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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Naegel, Paul;

    Au milieu des années 1950, Électricité de France, opérateur largement dominant dans la production et la distribution d'énergie sous forme électrique, du fait de l'avenir encore incertain du nucléaire civil, a opté, avec la construction de l''usine marémotrice sur l'estuaire de la Rance, pour une énergie renouvelable d'un type encore inusité à l'échelle industrielle. Cette centrale hydroélectrique, en de nombreux points particulièrement innovante, inaugurée en 1967, sera pourtant la seule de ce type réalisée en France. Elle est toujours en service. A un moment où la question des énergies renouvelables est pour le moins à l'ordre du jour, même si les réalisations restent modestes en termes industriels en France, il nous a semblé intéressant de mobiliser l'histoire d'une réalisation qui a, depuis des lustres, produit ce que nous considérons comme une bifurcation énergétique, dont l'avenir reste largement à construire.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Vargel, Céline;

    Northern high-latitude regions are warming more intensely than the rest of the world. This phenomenon, called Arctic amplification, is due in part to the decrease in sea ice extent and snow cover. Snow, which is present 9 months of the year, could have a significant effect on the increase in land surface temperatures by changing its reflective and insulating properties. Thawing of permafrost which could release important amount of soil carbone into the atmosphere could have a significant positive feedback on the future climate of the Arctic. The objective of this research project is to improve the monitoring of Arctic snow cover and ground temperatures. Detailed models of snow cover evolution such as the Crocus multi-layered model are unable to reproduce the particular physics of Arctic snow, which leads to significant uncertainties in the modeling of ground temperatures. New physical parameterizations have been implemented within the Crocus model to improve the vertical stratification of the snowpack by introducing vegetation effects (less dense snow at the bottom) and wind effects (denser snow at the surface), as well as to modify the thermal conductivity of snow. These new parameterizations allow a better representation of ground temperatures under the snowpack, validated with a large dataset in Alaska, Canadian Arctic and Siberia. The simulations thus carried out using the modified Crocus model, driven by the ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis over the last 39 years (1979-2018), at the pan-Arctic scale, show a significant increase in snow density in spring as well as in snow moisture, mainly in spring and fall, accompanied by a significant decrease in the duration of the snow cover. These effects, combined with the increase in air temperature, lead to an increase in ground temperature of up to +0.89 K per decade for the month of June. In order to improve monitoring the spatial and temporal evolution of the snow cover, the use of microwave satellite observation data is proposed. Based on the analysis of a unique dataset of surface radiometric measurements, associated with the in-situ characterization of the snowpit (119 snowpits with simultaneous observations) in the Arctic and sub-Arctic zones, an optimal parameterization of the SMRT model has been defined. The results show that using a fitted exponential correlation length as a snow microstructure parameter in the Improved Born Approximation (IBA) electromagnetic model gives the best results compared to the other model configurations tested, with a mean error (RMSE) of less than 30% of the observations for subarctic snow and 24% for Arctic snow. Coupled with Crocus, the simulated brightness temperatures over the entire Arctic are significantly better with modified Crocus than with standard Crocus (38 K improvement in mean bias). These results pave the way for using the assimilation of satellite microwave observations into the Crocus model to improve simulations of Arctic snow density, a key snowpack parameter influencing the evolution of ground temperatures under the snow.; Les régions de hautes latitudes nord se réchauffent de façon plus intense que sur le reste du globe. Ce phénomène, appelé amplification arctique, est dû en partie à la diminution de l'étendue de glace de mer et de la couverture de neige. Par ses changements de pouvoirs réfléchissant et isolant, la neige, présente 9 mois de l'année, pourrait avoir un effet important sur l'augmentation des températures du sol. Le dégel du pergélisol à travers le carbone ainsi libéré serait susceptible d'avoir un impact important sur le climat futur de l'Arctique. Ce projet de recherche a pour objectif d'améliorer le suivi du couvert nival arctique et des températures du sol. À l'heure actuelle, les modèles détaillés d'évolution du manteau neigeux tels que le modèle Crocus ne parviennent pas à reproduire la physique particulière de la neige arctique ce qui conduit à des incertitudes importantes dans la modélisation des températures du sol. De nouvelles paramétrisations physiques ont été implémentées au sein du modèle Crocus pour améliorer la stratification verticale du manteau neigeux en introduisant les effets de la végétation (neige moins dense en profondeur) et les effets du vent (neige plus dense en surface), ainsi que pour modifier la conductivité thermique de la neige. Ces nouvelles paramétrisations permettent une meilleure représentation des températures du sol sous la neige, validée avec un large jeu de données en Alaska, dans l'Arctique canadien et en Sibérie. Les simulations ainsi réalisées à l'aide du modèle Crocus modifié, piloté par la réanalyse météorologique ERA-Interim sur les 39 dernières années (1979-2018), à l'échelle panarctique, montrent une augmentation significative de la densité de la neige au printemps ainsi que de l'humidité de la neige principalement au printemps et en automne, accompagnée d'une diminution significative de la durée d'enneigement. Ces effets cumulés à l'augmentation des températures de l'air entraînent une augmentation des températures du sol allant jusqu'à +0.89 K par décade pour le mois de juin. De façon à pouvoir améliorer le suivi de l'évolution spatiale et temporelle du couvert nival, l'utilisation de données d'observations satellitaires micro-onde est proposée. À partir de l'analyse d'un jeu de données unique de mesures radiométriques en surface associées à la caractérisation in-situ du manteau neigeux (119 snowpits avec des observations simultanées) en zone arctique et subarctique, une paramétrisation optimale du modèle de transfert radiatif SMRT a été définie. En utilisant une longueur de corrélation exponentielle ajustée comme paramètre de microstructure de la neige dans le modèle électromagnétique Improved Born Approximation (IBA), l'étude montre, par rapport aux autres configurations de modèles testées, de meilleurs résultats avec une erreur moyenne (RMSE) inférieure à 30% des observations pour la neige subarctique et 24% pour la neige arctique. Couplées à Crocus, les températures de brillance simulées sur l'ensemble de l'Arctique sont significativement meilleures avec Crocus modifié qu'avec Crocus standard (38 K d'amélioration de l'erreur en moyenne). Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à l'utilisation de l'assimilation des observations micro-onde satellitaires dans le modèle Crocus à grande échelle afin d'améliorer les simulations de densité de la neige arctique, paramètre clef du manteau neigeux influant sur l'évolution des températures du sol sous la neige.

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    Authors: Tomassetti, Paolo;

    Cet article explique pourquoi et comment différents paradigmes énergétiques et leur économie politique ont affecté les institutions de relations professionnelles et industrielles au fil du temps. S’appuyant sur une nouvelle littérature qui considère les sources d’énergie comme un référent analytique central, sont discutés et présentés les contextes économiques reposant successivement sur le charbon, le pétrole, le nucléaire et le solaire. Alors que la possibilité d’un contrôle de la main-d’œuvre sur l’extraction et la distribution du charbon a favorisé le développement d’institutions démocratiques et d’un État-providence dans les régimes occidentaux et dans les économies récemment développées de ce que l’on appelle les pays du Sud, le « pétro-capitalisme » et l’économie politique de l’énergie nucléaire ont contribué au démantèlement des marchés internes du travail et à la crise des institutions classiques du droit du travail et des relations professionnelles1. Contrairement au pétrole et au nucléaire, les énergies renouvelables pourraient favoriser le passage d’un modèle économique extractif à un modèle génératif et participatif : en introduisant plus de démocratie dans le pouvoir politique et économique de l’énergie, les énergies renouvelables pourraient mieux servir le bien-être humain, le travail et l’environnement. This article discusses how and why different energy paradigms and their political economies have affected labour and industrial relations institutions over time. Drawing on a novel literature that considers energy sources as a core analytical referent, the following trajectories are presented and discussed. While the possibility of labour control over the mining and distribution of coal has favoured the development of democratic institutions and welfare state in Western jurisdictions and in recently developed economies in the so-called Global South, ‘petro-capitalism’ and the political economy of nuclear energy have contributed to the dismantling of internal labour markets and to the crisis of classical labour law and industrial relations institutions. In contrast to oil and nuclear power, renewable energy sources could favour the transition from an extractive economic model to one that is generative and participatory: by re-democratising the political and economic power of energy, renewables might be able to better serve human welfare, labour and the environment.

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    Authors: Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy; +4 Authors

    Climate change will affect agricultural production conditions, which will translate in impacts on yield and cost of production for Quebec farmers. This would likely affect the relative competitive position of Quebec in North America. Using the Delphi technique and partial budgets, climate change scenarios for the 2050 period were elaborated and their impact on relative competitiveness assessed for Quebec and its competitors in North America. Results indicate that Quebec competitive position would improve due to more favorable conditions for corn and apple production and due to worsen conditions for the competitors in maple syrup production.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2014
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2014
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    Authors: Maestrini, S; Rochet, M; Legendre, L; Demers, S;

    Nutrient analyses were done in melted ice, frazil and sea water of the upper part of the water column, where as major constitutive elements of micro-algae were analysed. Measurements of nutrient uptake were carried out with frazil algae incubated at -1.5 degree C in a field incubator. Differential-enrichment bioassays and mean N/P ratio (5.9) demonstrated that actual growth of the cultures was nutrient-limited. Nitrogen governed the algal yield when illumination and grazing allowed the microalgae to grow. It concluded that the epontic dynamics is not only controlled from above, by the seasonal (climatic) changes in light intensity as generally assumed, but also from below, by the short-term (hydrodynamic) events of vertical mixing that replenish the ice-water interface in nutrients.

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  • Authors: Veillette, Marc;

    Résumé : Au Canada, près de 80% des émissions totales, soit 692 Mt eq. CO[indice inférieur 2], des gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont produits par les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO[indice inférieur 2]) provenant de l’utilisation de matières fossiles non renouvelables. Après la Conférence des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, COP21 (Paris, France), plusieurs pays ont pour objectif de réduire leurs émissions de GES. Dans cette optique, les microalgues pourraient être utilisées pour capter le CO[indice inférieur 2] industriel et le transformer en biomasse composée principalement de lipides, de glucides et de protéines. De plus, la culture des microalgues n’utilise pas de terre arable contrairement à plusieurs plantes oléagineuses destinées à la production de biocarburants. Bien que les microalgues puissent être transformées en plusieurs biocarburants tels le bioéthanol (notamment par fermentation des glucides) ou le biométhane (par digestion anaérobie), la transformation des lipides en biodiesel pourrait permettre de réduire la consommation de diesel produit à partir de pétrole. Cependant, les coûts reliés à la production de biodiesel à partir de microalgues demeurent élevés pour une commercialisation à court terme en partie parce que les microalgues sont cultivées en phase aqueuse contrairement à plusieurs plantes oléagineuses, ce qui augmente le coût de récolte de la biomasse et de l’extraction des lipides. Malgré le fait que plusieurs techniques de récupération des lipides des microalgues n’utilisant pas de solvant organique sont mentionnées dans la littérature scientifique, la plupart des méthodes testées en laboratoire utilisent généralement des solvants organiques. Les lipides extraits peuvent être transestérifiés en biodiesel en présence d’un alcool tel que le méthanol et d’un catalyseur (catalyses homogène ou hétérogène). Pour la commercialisation du biodiesel à partir de microalgues, le respect des normes ASTM en vigueur est un point essentiel. Lors des essais en laboratoire, il a été démontré que l’extraction des lipides en phase aqueuse était possible afin d’obtenir un rendement maximal en lipides de 36% (m/m, base sèche) en utilisant un prétraitement consistant en une ébullition de la phase aqueuse contenant les microalgues et une extraction par des solvants organiques. Pour l’estérification, en utilisant une résine échangeuse de cations (Amberlyst-15), une conversion des acides gras libres de 84% a été obtenue à partir des lipides de la microalgue Chlorella protothecoïdes dans les conditions suivantes : température : 120°C, pression autogène, temps de réaction : 60 min, ratio méthanol/lipides: 0.57 mL/g et 2.5% (m/m) Amberlyst-15 par rapport aux lipides. En utilisant ces conditions avec une catalyse homogène (acide sulfurique) et une seconde étape alcaline avec de l’hydroxyde de potassium (température : 60°C ; temps de réaction : 22.2 min; ratio catalyseur microalgue : 2.48% (m/m); ratio méthanol par rapport aux lipides des microalgues : 31.4%), un rendement en esters méthyliques d’acides gras (EMAG) de 33% (g EMAG/g lipides) a été obtenu à partir des lipides de la microalgue Scenedesmus Obliquus. Les résultats démontrent que du biodiesel peut être produit à partir de microalgues. Cependant, basé sur les présents résultats, il sera necessaire de mener d’autre recherche pour prouver que les microalgues sont une matière première d’avenir pour la production de biodiesel. ; Abstract : In Canada, near 80% of the greenhouse gases (GHG), 692 Mt eq. CO[subscript 2], are produced by CO[subscript 2] emissions from non renewable fossil fuel used. Following the United Nations conference on climate changes (COP21) (Paris, France), several countries have the objective to reduce their GHG emissions. Consequently, the microalgae should be used to trap industrial carbon dioxide and transform them to a biomass composed of lipids, carbon hydrates and proteins. Moreover, this type of culture does not require arable land in opposition to several oleagineous plant used to produce biofuels. Despite the fact that microalgae can be transformed to several biofuels as bioethanol (among others by fermentation) or biomethane (by anaerobic digestion), the lipid transformation into biodiesel shoud allow reducing the petrodiesel consumption. However, the cost linked to the biodiesel production from microalgae remain relatively high far for a short term commercialisation partially because microalgae are cultivated in aqueous phase in opposition to several oleagineous plants increase the biomass harvesting and the lipid extraction cost. Despite de fact that several techniques of microalgae lipids recovery which do not use organic solvents as mentioned in the literature, most methods tested in laboratory generally used organic solvents. The lipids extracted can be transformed into biodiesel in presence of an alcool such as methanol and a catalyst (homogeneous or heterogeneous). For the microalgae biodiesel commercialization, the respect of ASTM standards is an essential point. At the laboratory scale, it was shown that the lipid extraction in aqueous phase was possible to obtain a maximum yield of 36wt% (dry weight) by using a boiling pretreatment of the aqueous phase microalgae followed by an extraction with organic solvents. For the esterification of FFAs with a strong acid resin (Amberlyst-15), a FFAs conversion of 84% was obtained from Chlorella protothecoides microalgae lipids in the following conditions: temperature: 120°C, autogeneous pressure, reaction time: 60 min, methanol/lipids ratio: 0.57 mL/g and 2.5wt% Amberlyst-15 compared to lipids. With the same reaction conditions (1st step) with a homogeneous catalyst (H[subscript 2] SO[subscript 4]) and an alkaline second step with a catalyst of potassium hydroxide (KOH) (temperature: 60°C; reaction time: 22.2 min ; catalyst to microalgue ratio: 2.48wt%; methanol to lipids ratio: 31.4%), a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 33% (g FAME/g lipids) was obtained from the Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae lipids. These results showed that biodiesel can be produced from microalgae lipids. However, based on these results, further research had be conducted in order to prove that microalgae are a promising raw matrial to produce biodiesel.

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    Authors: Aguiar, Lazar;

    During 50 last years, West Africa has been undergoing one of the most significant variations in rainfall observed around the globe. These climatic fluctuations have not only affected the characteristics of precipitations but also the hydrogeologic and forest resources considering their major effects on the agricultural ones of the area. This thesis examines climate variability and its consequences on water resources and the dynamic of wetlands, particularly Niayes 3 in Senegal during the period between 1950 and 2004.The thesis is based on three components. The first is an inter-annual and daily characterization of climate variability through a trend analysis of several variability indices and precipitation extremes. The second deals with the response of Niayes’ hydrogeological systems’ to rainfall variations through an inter-annual analysis (1958-2002) and an intra-annual analysis of the water table level. Two extreme examples are analyzed in order to illustrate the phenomenon: The excessive rainfall year of 1958 and the deficient rainfall year of 1974. Finally, the impact of hydro- climatological variability on wet zones is estimated based on monitoring of changes to soil use via an analysis of aerial photographs from 1954, 1974 and 2000.The results show that the rainfall deficit recorded in the Niayes’ since the end of the year 1960 is related to a reduction of the number of rainy days (2j/10 years on average) and a rise of the maximum number of consecutive dry days (4j/10 years on average) during the monsoon season between April and October. The number of days exceeding high precipitation values (compared to the 90th percentile) also decreased. However, cumulative three-day precipitation totals frequently reached 1⁄4 of the annual total, which confirms the role played by extreme events on the average intensity and monthly or seasonal totals of precipitation. In addition to a reduction in the length of the rainy season from more than five months to close to three months between 1950 and 2004, precipitation decreased more substantially in the South than the North, resulting in a reduction of the South-North gradient.The Quaternary water table is currently at an extremely low level, due to a long period of insufficient rainfall. The piezometric maximum for the region as a whole went from an average of +55 m in 1958 to +22 m in 1994 (above the sea level 0 value). The greatest variations were recorded in the 1970s and 1980s - particularly in the south of the Niayes region - with -0.60 m every 10 years. The hydrological total for 1974 suggests that natural factors are the main causes of depletion of the water table with 96% of outflows, including 89% by evapotranspiration. On a seasonal scale, the water table recharge depends on the frequency, intensity and the length of precipitation and dry sequences within the rainy season more than the annual total. In a «rainy year» (1958), the recharge time was between 5 and 7 months compared to a «dry year» (1974) when piezometric fluctuations were nil.The current degradation of hydro-climactic conditions is demonstrated by a progressive drying out of wetlands. For the entire Niayes region, the area of permanently flooded areas went from more than 1.000 ha in 1954 to less than 170 ha in 1974 to reach approximately 50 ha in 1982. In 2000, no ponds were noticeable in the region. In the Mboro area (15°9 N - 16°54 W) permanently flooded zones have gradually transformed into partial hydromorph soils. The «rain recovery» observed in the late 1990s did not lead to a surface reappearance of the water table which is undergoing a «memory effect» due to repeated rain deficits.; Au cours des 50 dernières années, l’Afrique de l’Ouest a subi une des plus fortes variations de la pluviométrie observées à l’échelle du Globe. Ces fluctuations climatiques ont non seulement affecté le régime des précipitations mais elles ont également engendré des conséquences sur les ressources hydrologiques et végétales. Cette thèse traite de la variabilité climatique et de ses conséquences sur les ressources en eau et la dynamique des zones humides notamment des Niayes 2 du Sénégal au cours de la période comprise entre 1950 et 2004.La thèse s’articule autour de trois volets. Le premier est une caractérisation inter- annuelle et quotidienne de la variabilité climatique par l’analyse de tendance de quelques indices de variabilité et d’extrêmes de précipitations. Le second volet porte sur la réponse des systèmes hydrogéologiques des Niayes à la variabilité pluviométrique par une analyse inter-annuelle (1958-2002) et intra-annuelle du niveau de la nappe. Deux exemples extrêmes sont analysés pour illustrer le phénomène: l’année excédentaire de 1958 et l’année déficitaire de 1974. Enfin, l’impact de la variabilité hydro-climatologique sur les zones humides a été estimé à partir d’un suivi de l’évolution des zones humides via l’analyse diachronique de photographies aériennes des années 1954, 1974 et 2000.Les résultats de l’étude montrent que le déficit pluviométrique enregistré dans la région des Niayes depuis la fin des années 1960 est lié à une réduction du nombre de jours pluvieux (2j/10 ans en moyenne) et une hausse du nombre maximum de jours secs consécutifs (4j/10 ans en moyenne) au cours de la saison de mousson entre avril et octobre. Le nombre de jours dépassant les fortes valeurs de précipitations (par rapport au 90 e centile) a également subi une baisse. Par contre, les précipitations cumulées sur trois jours atteignent souvent le 1⁄4 du cumul annuel ce qui confirme le rôle joué par les événements extrêmes sur l’intensité moyenne et les cumuls mensuels ou saisonniers des précipitations. En plus d’une réduction de la durée de la saison pluvieuse qui est passée de plus de cinq mois à près de trois mois entre 1950 et 2004, les précipitations ont davantage baissé au Sud qu’au Nord, induisant une réduction du gradient Sud-Nord.La Nappe des Sables Quaternaires est actuellement à un niveau extrêmement bas résultant d’une longue période pluviométrique déficitaire. Le maximum piézométrique est passé, sur l’ensemble de la région, de +55 m en moyenne en 1958 à +22 m en 1994 (au dessus du niveau 0 de la mer). Les plus fortes variations sont enregistrées au cours des années 1970 et 1980 - notamment au sud de la région des Niayes - avec -0.60 m tous les dix ans. Le bilan hydrologique de l’année 1974 suggère que les facteurs naturels sont les principales causes de déstockage de la nappe avec 96% des sorties dont 89% par évapotranspiration. À l’échelle saisonnière, la recharge de la nappe dépend de la fréquence, de l’intensité et de la durée des précipitations et des séquences sèches à l’intérieur de la saison pluvieuse plus que du cumul annuel. En année de précipitations excédentaires (1958), le temps de recharge est de 5 à 7 mois contrairement en année «sèche» (1974) où les fluctuations piézométriques sont quasi nulles.La dégradation actuelle des conditions hydro-climatiques se manifeste par un asséchement progressif de zones humides. Sur l’ensemble de la région des Niayes, la superficie des zones inondées en permanence est passée de plus de 1000 ha en 1954 à moins de 170 ha en 1974 pour atteindre environ 50 ha en 1982. En 2000, aucune zone inondée en permanence n’est perceptible. Dans le secteur de Mboro (15°9 N - 16°54 W) les zones inondées en permanence se sont transformées progressivement en sols à hydromorphie partielle. La «reprise pluviométrique» observée à la fin des années 1990 n’a pas initié une réapparition en surface de la nappe qui subit un «effet mémoire» dû aux déficits pluviométriques répétés.

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  • Authors: Radau, Rodolphe, 1835-1911.;

    Mode of access: Internet.

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    Authors: de Boer, F.; Kessler, J. J.;

    Metadata only record This document presents an analysis of Fulani pastoral farming systems that focuses on how pastoralists use silvopastoral land. It aims to provide the missing knowledge needed to implement the resource management ('gestion des terroirs') approach at village level. In this region the influence of pastoral land use on the environment appears to be less pronounced than that of crop cultivation, even though levels of animal production are reasonable. The carrying capacity of the region has not yet been attained. Current constraints to pastoral land use in the region arise from the encroachment of cropland at the expense of pastoral land, and the increase in animal numbers. To develop sustainable natural resource management at village level that includes Fulani pastoral land use, the key factors appear to be the integration of livestock husbandry and cropland cultivation at household level, agreements between pastoralists and cropland farmers on land tenure and resource management, and support targeting of Fulani households (which have so far been neglected). Specific recommendations are given. (CAB Abstract)

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    Authors: Nefzi, Aida;

    The literature is not unanimous as for the effect of the climatic change on developing countries. Indeed, if several studies conclude that the agriculture of developing countries is vulnerable to the climatic change because of the predominance of weak capital agriculture, others suggest that climate change will be benefit to agriculture. This thesis has for objective to study the impact of the climate change on the Tunisian agriculture while using an analysis ricardienne of the agricultural value added. We execute a spatiotemporal analysis of the answer of the agricultural value added to the climate change on a relative data base of 21 governates of Tunisia that covers the period 1992-2007. On the basis of results of evaluation of this analysis, we proceed to a simulation of the impact of the climate change on agriculture relatively on the projections of a moderate scenario on the 2020 horizon. Results suggest that the climate change combined to an evolution of the technological level would have some beneficial effects on the Tunisian agriculture. This result would put back in question findings of the existing study that insist on the negative effects of the climatic change on agriculture. La littérature n'est pas unanime quant à l'effet favorable ou défavorable du changement climatique sur les pays en voie de développement. En effet, si plusieurs travaux concluent que l'agriculture des pays en voie de développement est vulnérable au changement climatique à cause de la prédominance de l'agriculture à faible capital, d'autres suggèrent le contraire. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture tunisienne en utilisant une analyse ricardienne de la valeur ajoutée agricole. Nous effectuons une analyse spatio-temporelle de la réponse de la valeur ajoutée agricole au changement climatique sur une base de données relative à 21 gouvernorats de la Tunisie qui couvre la période 1992-2007. Sur la base des résultats d'estimation de cette analyse, nous procédons à une simulation de l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture relativement aux projections d'un scénario modéré à l'horizon 2020. Les résultats suggèrent que le changement climatique combiné à une évolution du niveau technologique aurait des effets bénéfiques sur l'agriculture tunisienne. Ce résultat remettrait en question les conclusions de la majorité des travaux existants dans la littérature qui insistent sur les effets négatifs du changement climatique sur l'agriculture.

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    Authors: Naegel, Paul;

    Au milieu des années 1950, Électricité de France, opérateur largement dominant dans la production et la distribution d'énergie sous forme électrique, du fait de l'avenir encore incertain du nucléaire civil, a opté, avec la construction de l''usine marémotrice sur l'estuaire de la Rance, pour une énergie renouvelable d'un type encore inusité à l'échelle industrielle. Cette centrale hydroélectrique, en de nombreux points particulièrement innovante, inaugurée en 1967, sera pourtant la seule de ce type réalisée en France. Elle est toujours en service. A un moment où la question des énergies renouvelables est pour le moins à l'ordre du jour, même si les réalisations restent modestes en termes industriels en France, il nous a semblé intéressant de mobiliser l'histoire d'une réalisation qui a, depuis des lustres, produit ce que nous considérons comme une bifurcation énergétique, dont l'avenir reste largement à construire.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Vargel, Céline;

    Northern high-latitude regions are warming more intensely than the rest of the world. This phenomenon, called Arctic amplification, is due in part to the decrease in sea ice extent and snow cover. Snow, which is present 9 months of the year, could have a significant effect on the increase in land surface temperatures by changing its reflective and insulating properties. Thawing of permafrost which could release important amount of soil carbone into the atmosphere could have a significant positive feedback on the future climate of the Arctic. The objective of this research project is to improve the monitoring of Arctic snow cover and ground temperatures. Detailed models of snow cover evolution such as the Crocus multi-layered model are unable to reproduce the particular physics of Arctic snow, which leads to significant uncertainties in the modeling of ground temperatures. New physical parameterizations have been implemented within the Crocus model to improve the vertical stratification of the snowpack by introducing vegetation effects (less dense snow at the bottom) and wind effects (denser snow at the surface), as well as to modify the thermal conductivity of snow. These new parameterizations allow a better representation of ground temperatures under the snowpack, validated with a large dataset in Alaska, Canadian Arctic and Siberia. The simulations thus carried out using the modified Crocus model, driven by the ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis over the last 39 years (1979-2018), at the pan-Arctic scale, show a significant increase in snow density in spring as well as in snow moisture, mainly in spring and fall, accompanied by a significant decrease in the duration of the snow cover. These effects, combined with the increase in air temperature, lead to an increase in ground temperature of up to +0.89 K per decade for the month of June. In order to improve monitoring the spatial and temporal evolution of the snow cover, the use of microwave satellite observation data is proposed. Based on the analysis of a unique dataset of surface radiometric measurements, associated with the in-situ characterization of the snowpit (119 snowpits with simultaneous observations) in the Arctic and sub-Arctic zones, an optimal parameterization of the SMRT model has been defined. The results show that using a fitted exponential correlation length as a snow microstructure parameter in the Improved Born Approximation (IBA) electromagnetic model gives the best results compared to the other model configurations tested, with a mean error (RMSE) of less than 30% of the observations for subarctic snow and 24% for Arctic snow. Coupled with Crocus, the simulated brightness temperatures over the entire Arctic are significantly better with modified Crocus than with standard Crocus (38 K improvement in mean bias). These results pave the way for using the assimilation of satellite microwave observations into the Crocus model to improve simulations of Arctic snow density, a key snowpack parameter influencing the evolution of ground temperatures under the snow.; Les régions de hautes latitudes nord se réchauffent de façon plus intense que sur le reste du globe. Ce phénomène, appelé amplification arctique, est dû en partie à la diminution de l'étendue de glace de mer et de la couverture de neige. Par ses changements de pouvoirs réfléchissant et isolant, la neige, présente 9 mois de l'année, pourrait avoir un effet important sur l'augmentation des températures du sol. Le dégel du pergélisol à travers le carbone ainsi libéré serait susceptible d'avoir un impact important sur le climat futur de l'Arctique. Ce projet de recherche a pour objectif d'améliorer le suivi du couvert nival arctique et des températures du sol. À l'heure actuelle, les modèles détaillés d'évolution du manteau neigeux tels que le modèle Crocus ne parviennent pas à reproduire la physique particulière de la neige arctique ce qui conduit à des incertitudes importantes dans la modélisation des températures du sol. De nouvelles paramétrisations physiques ont été implémentées au sein du modèle Crocus pour améliorer la stratification verticale du manteau neigeux en introduisant les effets de la végétation (neige moins dense en profondeur) et les effets du vent (neige plus dense en surface), ainsi que pour modifier la conductivité thermique de la neige. Ces nouvelles paramétrisations permettent une meilleure représentation des températures du sol sous la neige, validée avec un large jeu de données en Alaska, dans l'Arctique canadien et en Sibérie. Les simulations ainsi réalisées à l'aide du modèle Crocus modifié, piloté par la réanalyse météorologique ERA-Interim sur les 39 dernières années (1979-2018), à l'échelle panarctique, montrent une augmentation significative de la densité de la neige au printemps ainsi que de l'humidité de la neige principalement au printemps et en automne, accompagnée d'une diminution significative de la durée d'enneigement. Ces effets cumulés à l'augmentation des températures de l'air entraînent une augmentation des températures du sol allant jusqu'à +0.89 K par décade pour le mois de juin. De façon à pouvoir améliorer le suivi de l'évolution spatiale et temporelle du couvert nival, l'utilisation de données d'observations satellitaires micro-onde est proposée. À partir de l'analyse d'un jeu de données unique de mesures radiométriques en surface associées à la caractérisation in-situ du manteau neigeux (119 snowpits avec des observations simultanées) en zone arctique et subarctique, une paramétrisation optimale du modèle de transfert radiatif SMRT a été définie. En utilisant une longueur de corrélation exponentielle ajustée comme paramètre de microstructure de la neige dans le modèle électromagnétique Improved Born Approximation (IBA), l'étude montre, par rapport aux autres configurations de modèles testées, de meilleurs résultats avec une erreur moyenne (RMSE) inférieure à 30% des observations pour la neige subarctique et 24% pour la neige arctique. Couplées à Crocus, les températures de brillance simulées sur l'ensemble de l'Arctique sont significativement meilleures avec Crocus modifié qu'avec Crocus standard (38 K d'amélioration de l'erreur en moyenne). Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à l'utilisation de l'assimilation des observations micro-onde satellitaires dans le modèle Crocus à grande échelle afin d'améliorer les simulations de densité de la neige arctique, paramètre clef du manteau neigeux influant sur l'évolution des températures du sol sous la neige.

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    Authors: Tomassetti, Paolo;

    Cet article explique pourquoi et comment différents paradigmes énergétiques et leur économie politique ont affecté les institutions de relations professionnelles et industrielles au fil du temps. S’appuyant sur une nouvelle littérature qui considère les sources d’énergie comme un référent analytique central, sont discutés et présentés les contextes économiques reposant successivement sur le charbon, le pétrole, le nucléaire et le solaire. Alors que la possibilité d’un contrôle de la main-d’œuvre sur l’extraction et la distribution du charbon a favorisé le développement d’institutions démocratiques et d’un État-providence dans les régimes occidentaux et dans les économies récemment développées de ce que l’on appelle les pays du Sud, le « pétro-capitalisme » et l’économie politique de l’énergie nucléaire ont contribué au démantèlement des marchés internes du travail et à la crise des institutions classiques du droit du travail et des relations professionnelles1. Contrairement au pétrole et au nucléaire, les énergies renouvelables pourraient favoriser le passage d’un modèle économique extractif à un modèle génératif et participatif : en introduisant plus de démocratie dans le pouvoir politique et économique de l’énergie, les énergies renouvelables pourraient mieux servir le bien-être humain, le travail et l’environnement. This article discusses how and why different energy paradigms and their political economies have affected labour and industrial relations institutions over time. Drawing on a novel literature that considers energy sources as a core analytical referent, the following trajectories are presented and discussed. While the possibility of labour control over the mining and distribution of coal has favoured the development of democratic institutions and welfare state in Western jurisdictions and in recently developed economies in the so-called Global South, ‘petro-capitalism’ and the political economy of nuclear energy have contributed to the dismantling of internal labour markets and to the crisis of classical labour law and industrial relations institutions. In contrast to oil and nuclear power, renewable energy sources could favour the transition from an extractive economic model to one that is generative and participatory: by re-democratising the political and economic power of energy, renewables might be able to better serve human welfare, labour and the environment.

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    Authors: Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy; +4 Authors

    Climate change will affect agricultural production conditions, which will translate in impacts on yield and cost of production for Quebec farmers. This would likely affect the relative competitive position of Quebec in North America. Using the Delphi technique and partial budgets, climate change scenarios for the 2050 period were elaborated and their impact on relative competitiveness assessed for Quebec and its competitors in North America. Results indicate that Quebec competitive position would improve due to more favorable conditions for corn and apple production and due to worsen conditions for the competitors in maple syrup production.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
    Other literature type . 2014
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag...
      Other literature type . 2014
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    Authors: Maestrini, S; Rochet, M; Legendre, L; Demers, S;

    Nutrient analyses were done in melted ice, frazil and sea water of the upper part of the water column, where as major constitutive elements of micro-algae were analysed. Measurements of nutrient uptake were carried out with frazil algae incubated at -1.5 degree C in a field incubator. Differential-enrichment bioassays and mean N/P ratio (5.9) demonstrated that actual growth of the cultures was nutrient-limited. Nitrogen governed the algal yield when illumination and grazing allowed the microalgae to grow. It concluded that the epontic dynamics is not only controlled from above, by the seasonal (climatic) changes in light intensity as generally assumed, but also from below, by the short-term (hydrodynamic) events of vertical mixing that replenish the ice-water interface in nutrients.

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  • Authors: Veillette, Marc;

    Résumé : Au Canada, près de 80% des émissions totales, soit 692 Mt eq. CO[indice inférieur 2], des gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont produits par les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO[indice inférieur 2]) provenant de l’utilisation de matières fossiles non renouvelables. Après la Conférence des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, COP21 (Paris, France), plusieurs pays ont pour objectif de réduire leurs émissions de GES. Dans cette optique, les microalgues pourraient être utilisées pour capter le CO[indice inférieur 2] industriel et le transformer en biomasse composée principalement de lipides, de glucides et de protéines. De plus, la culture des microalgues n’utilise pas de terre arable contrairement à plusieurs plantes oléagineuses destinées à la production de biocarburants. Bien que les microalgues puissent être transformées en plusieurs biocarburants tels le bioéthanol (notamment par fermentation des glucides) ou le biométhane (par digestion anaérobie), la transformation des lipides en biodiesel pourrait permettre de réduire la consommation de diesel produit à partir de pétrole. Cependant, les coûts reliés à la production de biodiesel à partir de microalgues demeurent élevés pour une commercialisation à court terme en partie parce que les microalgues sont cultivées en phase aqueuse contrairement à plusieurs plantes oléagineuses, ce qui augmente le coût de récolte de la biomasse et de l’extraction des lipides. Malgré le fait que plusieurs techniques de récupération des lipides des microalgues n’utilisant pas de solvant organique sont mentionnées dans la littérature scientifique, la plupart des méthodes testées en laboratoire utilisent généralement des solvants organiques. Les lipides extraits peuvent être transestérifiés en biodiesel en présence d’un alcool tel que le méthanol et d’un catalyseur (catalyses homogène ou hétérogène). Pour la commercialisation du biodiesel à partir de microalgues, le respect des normes ASTM en vigueur est un point essentiel. Lors des essais en laboratoire, il a été démontré que l’extraction des lipides en phase aqueuse était possible afin d’obtenir un rendement maximal en lipides de 36% (m/m, base sèche) en utilisant un prétraitement consistant en une ébullition de la phase aqueuse contenant les microalgues et une extraction par des solvants organiques. Pour l’estérification, en utilisant une résine échangeuse de cations (Amberlyst-15), une conversion des acides gras libres de 84% a été obtenue à partir des lipides de la microalgue Chlorella protothecoïdes dans les conditions suivantes : température : 120°C, pression autogène, temps de réaction : 60 min, ratio méthanol/lipides: 0.57 mL/g et 2.5% (m/m) Amberlyst-15 par rapport aux lipides. En utilisant ces conditions avec une catalyse homogène (acide sulfurique) et une seconde étape alcaline avec de l’hydroxyde de potassium (température : 60°C ; temps de réaction : 22.2 min; ratio catalyseur microalgue : 2.48% (m/m); ratio méthanol par rapport aux lipides des microalgues : 31.4%), un rendement en esters méthyliques d’acides gras (EMAG) de 33% (g EMAG/g lipides) a été obtenu à partir des lipides de la microalgue Scenedesmus Obliquus. Les résultats démontrent que du biodiesel peut être produit à partir de microalgues. Cependant, basé sur les présents résultats, il sera necessaire de mener d’autre recherche pour prouver que les microalgues sont une matière première d’avenir pour la production de biodiesel. ; Abstract : In Canada, near 80% of the greenhouse gases (GHG), 692 Mt eq. CO[subscript 2], are produced by CO[subscript 2] emissions from non renewable fossil fuel used. Following the United Nations conference on climate changes (COP21) (Paris, France), several countries have the objective to reduce their GHG emissions. Consequently, the microalgae should be used to trap industrial carbon dioxide and transform them to a biomass composed of lipids, carbon hydrates and proteins. Moreover, this type of culture does not require arable land in opposition to several oleagineous plant used to produce biofuels. Despite the fact that microalgae can be transformed to several biofuels as bioethanol (among others by fermentation) or biomethane (by anaerobic digestion), the lipid transformation into biodiesel shoud allow reducing the petrodiesel consumption. However, the cost linked to the biodiesel production from microalgae remain relatively high far for a short term commercialisation partially because microalgae are cultivated in aqueous phase in opposition to several oleagineous plants increase the biomass harvesting and the lipid extraction cost. Despite de fact that several techniques of microalgae lipids recovery which do not use organic solvents as mentioned in the literature, most methods tested in laboratory generally used organic solvents. The lipids extracted can be transformed into biodiesel in presence of an alcool such as methanol and a catalyst (homogeneous or heterogeneous). For the microalgae biodiesel commercialization, the respect of ASTM standards is an essential point. At the laboratory scale, it was shown that the lipid extraction in aqueous phase was possible to obtain a maximum yield of 36wt% (dry weight) by using a boiling pretreatment of the aqueous phase microalgae followed by an extraction with organic solvents. For the esterification of FFAs with a strong acid resin (Amberlyst-15), a FFAs conversion of 84% was obtained from Chlorella protothecoides microalgae lipids in the following conditions: temperature: 120°C, autogeneous pressure, reaction time: 60 min, methanol/lipids ratio: 0.57 mL/g and 2.5wt% Amberlyst-15 compared to lipids. With the same reaction conditions (1st step) with a homogeneous catalyst (H[subscript 2] SO[subscript 4]) and an alkaline second step with a catalyst of potassium hydroxide (KOH) (temperature: 60°C; reaction time: 22.2 min ; catalyst to microalgue ratio: 2.48wt%; methanol to lipids ratio: 31.4%), a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 33% (g FAME/g lipids) was obtained from the Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae lipids. These results showed that biodiesel can be produced from microalgae lipids. However, based on these results, further research had be conducted in order to prove that microalgae are a promising raw matrial to produce biodiesel.

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    Authors: Aguiar, Lazar;

    During 50 last years, West Africa has been undergoing one of the most significant variations in rainfall observed around the globe. These climatic fluctuations have not only affected the characteristics of precipitations but also the hydrogeologic and forest resources considering their major effects on the agricultural ones of the area. This thesis examines climate variability and its consequences on water resources and the dynamic of wetlands, particularly Niayes 3 in Senegal during the period between 1950 and 2004.The thesis is based on three components. The first is an inter-annual and daily characterization of climate variability through a trend analysis of several variability indices and precipitation extremes. The second deals with the response of Niayes’ hydrogeological systems’ to rainfall variations through an inter-annual analysis (1958-2002) and an intra-annual analysis of the water table level. Two extreme examples are analyzed in order to illustrate the phenomenon: The excessive rainfall year of 1958 and the deficient rainfall year of 1974. Finally, the impact of hydro- climatological variability on wet zones is estimated based on monitoring of changes to soil use via an analysis of aerial photographs from 1954, 1974 and 2000.The results show that the rainfall deficit recorded in the Niayes’ since the end of the year 1960 is related to a reduction of the number of rainy days (2j/10 years on average) and a rise of the maximum number of consecutive dry days (4j/10 years on average) during the monsoon season between April and October. The number of days exceeding high precipitation values (compared to the 90th percentile) also decreased. However, cumulative three-day precipitation totals frequently reached 1⁄4 of the annual total, which confirms the role played by extreme events on the average intensity and monthly or seasonal totals of precipitation. In addition to a reduction in the length of the rainy season from more than five months to close to three months between 1950 and 2004, precipitation decreased more substantially in the South than the North, resulting in a reduction of the South-North gradient.The Quaternary water table is currently at an extremely low level, due to a long period of insufficient rainfall. The piezometric maximum for the region as a whole went from an average of +55 m in 1958 to +22 m in 1994 (above the sea level 0 value). The greatest variations were recorded in the 1970s and 1980s - particularly in the south of the Niayes region - with -0.60 m every 10 years. The hydrological total for 1974 suggests that natural factors are the main causes of depletion of the water table with 96% of outflows, including 89% by evapotranspiration. On a seasonal scale, the water table recharge depends on the frequency, intensity and the length of precipitation and dry sequences within the rainy season more than the annual total. In a «rainy year» (1958), the recharge time was between 5 and 7 months compared to a «dry year» (1974) when piezometric fluctuations were nil.The current degradation of hydro-climactic conditions is demonstrated by a progressive drying out of wetlands. For the entire Niayes region, the area of permanently flooded areas went from more than 1.000 ha in 1954 to less than 170 ha in 1974 to reach approximately 50 ha in 1982. In 2000, no ponds were noticeable in the region. In the Mboro area (15°9 N - 16°54 W) permanently flooded zones have gradually transformed into partial hydromorph soils. The «rain recovery» observed in the late 1990s did not lead to a surface reappearance of the water table which is undergoing a «memory effect» due to repeated rain deficits.; Au cours des 50 dernières années, l’Afrique de l’Ouest a subi une des plus fortes variations de la pluviométrie observées à l’échelle du Globe. Ces fluctuations climatiques ont non seulement affecté le régime des précipitations mais elles ont également engendré des conséquences sur les ressources hydrologiques et végétales. Cette thèse traite de la variabilité climatique et de ses conséquences sur les ressources en eau et la dynamique des zones humides notamment des Niayes 2 du Sénégal au cours de la période comprise entre 1950 et 2004.La thèse s’articule autour de trois volets. Le premier est une caractérisation inter- annuelle et quotidienne de la variabilité climatique par l’analyse de tendance de quelques indices de variabilité et d’extrêmes de précipitations. Le second volet porte sur la réponse des systèmes hydrogéologiques des Niayes à la variabilité pluviométrique par une analyse inter-annuelle (1958-2002) et intra-annuelle du niveau de la nappe. Deux exemples extrêmes sont analysés pour illustrer le phénomène: l’année excédentaire de 1958 et l’année déficitaire de 1974. Enfin, l’impact de la variabilité hydro-climatologique sur les zones humides a été estimé à partir d’un suivi de l’évolution des zones humides via l’analyse diachronique de photographies aériennes des années 1954, 1974 et 2000.Les résultats de l’étude montrent que le déficit pluviométrique enregistré dans la région des Niayes depuis la fin des années 1960 est lié à une réduction du nombre de jours pluvieux (2j/10 ans en moyenne) et une hausse du nombre maximum de jours secs consécutifs (4j/10 ans en moyenne) au cours de la saison de mousson entre avril et octobre. Le nombre de jours dépassant les fortes valeurs de précipitations (par rapport au 90 e centile) a également subi une baisse. Par contre, les précipitations cumulées sur trois jours atteignent souvent le 1⁄4 du cumul annuel ce qui confirme le rôle joué par les événements extrêmes sur l’intensité moyenne et les cumuls mensuels ou saisonniers des précipitations. En plus d’une réduction de la durée de la saison pluvieuse qui est passée de plus de cinq mois à près de trois mois entre 1950 et 2004, les précipitations ont davantage baissé au Sud qu’au Nord, induisant une réduction du gradient Sud-Nord.La Nappe des Sables Quaternaires est actuellement à un niveau extrêmement bas résultant d’une longue période pluviométrique déficitaire. Le maximum piézométrique est passé, sur l’ensemble de la région, de +55 m en moyenne en 1958 à +22 m en 1994 (au dessus du niveau 0 de la mer). Les plus fortes variations sont enregistrées au cours des années 1970 et 1980 - notamment au sud de la région des Niayes - avec -0.60 m tous les dix ans. Le bilan hydrologique de l’année 1974 suggère que les facteurs naturels sont les principales causes de déstockage de la nappe avec 96% des sorties dont 89% par évapotranspiration. À l’échelle saisonnière, la recharge de la nappe dépend de la fréquence, de l’intensité et de la durée des précipitations et des séquences sèches à l’intérieur de la saison pluvieuse plus que du cumul annuel. En année de précipitations excédentaires (1958), le temps de recharge est de 5 à 7 mois contrairement en année «sèche» (1974) où les fluctuations piézométriques sont quasi nulles.La dégradation actuelle des conditions hydro-climatiques se manifeste par un asséchement progressif de zones humides. Sur l’ensemble de la région des Niayes, la superficie des zones inondées en permanence est passée de plus de 1000 ha en 1954 à moins de 170 ha en 1974 pour atteindre environ 50 ha en 1982. En 2000, aucune zone inondée en permanence n’est perceptible. Dans le secteur de Mboro (15°9 N - 16°54 W) les zones inondées en permanence se sont transformées progressivement en sols à hydromorphie partielle. La «reprise pluviométrique» observée à la fin des années 1990 n’a pas initié une réapparition en surface de la nappe qui subit un «effet mémoire» dû aux déficits pluviométriques répétés.

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  • Authors: Radau, Rodolphe, 1835-1911.;

    Mode of access: Internet.

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    Authors: de Boer, F.; Kessler, J. J.;

    Metadata only record This document presents an analysis of Fulani pastoral farming systems that focuses on how pastoralists use silvopastoral land. It aims to provide the missing knowledge needed to implement the resource management ('gestion des terroirs') approach at village level. In this region the influence of pastoral land use on the environment appears to be less pronounced than that of crop cultivation, even though levels of animal production are reasonable. The carrying capacity of the region has not yet been attained. Current constraints to pastoral land use in the region arise from the encroachment of cropland at the expense of pastoral land, and the increase in animal numbers. To develop sustainable natural resource management at village level that includes Fulani pastoral land use, the key factors appear to be the integration of livestock husbandry and cropland cultivation at household level, agreements between pastoralists and cropland farmers on land tenure and resource management, and support targeting of Fulani households (which have so far been neglected). Specific recommendations are given. (CAB Abstract)

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    Authors: Nefzi, Aida;

    The literature is not unanimous as for the effect of the climatic change on developing countries. Indeed, if several studies conclude that the agriculture of developing countries is vulnerable to the climatic change because of the predominance of weak capital agriculture, others suggest that climate change will be benefit to agriculture. This thesis has for objective to study the impact of the climate change on the Tunisian agriculture while using an analysis ricardienne of the agricultural value added. We execute a spatiotemporal analysis of the answer of the agricultural value added to the climate change on a relative data base of 21 governates of Tunisia that covers the period 1992-2007. On the basis of results of evaluation of this analysis, we proceed to a simulation of the impact of the climate change on agriculture relatively on the projections of a moderate scenario on the 2020 horizon. Results suggest that the climate change combined to an evolution of the technological level would have some beneficial effects on the Tunisian agriculture. This result would put back in question findings of the existing study that insist on the negative effects of the climatic change on agriculture. La littérature n'est pas unanime quant à l'effet favorable ou défavorable du changement climatique sur les pays en voie de développement. En effet, si plusieurs travaux concluent que l'agriculture des pays en voie de développement est vulnérable au changement climatique à cause de la prédominance de l'agriculture à faible capital, d'autres suggèrent le contraire. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'étudier l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture tunisienne en utilisant une analyse ricardienne de la valeur ajoutée agricole. Nous effectuons une analyse spatio-temporelle de la réponse de la valeur ajoutée agricole au changement climatique sur une base de données relative à 21 gouvernorats de la Tunisie qui couvre la période 1992-2007. Sur la base des résultats d'estimation de cette analyse, nous procédons à une simulation de l'impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture relativement aux projections d'un scénario modéré à l'horizon 2020. Les résultats suggèrent que le changement climatique combiné à une évolution du niveau technologique aurait des effets bénéfiques sur l'agriculture tunisienne. Ce résultat remettrait en question les conclusions de la majorité des travaux existants dans la littérature qui insistent sur les effets négatifs du changement climatique sur l'agriculture.

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