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Liquid biowaste represents more than 98% of the total municipal waste streams on wet basis and 4–5% on dry basis. Recent attention has been focused on how to manage it optimally, and several novel technologies are being developed to valorize it. Among the developing alternatives is a technology that operates continuously by integrating a hydrothermal reactor, a gasifier and condenser to recover hydrochar using any produced gases to power the system. This study introduces the “3-step evolution model” in order to simulate the hydrothermal reactor. The model has been developed in a MATLAB/Cantera environment and calculates the outputs as the products of a series of sub-stoichiometric char-gas reactions. Experiments with chicken manure slurry as feedstock were implemented for the validation of the model. Treatment of 32.16 kg/h of chicken manure produces 4.57 kg/h of hydrochar and 3.45 kg/h of syngas. The 3-step evolution model simulated the correct ratio of solid-to-gas, 57–43% (excluding the liquids). The experimentally measured carbon dioxide is used as a correction factor to calculate all the other parameters that cannot be assessed during the continuous operation of the hydrothermal reactor. The simulated compositions for carbon dioxide and methane were 94–96% and 0.5–0.8%, respectively. The values were close to the experimental results that ranged from 94.7% to 95.6% for the carbon dioxide and from 0.5% to 0.7% for the methane. The model predicts that higher temperatures of operation would increase carbon monoxide composition from 4–5% up to 7–8%.

This paper presents three new and improved non-isolated topologies of quadratic boost converters (QBC). Reduced voltage stress across switching devices and high voltage gain with single switch operation are the main advantages of the proposed topologies. These topologies utilize voltage multiplier cells (VMC) made of switched capacitors and switched inductors to increase the converter’s voltage gain. The analysis in continuous conduction mode is discussed in detail. The proposed converter’s voltage gain is higher than the conventional quadratic boost converter, and other recently introduced boost converters. The proposed topologies utilize only a single switch and have continuous input current and low voltage stress across switch, capacitors, and diodes, which leads to the selection of low voltage rating components. The converter’s non-ideal voltage gain is also determined by considering the parasitic capacitance and ON state resistances of switch and diodes. The efficiency analysis incorporating switching and conduction losses of the switching and passive elements is done using PLECS software (Plexim, Zurich, Switzerland). The hardware prototype of the proposed converters is developed and tested for verification.

The output of a photovoltaic array is reduced considerably when PV panels are shaded even partially. The impact of shading causes an appreciable loss in power delivery, since the PV panels are connected in series and parallel to contribute to the required voltage and power for the load. The prevailing research on mitigating the shading impact is mostly based on complex reconfiguration strategies where the PV panels are subjected to complex rewiring schemes. On the other hand, to disperse the shading many studies in the literature defend the physical rearrangement of the panels. The available intensive reconfiguration schemes, such as the series parallel (SP), bridge link (BL), honeycomb (HC), and total cross tied (TCT) schemes, try only to mitigate the shading impact and there is no scope for compensation; as a result, a loss of output power is inevitable. In the proposed research work, both the mitigation of and the compensation for the losses incurred due to shading are studied. In this work, an optimal reconfiguration scheme is adopted to reduce the shading impact and a power electronic circuit with a battery source is designed to compensate for the shading losses in all aspects. In the optimal reconfiguration scheme, a bifurcation strategy is adopted in each column and the electrical connections of the PV panels are interchanged such that the shading impact is dispersed. The power electronic circuit consists of a half-bridge buck converter with a battery source that injects the current required by a shaded column. This setup compensates for the shaded PV array’s power and improves the efficiency of the total system. The proposed scheme was implemented in a 3200 W system and subjected to various shading patterns, including single panel shading, corner shading, long and wide shading, and random shading. The proposed scheme was simulated in the MATLAB Simulink environment and compared with static 4 × 4 PV array configurations, including the series parallel (SP), bridge link (BL), honeycomb (HC), and total cross tied (TCT) configurations. The comparative performance was assessed in terms of mismatch power loss, fill factor, and efficiency. The proposed system is suitable for all shading patterns and was proved to be very efficient even in the worst shading, where 1353 W was saved.

The goal of this study is to look into how changes in crude oil prices affect GDP per capita and exchange rate fluctuations.to investigate the influence of crude oil price shocks on GDP per capita and exchange rate movements. This research employed yearly time series data for the price of crude oil, exchange rate (USD/INR), and GDP per capita, from 1990 to 2020. Arithmetical tools such as Descriptive, Unit Root, Granger Causality Test, and OLS Model were applied. The present study discovered a strong bi-directional Granger causality effect of Dubai crude oil prices on exchange rates, as well as a bi-directional Granger influence of exchange rates on WTI crude oil prices. The diagnostic tests were successfully passed by the estimated models. According to the OLS model, the exchange rate was driven only by the price of Dubai crude oil, although the price of WTI crude oil influenced both the GDP per capita and the exchange rate over the research period. The key policy recommendation derived from this analysis is that the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) must depreciate the rupee, first to restore much-needed exchange rate stability, then to stimulate domestic manufacturers, and finally, to attract foreign capital inflows.

The pollution caused by gas flaring is hazardous to the health of flora, fauna, and humans settled around the flaring site. Gas flaring also incurs economic loss as natural gas, an energy source, is wasted in flares. Furthermore, the unreliable electrical infrastructure is a roadblock for oil and gas companies attempting to achieve their production targets. This paper presents a framework to design hybrid energy systems (HES) which utilize the gas flare waste along with the locally available renewable energy sources to generate electricity. A novel dispatch strategy to suit the requirements of the oil and gas fields has been used for real-time simulations and optimization of the HES. As a test case, six different hybrid energy configurations, modelled for two gas flaring sites, Lakwa and Geleky in Assam—India, were analyzed and compared on the basis of economic and environmental factors. The best suitable configuration comprised 2000 kW solar photovoltaic (PV) panel sets, one 200 kW gas microturbine, two 30 kW gas microturbines, and grid connection. The proposed system economically outperformed the existing power system in the area by 35.52% in terms of the net present cost. Moreover, it could save 850 tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually, and it has a renewable fraction of 93.7% in the total energy generation. Owing to these merits, the presented technique would be a promising option for generation of electricity from flare gas waste and to mitigate pollution.

The most common method for assessment of a photovoltaic (PV) system performance is by comparing its energy production to reference data (irradiance or neighboring PV system). Ideally, at normal operation, the compared sets of data tend to show a linear relationship. Deviations from this linearity are mainly due to malfunctions occurring in the PV system or data input anomalies: a significant number of measurements (named as outliers) may not fulfill this, and complicate a proper performance evaluation. In this paper a new data analysis method is introduced which allows to automatically distinguish the measurements that fit to a near-linear relationship from those which do not (outliers). Although it can be applied to any scatter-plot, where the sets of data tend to be linear, it is specifically used here for two different purposes in PV system monitoring: (1) to detect and exclude any data input anomalies; and (2) to detect and separate measurements where the PV system is functioning properly from the measurements characteristic for malfunctioning. Finally, the data analysis method is applied in four different cases, either with precise reference data (pyranometer and neighboring PV system) or with scattered reference data (in plane irradiance obtained from application of solar models on satellite observations).

The goal of this study was to examine the interlinkage of renewable energy, technology innovation, human capital, and governance on environment quality by using a panel quantile regression in Asian emerging economies over the period of 1990–2019. The results indicated that higher economic growth, population density, technological innovation in renewable energy, and exploitation of natural resources have significantly raised CO2 emissions in emerging Asia. Furthermore, larger capital, more use of renewable energy, green technology, and human capital development can improve environmental sustainability in Asia. As for governances, proxied by corruption rates, no evidence indicated that it has resulted in more damage, unlike earlier studies have suggested. The findings indicated that the three channels exposed in the Kuznets hypothesis can serve as a reference for proposals for environmental policies (scale of consumption, energy composition, and choice of technologies). There are opportunities to reduce CO2 emissions through investments in human development, investing in new technologies to increase efficiency in energy (generation and consumption), increasing working capital (GCF), and migrating to more environmentally friendly energy. The negative link between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth, increases in population density, and exploitation of natural resources can compromise the achievement of sustainable environmental goals.

Solar air heating devices have been employed in a wide range of industrial and home applications for solar energy conversion and recovery. It is a useful technique for increasing the rate of heat transfer by artificially creating repetitive roughness on the absorbing surface in the form of semicircular ribs. A thermo-hydraulic performance analysis for a fully developed turbulent flow through rib-roughened solar air heater (SAH) is presented in this article by employing computational fluid dynamics. Both 2-dimensional geometrical modeling and numerical solutions were performed in the finite volume package ANSYS FLUENT. The renormalization-group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model was used, as it is suitable for low Reynolds number (Re) turbulent flows. A thermo-hydraulic performance analysis of an SAH was carried out for a ranging Re, 3800–18,000 (6 sets); relative roughness pitch (RRP), 5–25 (12 sets); relative roughness height (RRH), 0.03–0.06 (3 sets); and heat flux, 1000 W/m2. The numerical analysis revealed that with an RRP of 5 and an RRH of 0.06, the roughened duct produces the highest augmentation in average Nur in the order of 2.76 times that of a plain duct at an Re of 18,000. With an RRP = 10 and RRH = 0.06, the roughened duct was found to provide the most optimum thermo-hydraulic performance parameter (THPP). The THPP was determined to have a maximum value of 1.98 when the Re is equal to 15,000. It was found that semi-circular ribs which have a rib pitch = 20 mm and a rib height = 2 mm can be applied in an SAH to enhance heat transfer.