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Liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) of the ternary systems of water + ethanol + one of three kind of esters (butyl acetate or amyl acetate or ethyl butyrate) were measured at 288.15, 298.15 and 308.15 K. Since each phase diagrams of the three kind of esters were very similar to one another, separation ability of the esters as a solvent was found to be same. LLE of the quaternary system of water + ethanol + butyl acetate + potassium chloride was also measured at 288.15, 298.15 and 308.15K. It was found, in addition to the chloride, the slopes of the quaternary system was greater than those of the relative ternary system. ; 修士(工学) ; 法政大学 (Hosei University)

Densities of liquids such as ethanol and water have been measured using microscale experiments at room temperature. Instead of an even balance and an ordinary graduated cylinder, an electronic balance and a 5- or 10-mL graduated cylinder have been used as equipments. Observed densities of ethanol and water are (0.779 ± 0.001) g・mL-1 respectively, and these values are in good agreement with references. In this procedure, the least amount of ethanol or water used for a density measurement is ca. 1.5mL and it takes ca. 2 minutes. That is, both the amount of reagents and the experiment time are drasically reduced comparing with those in the ordinary experiments. Moreover, our microscale experiment is simpler than the traditional one with a pycnometer because densities are directly measured, not obtained via specific gravity to pure water. Therefore, it has been clarified that our microscale experiment on measuring densities of liquids is useful and informative as teaching materials for high school science.

A new hierarchical functional model of power train is constructed in this report using modeling approach proposed by the authors. A fundamental concept on hierarchical structure of virtual prototype of automobile and virtual testing using this prototype is presented by the authors' modeling approach. Function of automobile running is deployed from this concept, and government equation expressing this function is given. A basic functional model of power source is constructed by this deployment. It is made evident that this model has enough flexibility and applicability to express general power source, and can be used for wider purpose in power train development than usual ones.

Nowadays, the global environmental problems become very serious. Therefore it is necessary to reduce the exhaust gas of internal combustion engines. It is well known that the biofuel can possible to reduce the HC, CO, and CO2 because it includes oxygen in the fuel. Experiments have been carried out to determine the influence on combustion characteristics for small diesel engine by using blend fuel with a kind of waste oil. The main conclusions in this study are as follows; 1) The CO emission by using blended fuel with BDF is smaller than that of light oil. 2) The CO2 emission by using blended fuel are almost same than that of light oil at any blended rate. 3) The O2 emission is the almost constant for all the blended fuel and light oil. 4) The HC emission by using blended fuel can be possible to reduce by using BDF addition fuels. 5) By using the blended fuel with ethanol, the NOx emission decreases than that of light oil.

In this paper, I describe a history of indigenous salmon fishing technologies and management issues in the Upper Kuskokwim region, Alaska, U.S.A. As a traditional food, salmon has been an important part of culture for the Upper Kuskokwim Athabascan people. Intensive contacts with non-Natives in the early 20th century brought some changes to Upper Kuskokwim people’s subsistence technologies including fishwheels, which made it possible to obtain large amount of salmon efficiently in siltladen main streams of the Upper Kuskokwim tributaries. Conflicts with non-Native wildlife management regime began after Alaska’s statehood when the State banned salmon fishing technology which involves blocking the entire width of a river or stream. As a result, Upper Kuskokwim people were forced to abandon their fishing weirs and fences at Salmon River since the late 1960s. After a decade or so, subsistence salmon fishing with rods and reels resumed at Salmon River. Nowadays, Salmon River Culture Camp has been organized by Nikolai Village Council to revitalize their fishing traditions. Since the 2010s, severe decline of king salmon populations in Alaska and Yukon has become a serious issue in indigenous societies of the areas. Local people think that commercial fishing (including bycatch) in high sea negatively affects the king salmon populations, while some others point out that increased activities by beavers and low-level of water in interior rivers might have been causing disruption of salmon's upstream migration. Through my observation of people’s activities in salmon spawning areas, I argue that making a small opening to beaver dams (instead of totally destroying them) may actually benefit spawning salmon populations.