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京都議定書の第1約束期間を目前に控え、地方自治体においても地球温暖化対策の策定・実施が求められている。本研究は通常用いられる領域原則にもとづく二酸化炭素排出量をもとに各都市が削減目標を設定することが適切であるかどうかを検討するために、産業連関分析によりサービス都市 (福岡市) と工業都市 (北九州市) のエネルギー消費、二酸化炭素排出構造について比較分析した。その結果、1人当たり二酸化炭素排出量について、都市域内から直接排出される二酸化炭素のみを対象とする場合と、都市の移輸入・移輸出を通じた外部との間接的な二酸化炭素排出量のやり取りを考慮した責任排出量では、大きく結果が異なることが示された。 On the verge of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, effective strategies and local measures for climate change mitigation and its implementation is required for local governments in Japan. In order to evaluate applicability and validity of territory principle of IPCC for GHGs emission inventory at local level, this study describes the urban metabolic structure of energy and carbon in a Japanese service city (Fukuoka) and industrial city (Kitakyushu) by using Input-Output analysis technique. Per capita direct CO2 emission in Kitakyushu City is much higher than in Fukuoka City. However, the per capita responsible CO2 emission which is defined as direct and indirect CO2 emission minus embodied CO2 emission in export goods shows opposite results. This implies that the application of the territorial principle of IPCC inventory to a city might not be relevant to guide better directions of urban climate change policies. 本研究は平成16年度地球環境推進費「物質フローモデルに基づく持続可能な生産・消費の達成度評価手法に関する研究（代表：森口祐一）」の一環として行われたものである。

We predict the saturation phase of building-integrated photovoltaics (PV) for which complexsystem model coupled with electric power flow analysis are carried out. The detailed power flow analysis determines the probability of reverse current occurrence due to the additional PV installation in a twodimensional 6.6 kV-scale distribution network consisting 2500 grid-connected individual customers. The agent-based simulation including the customer agent and government agent describes the time-dependent behavior of the PV penetration in an artificial society. Growth of the building-integrated PV is assisted by a battery installation as a reservoir for the reverse current. However the excessive promotion for the PV penetration by the government results in increase in the cost of reverse current care.

In order to improve the applicability to products having a large number of holes, the greedy algorithm is used in the process of searching for the solution. The constitution of the system was confirmed to be valid from a comparison between the machining time obtained by a proposed system and operator design. Then, the cutting force in milling and drilling processes performed on a workpiece having a large number of holes and steps is calculated through application of cutting models proposed by Usui et al., and the machining power and electric energy are estimated on the basis of the calculated cutting force. To enable process planning in which two objective functions such as machining time and electric energy are taken into consideration, it is proposed that convert those quantities to cost.

ベンゼン, エタノール, 水系に対する共沸蒸留計算を緩和法を用いて行い, 種々の操作条件に対して分離数および熱力学的効率の両面から最適操作条件を検討した。気液モル流量比に関しては第1塔は1.3以下, 第2塔は1.2以下が望ましい。また塔内圧力が上昇すると, エタノールと水の分離が悪くなり, 分離数および熱力学的効率が低下する。さらにベンゼン相と水相の分離を良くするために, デカンターに水を供給した場合, エタノールと水の分離は良くなるが, リボイラー部での必要熱量が増加すること等の新しい知見を得た。 The relaxation method was used for azeotropic distillation calculations. For the Benzene-Ethanol-Water system, various operating conditions were examined by use of thermodynamic efficiency and separation number. For vapor-liquid calculations NRTL Eq. was used, and Eq. (3) was used for separation number calculations. Eqs. (4), (5), (6) were used for thermodynamic efficiency calculations. A schematic drawing of azeotropic distillation column is shown in Fig. 1. It was found from Figs. 3, 4, 5 that the ratio of liquid to vapor flow rate for the first column should be less than 1.3. From Figs. 6, 7, 8, it was also found that the ratio of liquid to vapor flow rate for the second column should be less than 1.2. Fig. 9 shows that both the thermodynamic efficiency and separation number were maximized when the temperature of the feed was in the boiling condition. The maximum thermodynamic efficiency was about 0.07. Figs. 10, 11, indicated that as the pressure of the column decreased, the separation of ethanol and water improved. Fig. 11, showed that as the pressure increased, the thermodynamic efficiency decreased. Fig. 12 shows the relation between mole fraction of bottom liquid and water feed rate to the decanter. It indicated that as the water feed rate to the decanter increased, the separation of bottom liquid in the second column improved. But from Fig. 13, it was observed that the greater the water feed rate to the decanter was the greater the reboiler duty.

Low-power laser irradiation on oral tissue is reported to have healing effects caused by accelerating cell growth. However, the effects of high-power laser irradiation on cell growth are unknown. To investigate the effects of high-power laser irradiation on oral tissue, we examined the cell growth of fibroblasts (Balb/3T3(clone)A31), osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) and epithelial cells (normal human gingival keratinocytes) after laser irradiation in vitro using MTT assay. Cells were cultured during 1 day following laser irradiation once for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 seconds with a diode laser (830±10nm, GaAlAs diode, continuous wave, 400mW or 800mW). Non-irradiation cells were used as the control group. As a result, fibroblasts and epithelial cells showed good cell growth under the irradiation of 3.7mW/cm^2 for 90seconds. The irradiation of 3.7mW/cm^2 for 90seconds and of 6.7mW/cm^2 for 60seconds accelerated the cell growth of osteoblasts. These results suggest that laser irradiation of 3.7mW/cm^2 for 90seconds accelerates cell growth. In addition, power density (mW/cm^2) and irradiation time (seconds) are more closely related to cell growth in vitro than to energy density (J/cm^2).

The environmental tolerance should not exceed the global self-purification capacity. The industrial revolution that began with the invention of the steam engine is the large scale of energy consumption industry, and creates out electricity and car civilized society. When it tries to arrange the energy resource with firewood, coal, petroleum, natural gas, methane hydrate, the hydrogen of the energy efficiency is better than that of the carbon in the direction of the decarbonization element, decarbonization element will show the new industry society.

In face of the falling birthrate, aging, population decreases in Japan, the priority for new housing development in the suburbs becomes lower and it has become more important how to sustain suburban communities. The aim of this study is to analyze the change of population structure of inhabitants in order to sustain suburban communities in Hiroshima City. Especially, the relationship between aging structure and population change is examined statistically and the tendency of household formation in the suburban communities will be clarified. The stabilities of age structure and population size in each community are analyzed to examine its sustainability.

Heat balance and radiation balance at the rooftop surface in urban area and the grass plot surface in suburban area of Hiroshima City were estimated on the basis of observation data in summer and winter. Difference in diurnal variation of energy balance between the rooftop surface and the grass plot surface was described preliminarily in this paper. As to the heat flux from the rooftop surface to the atmosphere, though the sensible heat flux is much larger than the latent heat flux in the afternoon, the latent heat flux is larger than the sensible heat flux in the morning. Therefore, the latent heat flux from the rooftop surface can not be disregarded. The sensible heat flux from the rooftop surface is larger than that from the grass plot surface during the daytime, which could cause higher temperature above the rooftop. Moreover, the heat flux into (daytime) / from (night) the inside of the building is larger than that into / from the soil of the grass plot especially in summer. This means that the heat storage of building is important for the energy balance of urban area in summer rather than in winter. Nighttime radiation cooling from the rooftop surface is stronger than that from the grass plot surface.

[Abstract] HEMS is recognized as the one of most effective system for energy saving among the people. But this system has the problems for being influenced into the ordinary people. The problem has following three points. 1. This system is mounted on the wall of the house. Then it is so hard that people can monitor at various points. 2. Initial cost is very expensive. 3. People has less willing for saving energy at their home. Then we've tried to introduce sensor network technology into HEMS. Sensor network technology can overcome above three problems because it consists of cheep wireless sensor node and also can be used for providing safety and security and health of their daily life. But the power source of the sensor network node is provided by AC cable or chemical battery at present. It prevents the location freedom and occurs battery exchange procedure. Then we've examined to introduce the energy harvesting technology into the power source of the sensor network nodes. In this paper we've calculated the consuming power amount of the sensor network node account for various step HEMS and assuming the harvesting energy from the life environment. After that we've performed the experiment for monitoring HEMS under using only solar energy. Finally we've concluded the validity of our way for applying to more rich HEMS (Control HEMS).

Global warming phenomenon has been distinct remarkably in 1980's. People have been active in search of the wealth. Population keeps increasing every year in the earth. The industry society is prosperous, and the energy consumption keeps increasing. With the rise of the fossil energy use, the carbon dioxide which is greenhouse effect gas tends to increase. It is examined in order to maintain "sustainable development" which agrees by the relation between developed country and developing country. What kind of solution there is it maintains "sustainable development" it agreed by the relation between developed country and the developing country?