest countries. Many regions, however, will continue to have critical micronutrient inadequacies. Climate change alters micronutrient availability in some regions more than others. These findings indicate that the greatest food security challenge in 2050 will be providing nutritious diets rather than adequate calories. Research priorities and policies should emphasize nutritional quality by increasing availability and affordability of nutrient-dense foods and improving dietary diversity.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CGIAR CGSpace (Consu...arrow_drop_down
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    Nature Sustainability
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Springer Nature TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Nature Sustainability
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Vermeulen, S; Zougmore, R B; Wollenberg, E; Thornton, P; +8 Authors

    To achieve food security for many in low-income and middle-income countries for whom this is already a challenge, especially with the additional complications of climate change, will require early investment to support smallholder farming systems and the associated food systems that supply poor consumers. We need both local and global policy-linked research to accelerate sharing of lessons on institutions, practices and technologies for adaptation and mitigation. This strategy paper briefly outlines how the Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) of the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CGIAR) is working across research disciplines, organisational mandates, and spatial and temporal levels to assist immediate and longer-term policy actions.

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    Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
    Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
      Article . 2012 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Uran Chung; Sika Gbegbelegbe; Bekele Shiferaw; Richard Robertson; +4 Authors

    Cette étude utilise la modélisation géospatiale des cultures pour quantifier l'impact biophysique des conditions météorologiques extrêmes. Plus précisément, l'étude analyse l'extrême météorologique qui a affecté la production de maïs aux États-Unis en 2012 ; elle estime également l'effet d'un extrême météorologique similaire en 2050, en utilisant des scénarios climatiques futurs. L'impact secondaire des conditions météorologiques extrêmes sur la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement est également évalué à l'aide d'une analyse des tendances. De nombreuses études ont fait état de la réduction significative de la production de maïs aux États-Unis en raison de l'événement météorologique extrême (vague de chaleur et sécheresse combinées) survenu en 2012. Cependant, la plupart de ces études se sont concentrées sur le rendement et n'ont pas évalué l'effet potentiel des conditions météorologiques extrêmes sur les prix et la sécurité alimentaires. L'objectif général de cette étude était d'utiliser la modélisation géospatiale des cultures et l'analyse des tendances pour quantifier l'impact des conditions météorologiques extrêmes sur le rendement et la sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement. Nous avons utilisé des données météorologiques historiques pour les événements extrêmes graves qui se sont produits aux États-Unis. Les données ont été obtenues auprès du National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) de la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). En outre, nous avons utilisé cinq scénarios climatiques : le climat de base qui est typique de la fin du XXe siècle (années 2000) et quatre scénarios climatiques futurs qui impliquent une combinaison de deux scénarios d'émission (A1B et B1) et de deux modèles de circulation mondiale (CSIRO-Mk3.0 et MIROC 3.2). DSSAT 4.5 a été combiné avec GRASS GIS pour la modélisation géospatiale des cultures. Le rendement céréalier du maïs simulé dans toutes les régions touchées des États-Unis indique que le rendement céréalier moyen dans la ceinture de maïs des États-Unis diminuerait de 29 % lorsque les conditions météorologiques extrêmes se produiraient en utilisant le climat de référence. Si les conditions météorologiques extrêmes se produisaient dans le scénario d'émission A1B dans les années 2050, respectivement, les rendements céréaliers moyens diminueraient de 38 % et 57 %, selon les modèles climatiques mondiaux CSIRO-Mk3.0 et MIROC 3.2, respectivement. Les conditions météorologiques extrêmes qui se sont produites aux États-Unis en 2012 ont entraîné une forte augmentation du prix mondial du maïs. En outre, il a probablement joué un rôle dans la réduction de la consommation et du commerce mondiaux de maïs en 2012/13, par rapport à 2011/12. Les pays les plus vulnérables aux conditions météorologiques extrêmes sont les pays pauvres avec des ratios de dépendance aux importations de maïs élevés, y compris les pays des Caraïbes, d'Afrique du Nord et d'Asie occidentale. D'autres pays vulnérables comprennent des pays à faible revenu avec des ratios de dépendance aux importations faibles, mais qui ne peuvent pas se permettre d'acheter du maïs à prix élevé. L'étude a également mis en évidence les voies par lesquelles un phénomène météorologique extrême affecterait la sécurité alimentaire, s'il se produisait en 2050 sous l'effet du changement climatique. Certaines des politiques qui pourraient aider les pays vulnérables à contrer les effets négatifs des phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes consistent en des programmes de protection sociale et de filet de sécurité. Les stratégies d'adaptation à moyen et à long terme comprennent l'augmentation des réserves alimentaires mondiales à un niveau où elles peuvent être utilisées pour couvrir les pertes de production causées par les conditions météorologiques extrêmes. Este estudio utiliza modelos geoespaciales de cultivos para cuantificar el impacto biofísico de los extremos climáticos. Más específicamente, el estudio analiza el clima extremo que afectó la producción de maíz en los Estados Unidos en 2012; también estima el efecto de un clima extremo similar en 2050, utilizando escenarios climáticos futuros. El impacto secundario del clima extremo en la seguridad alimentaria en el mundo en desarrollo también se evalúa mediante el análisis de tendencias. Muchos estudios han informado sobre la reducción significativa en la producción de maíz en los Estados Unidos debido al evento climático extremo (ola de calor combinada y sequía) que ocurrió en 2012. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estos estudios se centraron en el rendimiento y no evaluaron el efecto potencial de los extremos climáticos en los precios y la seguridad de los alimentos. El objetivo general de este estudio fue utilizar modelos de cultivos geoespaciales y análisis de tendencias para cuantificar el impacto de los extremos climáticos tanto en el rendimiento como en la seguridad alimentaria en el mundo en desarrollo. Utilizamos datos meteorológicos históricos para los eventos extremos severos que han ocurrido en los EE. UU. Los datos se obtuvieron del Centro Nacional de Datos Climáticos (NCDC) de la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica (NOAA). Además, utilizamos cinco escenarios climáticos: el clima de referencia típico de finales del siglo XX (2000) y cuatro escenarios climáticos futuros que implican una combinación de dos escenarios de emisiones (A1B y B1) y dos modelos de circulación global (CSIRO-Mk3.0 y MIROC 3.2). DSSAT 4.5 se combinó con GRASS GIS para el modelado geoespacial de cultivos. El rendimiento simulado de granos de maíz en todas las regiones afectadas en los EE. UU. indica que el rendimiento promedio de granos en el Cinturón de Maíz de los EE. UU. disminuiría en un 29% cuando los extremos climáticos se producen utilizando el clima de referencia. Si el clima extremo ocurriera bajo el escenario de emisiones A1B en la década de 2050, respectivamente, los rendimientos medios de los granos disminuirían en un 38% y un 57%, bajo los modelos climáticos globales CSIRO-Mk3.0 y MIROC 3.2, respectivamente. Los extremos climáticos que se produjeron en EE. UU. en 2012 dieron lugar a un fuerte aumento en el precio mundial del maíz. Además, probablemente desempeñó un papel en la reducción del consumo y el comercio mundial de maíz en 2012/13, en comparación con 2011/12. Los países más vulnerables a los extremos climáticos son los países pobres con altos índices de dependencia de las importaciones de maíz, incluidos los países del Caribe, el norte de África y Asia occidental. Otros países vulnerables incluyen países de bajos ingresos con bajos índices de dependencia de las importaciones, pero que no pueden permitirse el maíz de alto precio. El estudio también destacó las vías a través de las cuales un clima extremo afectaría la seguridad alimentaria, si ocurriera en 2050 bajo el cambio climático. Algunas de las políticas que podrían ayudar a los países vulnerables a contrarrestar los efectos negativos de las condiciones climáticas extremas consisten en programas de protección social y redes de seguridad. Las estrategias de adaptación a mediano y largo plazo incluyen el aumento de las reservas mundiales de alimentos a un nivel en el que puedan utilizarse para cubrir las pérdidas de producción provocadas por los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos. This study uses geo-spatial crop modeling to quantify the biophysical impact of weather extremes. More specifically, the study analyzes the weather extreme which affected maize production in the USA in 2012; it also estimates the effect of a similar weather extreme in 2050, using future climate scenarios. The secondary impact of the weather extreme on food security in the developing world is also assessed using trend analysis. Many studies have reported on the significant reduction in maize production in the USA due to the extreme weather event (combined heat wave and drought) that occurred in 2012. However, most of these studies focused on yield and did not assess the potential effect of weather extremes on food prices and security. The overall goal of this study was to use geo-spatial crop modeling and trend analysis to quantify the impact of weather extremes on both yield and, followed food security in the developing world. We used historical weather data for severe extreme events that have occurred in the USA. The data were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). In addition we used five climate scenarios: the baseline climate which is typical of the late 20th century (2000s) and four future climate scenarios which involve a combination of two emission scenarios (A1B and B1) and two global circulation models (CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC 3.2). DSSAT 4.5 was combined with GRASS GIS for geo-spatial crop modeling. Simulated maize grain yield across all affected regions in the USA indicates that average grain yield across the USA Corn Belt would decrease by 29% when the weather extremes occur using the baseline climate. If the weather extreme were to occur under the A1B emission scenario in the 2050s respectively, average grain yields would decrease by 38% and 57%, under the CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC 3.2 global climate models, respectively. The weather extremes that occurred in the USA in 2012 resulted in a sharp increase in the world maize price. In addition, it likely played a role in the reduction in world maize consumption and trade in 2012/13, compared to 2011/12. The most vulnerable countries to the weather extremes are poor countries with high maize import dependency ratios including those countries in the Caribbean, northern Africa and western Asia. Other vulnerable countries include low-income countries with low import dependency ratios but which cannot afford highly-priced maize. The study also highlighted the pathways through which a weather extreme would affect food security, were it to occur in 2050 under climate change. Some of the policies which could help vulnerable countries counter the negative effects of weather extremes consist of social protection and safety net programs. Medium- to long-term adaptation strategies include increasing world food reserves to a level where they can be used to cover the production losses brought by weather extremes. تستخدم هذه الدراسة نمذجة المحاصيل الجغرافية المكانية لتحديد التأثير الفيزيائي الحيوي للظواهر الجوية المتطرفة. وبشكل أكثر تحديدًا، تحلل الدراسة الطقس المتطرف الذي أثر على إنتاج الذرة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في عام 2012 ؛ كما تقدر تأثير الطقس المتطرف المماثل في عام 2050، باستخدام سيناريوهات المناخ المستقبلية. كما يتم تقييم التأثير الثانوي للطقس المتطرف على الأمن الغذائي في العالم النامي باستخدام تحليل الاتجاهات. أفادت العديد من الدراسات عن الانخفاض الكبير في إنتاج الذرة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بسبب الظواهر الجوية المتطرفة (موجة الحر والجفاف مجتمعة) التي وقعت في عام 2012. ومع ذلك، ركزت معظم هذه الدراسات على الغلة ولم تقيّم التأثير المحتمل للظواهر الجوية المتطرفة على أسعار المواد الغذائية وأمنها. كان الهدف العام من هذه الدراسة هو استخدام نمذجة المحاصيل الجغرافية المكانية وتحليل الاتجاهات لتحديد تأثير الظواهر الجوية المتطرفة على كل من الغلة والأمن الغذائي في العالم النامي. استخدمنا بيانات الطقس التاريخية للأحداث المتطرفة الشديدة التي وقعت في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. تم الحصول على البيانات من المركز الوطني للبيانات المناخية (NCDC) التابع للإدارة الوطنية للمحيطات والغلاف الجوي (NOAA). بالإضافة إلى ذلك، استخدمنا خمسة سيناريوهات مناخية: المناخ الأساسي الذي يعد نموذجيًا في أواخر القرن العشرين (2000s) وأربعة سيناريوهات مناخية مستقبلية تتضمن مزيجًا من سيناريوهين للانبعاثات (A1B و B1) ونموذجين للدوران العالمي (CSIRO-Mk3.0 و MIROC 3.2). تم دمج DSSAT 4.5 مع نظام المعلومات الجغرافية العشبي لنمذجة المحاصيل الجغرافية المكانية. يشير محصول حبوب الذرة المحاكى في جميع المناطق المتضررة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية إلى أن متوسط محصول الحبوب في جميع أنحاء حزام الذرة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية سينخفض بنسبة 29 ٪ عندما تحدث الأحوال الجوية المتطرفة باستخدام المناخ الأساسي. إذا حدث الطقس المتطرف في ظل سيناريو انبعاث A1B في الخمسينيات على التوالي، فإن متوسط غلة الحبوب سينخفض بنسبة 38 ٪ و 57 ٪، بموجب نموذجي المناخ العالميين CSIRO - Mk3.0 و MIROC 3.2، على التوالي. أدت الأحوال الجوية القاسية التي حدثت في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في عام 2012 إلى زيادة حادة في سعر الذرة العالمي. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، من المحتمل أن يكون قد لعب دورًا في خفض استهلاك الذرة وتجارتها في العالم في الفترة 2012/2013، مقارنة بالفترة 2011/2012. البلدان الأكثر عرضة للظروف الجوية القاسية هي البلدان الفقيرة التي لديها نسب اعتماد عالية على واردات الذرة بما في ذلك تلك البلدان في منطقة البحر الكاريبي وشمال أفريقيا وغرب آسيا. وتشمل البلدان الضعيفة الأخرى البلدان منخفضة الدخل ذات النسب المنخفضة للاعتماد على الواردات ولكنها لا تستطيع تحمل تكاليف الذرة عالية السعر. كما سلطت الدراسة الضوء على المسارات التي سيؤثر من خلالها الطقس المتطرف على الأمن الغذائي، في حالة حدوثه في عام 2050 في ظل تغير المناخ. وتتألف بعض السياسات التي يمكن أن تساعد البلدان الضعيفة على مواجهة الآثار السلبية للظواهر الجوية المتطرفة من برامج الحماية الاجتماعية وشبكات الأمان. وتشمل استراتيجيات التكيف المتوسطة والطويلة الأجل زيادة الاحتياطيات الغذائية العالمية إلى مستوى يمكن من خلاله استخدامها لتغطية خسائر الإنتاج الناجمة عن الظروف الجوية القاسية.

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    Weather and Climate Extremes
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    Authors: Jules Bayala; Catherine Ky-Dembélé; Sidzabda Djibril Dayamba; Jacques Somda; +11 Authors

    Climate change and variability are significant challenges for the environment and food security worldwide. Development strategies focusing simultaneously on adaptive farming, productivity, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions-known as climate-smart agriculture (CSA) strategies-are key to responding to these challenges. For almost a decade, within the framework of Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), World Agroforestry (ICRAF), and its partners have been using Participatory Action Research (PAR) to fully engage key stakeholders in co-creating such CSA development strategies. This includes the testing of Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) CSA scalability options. The multidisciplinary teams include the National Research and Extension Systems (NARES), national meteorological services (NMS), non-profit organizations (NGOs), and local radio programs, among others. The CCAFS-West Africa Program, World Agroforestry-West and Central Africa (ICRAF-WCA), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), University of Reading, and Centre Régional de Formation et d'Application en Agro-météorologie et Hydrologie Opérationnelle (AGRHYMET) provide technical backstopping to the national teams. Climate information (CI) was used as an entry point to inform the development of CSA technologies and practices within Climate-Smart Villages (CSV). This groundwork has led to a greater understanding of three critical factors for successful CSV implementation: (1) Building strong partnerships to co-design and develop agricultural systems that improve ecosystem and population resilience, (2) Key stakeholders (researchers, farmers, development agents, and students) capacity strengthening through vocational and academic training, and (3) Using CI for livelihood planning at all scales. These three factors support more effective identification and testing of agricultural technologies and practices addressing climate variability and change at plot, community, and landscape levels. This paper discusses the PAR-CSA methodology and parameters for evaluation, including biophysical and social change. Keys to success, including communication, knowledge sharing tools, and scalability are also discussed. Finally, future opportunities for improvement are presented, including knowledge product development, CSA policy and investment planning, capacity building, further engagement of the private sector, and additional research on existing practices and tools.

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    Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
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    Authors: Descheemaeke, D; Oosting, S J; Homann-Kee Tui, S; Masikati, P; +2 Authors

    African mixed crop–livestock systems are vulnerable to climate change and need to adapt in order to improve productivity and sustain people’s livelihoods. These smallholder systems are characterized by high greenhouse gas emission rates, but could play a role in their mitigation. Although the impact of climate change is projected to be large, many uncertainties persist, in particular with respect to impacts on livestock and grazing components, whole-farm dynamics and heterogeneous farm populations. We summarize the current understanding on impacts and vulnerability and highlight key knowledge gaps for the separate system components and the mixed farming systems as a whole. Numerous adaptation and mitigation options exist for crop–livestock systems. We provide an overview by distinguishing risk management, diversification and sustainable intensification strategies, and by focusing on the contribution to the three pillars of climate-smart agriculture. Despite the potential solutions, smallholders face major constraints at various scales, including small farm sizes, the lack of response to the proposed measures and the multi-functionality of the livestock herd. Major institutional barriers include poor access to markets and relevant knowledge, land tenure insecurity and the common property status of most grazing resources. These limit the adoption potential and hence the potential impact on resilience and mitigation. In order to effectively inform decision-making, we therefore call for integrated, system-oriented impact assessments and a realistic consideration of the adoption constraints in smallholder systems. Building on agricultural system model development, integrated impact assessments and scenario analyses can inform the co-design and implementation of adaptation and mitigation strategies.F

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    Regional Environmental Change
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    Wageningen Staff Publications
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    Authors: Philip K. Thornton; Philip K. Thornton; Pramod K. Aggarwal; Pramod K. Aggarwal; +4 Authors

    Les impacts du changement climatique sur les rendements des cultures, tels que projetés par une série d'analyses d'impact menées depuis les années 1980, ont mis en évidence la question de l'insécurité alimentaire future. Une méta-analyse d'environ27 000 points de données provenant d'études publiées au cours des quatre dernières décennies révèle qu'au niveau des pays, les impacts moyens du changement climatique sur les rendements des cultures jusqu'aux années 2050 sont généralement faibles (mais négatifs) pour le riz et le blé, et modestes pour le maïs, à condition que les agriculteurs adoptent des pratiques et des technologies telles que des variétés améliorées, la plantation à des moments optimaux et une meilleure gestion de l'eau et des engrais. Ces technologies ont également le potentiel de réduire les différences entre les régions politiques, économiques et climatiques. Une fois ceux-ci adoptés, le changement climatique pourrait ne pas ajouter de manière significative au défi de la production alimentaire pour la majorité des pays, à l'exception de certains points chauds potentiels répartis dans le monde entier. Des investissements massifs, des politiques et un soutien institutionnel seront toutefois nécessaires pour faciliter l'adoption et la mise à l'échelle de ces pratiques et pour faire face à la variabilité climatique. Los impactos del cambio climático en los rendimientos de los cultivos, según lo proyectado por una serie de evaluaciones de impacto realizadas desde la década de 1980, han puesto de relieve el tema de la inseguridad alimentaria futura. Un metanálisis de ~27 000 puntos de datos de estudios publicados en las últimas cuatro décadas revela que, a nivel de país, los impactos promedio del cambio climático en los rendimientos de los cultivos hasta la década de 2050 son generalmente pequeños (pero negativos) para el arroz y el trigo, y modestos para el maíz, siempre que los agricultores adopten prácticas y tecnologías como variedades mejoradas, siembra en momentos óptimos y mejor gestión del agua y los fertilizantes. Estas tecnologías también tienen el potencial de reducir las diferencias entre las regiones políticas, económicas y climáticas. Una vez que se adopten, es posible que el cambio climático no aumente significativamente el desafío de la producción de alimentos para la mayoría de los países, a excepción de algunos puntos críticos potenciales distribuidos por todo el mundo. Sin embargo, se necesitará una inversión masiva, políticas y apoyo institucional para facilitar la adopción y la ampliación de tales prácticas, y para abordar la variabilidad climática. The impacts of climate change on crop yields, as projected by a slew of impact assessments carried out since the 1980s, have brought the issue of future food insecurity to the fore. A meta-analysis of ∼27 000 data points from studies published over the last four decades reveals that at country level, average impacts of climate change on crop yields up to the 2050s are generally small (but negative) for rice and wheat, and modest for maize, provided farmers adopt practices and technologies such as improved varieties, planting at optimal times, and improved water and fertilizer management. These technologies also have the potential to reduce differences across political, economic and climatic regions. Once these are adopted, climate change may not add significantly to the challenge of food production for the majority of countries except for some potential hotspots distributed around the world. Massive investment, policy, and institutional support will be needed, however, to facilitate adoption and scaling-out of such practices, and to address climatic variability. أدت آثار تغير المناخ على غلة المحاصيل، كما هو متوقع من خلال عدد كبير من تقييمات الأثر التي أجريت منذ الثمانينيات، إلى إبراز قضية انعدام الأمن الغذائي في المستقبل. يكشف التحليل التلوي لـ 27000 نقطة بيانات من الدراسات المنشورة على مدى العقود الأربعة الماضية أنه على المستوى القطري، يكون متوسط تأثيرات تغير المناخ على غلة المحاصيل حتى الخمسينيات صغيرًا بشكل عام (ولكنه سلبي) بالنسبة للأرز والقمح، ومتواضعًا بالنسبة للذرة، شريطة أن يتبنى المزارعون ممارسات وتقنيات مثل الأصناف المحسنة، والزراعة في الأوقات المثلى، وتحسين إدارة المياه والأسمدة. تتمتع هذه التقنيات أيضًا بالقدرة على تقليل الاختلافات عبر المناطق السياسية والاقتصادية والمناخية. وبمجرد اعتمادها، قد لا يضيف تغير المناخ بشكل كبير إلى التحدي المتمثل في إنتاج الغذاء بالنسبة لغالبية البلدان باستثناء بعض النقاط الساخنة المحتملة الموزعة في جميع أنحاء العالم. ومع ذلك، ستكون هناك حاجة إلى دعم استثماري وسياسي ومؤسسي هائل لتسهيل اعتماد هذه الممارسات وتوسيع نطاقها، ومعالجة التقلبات المناخية.

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    Environmental Research Letters
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      Environmental Research Letters
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