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AbstractThis article summarizes scientific knowledge and practical experiences on the release and capture of SO2 and SO3 with a special focus on the implications of oxy-fuel combustion conditions on sulphur emission behaviour. Results, obtained at the experimental, 500 kWth atmospheric, pulverized fuel combustion rig (KSVA) of the IFK regarding sulphur oxide (SO2/SO3) emissions and capture behaviour are presented. The experimental plant was operated with pre-dried sulphur rich lignite in air and oxy-fuel combustion mode. The following issues are highlighted in particular:•General and transient behaviour of SO2 emissions under air and oxy-fuel combustion conditions SO3•separation behavior of the ESP under oxy-fuel conditions•Differences of ESP ash qualities from air and oxy-fuel operation

AbstractIn this work, the influence of the c-Si surface finishing (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) prior to the deposition of the Al2O3 passivation layer on the passivation quality is investigated. The samples are characterized by a combination of Quasi-Steady-State-PhotoConductance (QSSPC) Capacity-Conductance (CV), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transformed InfraRed (FTIR) measurements. Furthermore, FTIR measurements are used to determine the thickness of interfacial SiOx layer.

Abstract Due to the ability to obtain energy from direct connection to the electricity grid, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles benefit both society and drivers environmentally and economically by reducing energy consumption and emissions. To extend the travel range, existing studies focus mostly on optimizing the power split of the internal combustion engine and battery without considering the impact of the transmission system. This paper deals with the optimization of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) operation for a parallel pre-transmission hybrid powertrain. The novelty of this paper is that the operation of both engine and CVT transmission are optimized together, resulting in a better fuel efficiency. Simulation work has been carried out to compare the performance of the optimized CVT transmission with a fixed transmission, showing that the fuel consumption is reduced and hence the range is increased for the optimized CVT, which makes the engine to operate in higher efficiency points. A key advantage of the formulation proposed is that the result of the optimization process may be expressed in terms of a 2D map that for any pair of vehicle speed and traction force gives the optimal value of the CVT transmission ratio. Such a map may be easily implemented in real vehicular applications.

Abstract Energy storage is widely believed as a solution to the high integration of renewable energy technologies. As more renewable energy systems are deployed, there will be an increasing need for more energy storage. So far, pumped hydro storage (PHS) is considered the most significantly used storage technology. Investors are looking for systems able to overcome PHS drawbacks. As an alternative to PHS, gravity energy storage is a system that is currently under development. This technology is based on PHS working principle. The modeling and simulation of this system is the subject of this paper. This work focuses on the hydraulic dynamics of the system. Since gravity energy storage requires complex fluid and structural systems, a mathematical model has been developed using Simulink to investigate the system performance. The proposed model has been validated experimentally. The results obtained from the performed simulation allow for the identification of important parameters such as duty cycle time, piston position, chambers pressure and volume, as well as quantification of the system power and capacity. It is demonstrated that the simulated model can successfully mimic the operation of a real model with relatively small errors.

Abstract City sustainability is an inherently complex process, yet increasingly robust computational tools and digital data are emerging to assist with analysis and planning. Broadly speaking, scholars and urban planners have been developed a large variety of models that can estimate the building energy use aiming the implementation of urban energy reduction strategies and policies. In this paper we propose a brief up-to-date review of the aforementioned models, particularly focussing on spatio-temporal observation. The goal of this paper is to show how to integrate the urban energy use models and the growing attention towards to environmental impact, using Second Law of Thermodynamic for a more rational metric of city sustainability.

AbstractCO2 storage monitoring programmes aim to demonstrate the effectiveness of the project in controlling atmospheric CO2 levels, by providing confidence in predictions of the long-term fate of stored CO2 and identifying and measuring any potentially harmful leaks to the environment. In addition, the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) treats leakages of stored CO2 from the geosphere in to the ocean or atmosphere as emissions, and as such they need to be accounted for. An escape of CO2 from storage may be detected through losses from the reservoir, or migration through the overburden, into shallow groundwater systems, through topsoil and into the atmosphere, or through a seabed into the water column. Various monitoring techniques can be deployed to detect and in some cases quantify leakage in each of these compartments. This paper presents a portfolio of monitoring methods that are appropriate for CO2 leakage quantification, with a view to minimising both uncertainties and costs.