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Abstract Since the increase in greenhouse gas emissions has increased the global warming potential, an international agreement on carbon emissions reduction target (CERT) has been formulated in Kyoto Protocol (1997). This study aimed to develop a framework for the analysis of the low-carbon scenario 2020 to achieve the national CERT. To verify the feasibility of the proposed framework, educational facilities were used for a case study. This study was conducted in six steps: (i) selection of the target school; (ii) establishment of the reference model for the target school; (iii) energy consumption pattern analysis by target school; (iv) establishment of the energy retrofit model for the target school; (v) economic and environmental assessment through the life cycle cost and life cycle CO 2 analysis; and (vi) establishment of the low-carbon scenario in 2020 to achieve the national CERT. This study can help facility managers or policymakers establish the optimal retrofit strategy within the limited budget from a short-term perspective and the low-carbon scenario 2020 to achieve the national CERT from the long-term perspective. The proposed framework could be also applied to any other building type or country in the global environment.

This study aims to comprehend Portland State University (PSU)’s green campus strategies, and students’ level of knowledge and living practices relating to green campus. PSU’s sustainable campus plan has been nationally and internationally recognized. A literature review, field investigation, and interviews were conducted to ascertain the PSU green campus strategies. This study also used a survey to understand students’ level of knowledge and practices. The survey results were analyzed by SPSS. Green campus projects at PSU were operated by official organizations and funded according to PSU’s long term plans in 12 multilateral categories: administration, energy, water, climate action, green buildings, green purchasing, waste reduction and recycling, food and dining services, transportation, land use, action, and education and student activity. The survey results show that the level of students’ understanding about PSU’s green campus strategies was somewhat low, but the amount of practice of a sustainable lifestyle was higher. Students who had taken courses related with sustainability or were engaged in sustainable activities had more knowledge about green campus strategies than students who had not. Therefore, it would be important to focus more on educating students and developing related programs in order to have more positive effects of green campus projects.

A learner’s cognitive load is highly associated with their academic achievement within learning systems. Diagnostic information about a learner’s cognitive load is useful for achieving optimal learning, by enabling the learner to manage and control their cognitive load in the e-learning environment. However, little empirical research has been conducted to obtain diagnostic information about the cognitive load in e-learning systems. The purpose of this study was to analyze a personalized diagnostic evaluation for a learner’s cognitive load in an e-learning system, using the Bayesian Network (BN) as a learning analytic method. Data from 700 learners were collected from Cyber University. A learner’s cognitive load level was measured in terms of three components: extraneous cognitive load, intrinsic cognitive load, and germane cognitive load. The BN was built by representing the relationship among the extraneous cognitive load, intrinsic cognitive load, germane cognitive load, and academic achievement. The conditional and marginal probabilities in the BN were estimated. This study found that the BN provided diagnostic information about a learner’s level of cognitive load in the e-learning system. In addition, the BN predicted the learner’s academic achievement in terms of their different cognitive load patterns. This study’s results imply that diagnostic information related to cognitive load helps learners to improve academic achievement by managing and controlling their cognitive loads in the e-learning environment. In addition, instructional designers are able to offer more appropriately customized instructional methods by considering learners’ cognitive loads in online learning.

Consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has been associated with various alcohol-related consequences among college students. However, more information is required to assess how this relationship is affected by sociodemographic and environmental factors. This paper investigates the association between AmED consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences while (1) stratifying AmED users by sex, (2) examining a range of outcomes specific to the college context (e.g., missing class), and (3) controlling for drinking frequency and amount. We surveyed and analyzed the data of 4592 students in a nationally representative sample of 82 colleges in South Korea. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the association between AmED use and a number of alcohol-related consequences (ranging from a score of 0–12) while adjusting for covariates, including drinking frequency and intake per drinking session. Of our study population, 22.0% of alcohol-consuming men and 13.4% of alcohol-consuming women reported AmED consumption in the past 12 months. AmED users experienced a greater number of alcohol-related consequences (e.g., missing class, engaging in unplanned sexual activity) than non-AmED users (men β: 0.804, p ≤ 0.0001; women β: 0.522, p ≤ 0.0001). Male AmED users consuming alcohol once a month (β: 1.155, p ≤ 0.0001) and female users consuming less than once a month (β: 1.019, p ≤ 0.0001) experienced the greatest number of consequences compared to non-users, as did AmED users consuming 3–4 drinks per drinking session (men β: 1.012, p ≤ 0.0001; women β: 0.993, p ≤ 0.0001). Our findings reveal that both male and female college students who consume AmED experience a greater number of negative alcohol-related consequences than those who do not. Rather than high-risk drinkers, moderate drinkers who consume alcohol infrequently and/or in low amounts may experience more consequences when consumers of AmED.

Abstract With the world's attention focused on climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change provides the basis for global action to encourage sustainable development. A wide variety of measures are being taken in South Korea in line with this trend, but new and renewable energy (NRE) have been highlighted as sustainable energy sources. This study aims to assess the economic and environmental effects of the use of NRE for selecting the optimum NRE system in educational facilities. Towards this end, the following were done: (i) selection of facility and its applicable NRE system type; (ii) calculation of the energy generation by the NRE systems via energy simulation; (iii) life cycle cost analysis for the economic evaluation on the NRE systems; (iv) life cycle assessment for the environmental evaluation on the NRE systems; (v) using the net present value and the savings-to-investment ratio, comprehensive evaluation of the economic and environmental effects on the NRE systems. The results of this study can be used to (i) determine which NRE system is most appropriate for educational facilities; (ii) calculate the payback period for a certain investment; (iii) decide which location is proper for the implementation of an NRE system considering the characteristics of the regional climate; and (iv) select energy- and cost-efficient elementary schools where the NRE system can be applied.

Life cycle CO2 emissions (LCCEs) including embodied and operational CO2 emissions (ECEs and OCEs) should be comprehensively understood for establishing strategies for reducing CO2 emissions of buildings. Meanwhile, as the climate has a huge impact on building energy consumption, ECEs and OCEs should be investigated considering the climate. This study investigated the relation between ECEs and OCEs of buildings in different climate zones by conducting life cycle assessment and statistical analysis of 39 elementary school buildings in South Korea. As a result, the climate zone was determined to be the significant influence factors. The mean values of ECEs, OCEs, and LCCEs in central region were 611, 2,81 7, and 3,428 kg-CO2/m2, respectively, and those in southern region were 620, 1,652, and 2,273 kg-CO2/m2. The OCEs in central region was significantly higher than that in southern region, but the ECEs was not. In particular, ECEs and OCEs had a significant inverse correlation in central region but not in southern region. The results indicate that different strategies should be established depending on the climate zone. For instance, the thermal insulation levels should be further strengthened to reduce OCEs in central region compared to those of southern region.

Institutions of higher education are significant economic engines and innovative places in local economies: they directly employ large numbers of people, often with well-paying jobs; they are magnets for businesses that service the student population; they educate and often assist students in securing first jobs; and they partner with local organizations and businesses to provide students with hands-on experiences while “giving-back” to the community. In this article, we examine the impact that institutions of higher education have as an engine of growth for the green economy and, specifically, assess their impact on the development of green jobs. Green jobs have been touted as an important strategy to simultaneously address both the economic downturn and environmental degradation. This article empirically assesses the impact that the knowledge economy has on the presence of green jobs in the 100 largest metropolitan regions in the United States. Our findings suggest that enhanced higher education and sustainability-oriented departments and centers have a positive impact on green job development in urban regions.

ABSTRACTNew renewable energy is attracting considerable attention as a future energy source. The photovoltaic (PV) market, in particular, has grown significantly during the past decade. The use of the rooftop PV system in buildings in urban environments is being actively promoted. This research was conducted to develop a framework for the analysis of the potential of the rooftop PV system to achieve the net‐zero energy solar buildings in terms of energy supply. To verify the feasibility of the proposed framework, a total of 5418 elementary school facilities located in 16 administrative divisions in South Korea were selected as case studies. This research (i) collected information on the elementary school facilities, the rooftop PV system, and the meteorological and geographical characteristics by region; (ii) conducted an energy supply analysis by applying the rooftop PV system; (iii) conducted an energy demand analysis; (iv) analyzed the energy substitution effect; (v) presented the current status of the energy supply and demand in each region using the geographical information system; (vi) analyzed the causal relationship between the energy supply and demand by region; and (vii) proposed an energy supply and demand strategy by region. This research can help elementary school facility managers or policymakers conduct an energy supply and demand analysis as well as propose an energy supply and demand strategy. It can be used as part of an educational facility improvement program. The framework proposed in this research can also be applied to any other country or sector in the global environment. © 2013 The Authors. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications published by John Wiley Ltd.