• Energy Research
• 4. Education close
• 11. Sustainability close
• KR close

Unless humanity achieves United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030 and restores the relatively stable climate of pre-industrial CO2 levels (as early as 2140), species extinctions, starvation, drought/floods, and violence will exacerbate mass migrations. This paper presents conceptual designs and techno-economic analyses to calculate sustainable limits for growing high-protein seafood and macroalgae-for-biofuel. We review the availability of wet solid waste and outline the mass balance of carbon and plant nutrients passing through a hydrothermal liquefaction process. The paper reviews the availability of dry solid waste and dry biomass for bioenergy with CO2 capture and storage (BECCS) while generating Allam Cycle electricity. Sufficient wet-waste biomass supports quickly building hydrothermal liquefaction facilities. Macroalgae-for-biofuel technology can be developed and straightforwardly implemented on SDG-achieving high protein seafood infrastructure. The analyses indicate a potential for (1) 0.5 billion tonnes/yr of seafood; (2) 20 million barrels/day of biofuel from solid waste; (3) more biocrude oil from macroalgae than current fossil oil; and (4) sequestration of 28 to 38 billion tonnes/yr of bio-CO2. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) costs are between 25–33% of those for BECCS with pre-2019 technology or the projected cost of air-capture CDR.

Ulaanbaatar (UB), the capital of Mongolia, is one of the fastest-growing cities in the developing world. Due to increasing demand driven by rapid population and industrial growth, sustainable water resource management is required. Therefore, we investigated sustainability in UB from the perspective of water quality. During five sampling campaigns, we collected 135 water samples (58 from bedrock wells, 44 from shallow wells tapped into the alluvial aquifer, 24 from rivers, and 9 from springs). The hydrochemistry of the water samples was controlled by two major processes: NO3 contamination, and silicate and carbonate mineral weathering. The groundwater samples could be classified into three groups based on their NO3 levels and spatial distribution. Group 1 had natural background NO3 levels (median: 1.7 mg/L) and silicate weathering–dominant water–rock interactions and was distributed in the alluvial aquifer along the floodplain. Group 2 was dominated by carbonate weathering processes, had a maximum NO3 concentration of 47.4 mg/L, and was distributed between the riverbank and upslope area; overall, it reflected ongoing contamination. Group 3 was distributed in the upslope Ger districts and showed significant NO3 contamination (range: 64.0–305.4 mg/L) due to dense and poor living conditions. The stable isotope signatures indicated that the city’s major water supply from riverbank filtration (i.e., Group 1 wells) mixed dynamically with the river; therefore, it showed no sign of NO3 contamination. However, the isotope values and bedrock groundwater quality of wells in Groups 2 and 3 implied that they were closely connected, with the same water source, and showed a strong potential for expanding NO3 contamination toward Group 1 wells. To support sustainable development in UB, the implementation of appropriate institutional measures to protect and preserve water resources, with systematic spatio-temporal monitoring and a focus on Ger districts, is crucial.

Abstract A comparative life cycle assessment of lithium-ion battery electric bus and Diesel bus were investigated using GREET 2016 to investigate the impacts of alternative vehicles on the environment. Using the Greet 2016, It can evaluate energy cycle analysis composed of well to pump and pump to wheel. In this paper, Energy consumption and emissions of EV Bus were analyzed. The lithium-ion battery of EV Bus is configured with Proterra Catalyst XR. Recently, The Diesel bus operates for transit bus in Korea. So EV bus compared with Diesel Bus for economic evaluation. A EV Bus still has problem which is driving range. The results show that energy consumption and emissions of EV bus is better than Diesel Bus.

Efforts have been made to develop efficient and alternative powertrains for internal combustion engines including combustion at low-temperature (LTC) concepts. LTC has been widely studied as a novel combustion mode that offers the possibility to minimize both nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) via enhanced air-fuel mixing and intake charge dilution, resulting in lower peak combustion temperatures. Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is a new ignition method related to the extensive classification of combustion at low-temperature approaches. In this method of ignition, a fuel with high evaporation characteristics and low autoignition sensitivity, for instance gasoline, is burned in a high pressure process. Despite many research efforts, there are still many challenges related with GCI performance for compression ignition (CI) engines. Unstable combustion for idle- to low-load operation was observed because of the low reactivity characteristics of gasoline, and this will affect the efficiency and emissions of the engine. This paper contributes a detailed review of several topics associated with GCI engines and the effort to improve its efficiency and emissions, including its potential when using gasoline-biodiesel blends. Some recommendations are proposed to encourage GCI engines improvement and development in the near future.

The unprecedented deterioration of our global environment has increased the necessity of relying upon Green Economic policies as critical and effective environmental management tools. The current s ...

L'Accord de Paris oblige toutes les nations à entreprendre des efforts ambitieux pour lutter contre le changement climatique, avec l'engagement de « maintenir le réchauffement bien en dessous de 2 °C dans la température moyenne mondiale (GMT), par rapport aux niveaux préindustriels, et de poursuivre les efforts pour limiter le réchauffement à 1,5 °C ». La limite de 1,5 °C constitue un objectif ambitieux pour lequel une plus grande preuve de ses avantages pour la santé aiderait à orienter les politiques et potentiellement à accroître la motivation à agir. Ici, nous contribuons à cet écart avec une évaluation des avantages potentiels pour la santé, en termes de réduction de la mortalité liée à la température, découlant du respect des objectifs de température convenus, par rapport à des scénarios de réchauffement plus extrêmes. Nous avons effectué une analyse multirégionale dans 451 sites dans 23 pays avec différentes zones climatiques, et évalué les changements dans la mortalité liée à la chaleur et au froid selon des scénarios compatibles avec les objectifs de l'Accord de Paris (1,5 et 2 °C) et des augmentations plus extrêmes de la TMG (3 et 4 °C), et en supposant qu'il n'y ait aucun changement dans la distribution démographique et la vulnérabilité. Nos résultats suggèrent que limiter le réchauffement en dessous de 2 °C pourrait empêcher de fortes augmentations de la mortalité liée à la température dans la plupart des régions du monde. La comparaison entre 1,5 et 2 °C est plus complexe et caractérisée par une plus grande incertitude, avec des différences géographiques qui indiquent des avantages potentiels limités aux zones situées dans des climats plus chauds, où les impacts directs du changement climatique seront plus perceptibles. El Acuerdo de París obliga a todas las naciones a realizar esfuerzos ambiciosos para combatir el cambio climático, con el compromiso de "mantener el calentamiento muy por debajo de 2 ° C en la temperatura media global (GMT), en relación con los niveles preindustriales, y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar el calentamiento a 1,5 ° C". El límite de 1,5 °C constituye un objetivo ambicioso para el cual una mayor evidencia sobre sus beneficios para la salud ayudaría a guiar la política y, potencialmente, a aumentar la motivación para la acción. Aquí contribuimos a esta brecha con una evaluación de los beneficios potenciales para la salud, en términos de reducciones en la mortalidad relacionada con la temperatura, derivados del cumplimiento de los objetivos de temperatura acordados, en comparación con escenarios de calentamiento más extremos. Realizamos un análisis multirregional en 451 ubicaciones en 23 países con diferentes zonas climáticas, y evaluamos los cambios en la mortalidad relacionada con el calor y el frío en escenarios consistentes con los objetivos del Acuerdo de París (1.5 y 2 ° C) y los aumentos más extremos de GMT (3 y 4 ° C), y bajo el supuesto de que no hay cambios en la distribución demográfica y la vulnerabilidad. Nuestros resultados sugieren que limitar el calentamiento por debajo de 2 °C podría evitar grandes aumentos en la mortalidad relacionada con la temperatura en la mayoría de las regiones del mundo. La comparación entre 1.5 y 2 °C es más compleja y se caracteriza por una mayor incertidumbre, con diferencias geográficas que indican beneficios potenciales limitados a áreas ubicadas en climas más cálidos, donde los impactos directos del cambio climático serán más discernibles. The Paris Agreement binds all nations to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change, with the commitment to "hold warming well below 2 °C in global mean temperature (GMT), relative to pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5 °C". The 1.5 °C limit constitutes an ambitious goal for which greater evidence on its benefits for health would help guide policy and potentially increase the motivation for action. Here we contribute to this gap with an assessment on the potential health benefits, in terms of reductions in temperature-related mortality, derived from the compliance to the agreed temperature targets, compared to more extreme warming scenarios. We performed a multi-region analysis in 451 locations in 23 countries with different climate zones, and evaluated changes in heat and cold-related mortality under scenarios consistent with the Paris Agreement targets (1.5 and 2 °C) and more extreme GMT increases (3 and 4 °C), and under the assumption of no changes in demographic distribution and vulnerability. Our results suggest that limiting warming below 2 °C could prevent large increases in temperature-related mortality in most regions worldwide. The comparison between 1.5 and 2 °C is more complex and characterized by higher uncertainty, with geographical differences that indicate potential benefits limited to areas located in warmer climates, where direct climate change impacts will be more discernible. تلزم اتفاقية باريس جميع الدول ببذل جهود طموحة لمكافحة تغير المناخ، مع الالتزام "بالاحتفاظ بالاحترار أقل بكثير من درجتين مئويتين في متوسط درجة الحرارة العالمية (GMT)، مقارنة بمستويات ما قبل الصناعة، ومواصلة الجهود للحد من الاحترار إلى 1.5 درجة مئوية". يشكل حد 1.5 درجة مئوية هدفًا طموحًا من شأن وجود أدلة أكبر على فوائده للصحة أن يساعد في توجيه السياسة ويحتمل أن يزيد من الدافع للعمل. نساهم هنا في هذه الفجوة من خلال تقييم الفوائد الصحية المحتملة، من حيث التخفيضات في الوفيات المرتبطة بدرجة الحرارة، المستمدة من الامتثال لأهداف درجة الحرارة المتفق عليها، مقارنة بسيناريوهات الاحترار الأكثر شدة. أجرينا تحليلاً متعدد المناطق في 451 موقعًا في 23 دولة ذات مناطق مناخية مختلفة، وقمنا بتقييم التغيرات في الحرارة والوفيات المرتبطة بالبرد في ظل سيناريوهات تتفق مع أهداف اتفاقية باريس (1.5 و 2 درجة مئوية) وزيادات أكثر تطرفًا في توقيت جرينتش (3 و 4 درجات مئوية)، وفي ظل افتراض عدم حدوث تغييرات في التوزيع الديموغرافي والضعف. تشير نتائجنا إلى أن الحد من الاحترار دون درجتين مئويتين يمكن أن يمنع الزيادات الكبيرة في الوفيات المرتبطة بدرجة الحرارة في معظم المناطق في جميع أنحاء العالم. المقارنة بين 1.5 و 2 درجة مئوية أكثر تعقيدًا وتتميز بدرجة أعلى من عدم اليقين، مع وجود اختلافات جغرافية تشير إلى فوائد محتملة تقتصر على المناطق الواقعة في المناخات الأكثر دفئًا، حيث ستكون الآثار المباشرة لتغير المناخ أكثر وضوحًا.