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Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.ScenarioMIP.KIOST.KIOST-ESM.ssp585' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The KIOST Earth System Model v2 climate model, released in 2018, includes the following components: atmos: GFDL-AM2.0 (cubed sphere (C48); 192 x 96 longitude/latitude; 32 vertical levels; top level 2 hPa), atmosChem: Simple carbon aerosol model (emission type), land: NCAR-CLM4, landIce: NCAR-CLM4, ocean: GFDL-MOM5.0 (tripolar - nominal 1.0 deg; 360 x 200 longitude/latitude; 52 levels; top grid cell 0-2 m; NK mixed layer scheme), ocnBgchem: TOPAZ2, seaIce: GFDL-SIS. The model was run by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea (KIOST) in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 250 km, atmosChem: 250 km, land: 250 km, landIce: 250 km, ocean: 100 km, ocnBgchem: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.

Project: Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) datasets - These data have been generated as part of the internationally-coordinated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6; see also GMD Special Issue: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/special_issue590.html). The simulation data provides a basis for climate research designed to answer fundamental science questions and serves as resource for authors of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR6). CMIP6 is a project coordinated by the Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Phase 6 builds on previous phases executed under the leadership of the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and relies on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) and the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) along with numerous related activities for implementation. The original data is hosted and partially replicated on a federated collection of data nodes, and most of the data relied on by the IPCC is being archived for long-term preservation at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre (IPCC DDC) hosted by the German Climate Computing Center (DKRZ). The project includes simulations from about 120 global climate models and around 45 institutions and organizations worldwide. Summary: These data include the subset used by IPCC AR6 WGI authors of the datasets originally published in ESGF for 'CMIP6.ScenarioMIP.KIOST.KIOST-ESM.ssp245' with the full Data Reference Syntax following the template 'mip_era.activity_id.institution_id.source_id.experiment_id.member_id.table_id.variable_id.grid_label.version'. The KIOST Earth System Model v2 climate model, released in 2018, includes the following components: atmos: GFDL-AM2.0 (cubed sphere (C48); 192 x 96 longitude/latitude; 32 vertical levels; top level 2 hPa), atmosChem: Simple carbon aerosol model (emission type), land: NCAR-CLM4, landIce: NCAR-CLM4, ocean: GFDL-MOM5.0 (tripolar - nominal 1.0 deg; 360 x 200 longitude/latitude; 52 levels; top grid cell 0-2 m; NK mixed layer scheme), ocnBgchem: TOPAZ2, seaIce: GFDL-SIS. The model was run by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea (KIOST) in native nominal resolutions: atmos: 250 km, atmosChem: 250 km, land: 250 km, landIce: 250 km, ocean: 100 km, ocnBgchem: 100 km, seaIce: 100 km.

Abstract Reducing a building’s energy consumption and providing better indoor environmental quality (IEQ) are the two major issues that building professionals are facing all over the world. It is not easy, however, to simultaneously address both issues. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the optimal occupant behavior that can simultaneously reduce total energy consumption and improve the IEQ, using an energy simulation and optimization tool. This study also developed an integrated IEQ score by combining three different IEQ indices (i.e., thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), and visual comfort) for building users to easily understand the IEQ condition. To analyze the effects of occupant behavior by region, the education facility was selected as the target facility, and five target regions were selected considering the Koppen climate classification system and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. Finally, a total of 5 × 1.01 × 1022 occupant behavior combinations can be generated in the five target regions. As a result, among the four target variables (i.e., total energy consumption, thermal comfort, IAQ, and visual comfort), the total energy consumption of the optimal solution was found to have changed most dramatically compared to that of the basic condition in terms of percentage (94.7%), due to its strong correlation with the overall occupant behavior (the highest correlation coefficient: 0.879). Therefore, it is shown that occupant behavior has more influence on the total energy consumption than on the three IEQ indices. Among the three IEQ indices, the IAQ of the optimal solution decreased most significantly compared to that of the basic condition (the highest reduction ratio: 4.04% in Ulsan), which indicates that the IAQ has more influences on the integrated IEQ score than thermal and visual comfort. The facility manager and the building user can operate the building for reducing total energy consumption and improving the IEQ considering occupant behavior, which can be used as the building management guideline in various regions.

Abstract Since the increase in greenhouse gas emissions has increased the global warming potential, an international agreement on carbon emissions reduction target (CERT) has been formulated in Kyoto Protocol (1997). This study aimed to develop a framework for the analysis of the low-carbon scenario 2020 to achieve the national CERT. To verify the feasibility of the proposed framework, educational facilities were used for a case study. This study was conducted in six steps: (i) selection of the target school; (ii) establishment of the reference model for the target school; (iii) energy consumption pattern analysis by target school; (iv) establishment of the energy retrofit model for the target school; (v) economic and environmental assessment through the life cycle cost and life cycle CO 2 analysis; and (vi) establishment of the low-carbon scenario in 2020 to achieve the national CERT. This study can help facility managers or policymakers establish the optimal retrofit strategy within the limited budget from a short-term perspective and the low-carbon scenario 2020 to achieve the national CERT from the long-term perspective. The proposed framework could be also applied to any other building type or country in the global environment.

Abstract This study presents a sustainable design method that optimizes the embodied energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of a reinforced concrete (RC) column. Conventionally, the design of RC structures has been focused on the minimization of construction costs while satisfying the structural design code. Recently, however, sustainability aspect in structural design has drawn big attention to structural engineers, especially for structure life cycle assessment. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the relationship between construction costs and consumption of energy including CO2 emissions, in the design process of RC structures. In the sustainable design process, the objective functions for the cost, embodied energy, and CO2 emissions were set and numerous optimization analyses for various loading conditions were conducted as the failure mode of RC columns varies according to the eccentricity involving the axial forces and moment. A thorough investigation of the optimization analysis results shows that, when a 10% cost increase is assumed, the embodied energy and CO2 emissions might undergo an overall reduction of up to 22% and 63%, respectively. As a result, the proposed design method enables the embodied energy and CO2 emissions to be effectively optimized in the conventional design process of RC columns.

Abstract To reduce CO2 emissions in the building sector, South Korea uses an operational rating system, an indicator for evaluating CO2 emission performance. To conduct a reasonable operational rating, it is necessary to develop a rational and reliable CO2 emission (CE) benchmark for buildings. The conventional CE benchmarks, however, have limitations accounting for regional differences of multi-family housing complexes (MFHCs). Thus, a separate CE benchmark is required for each region for improving the rationale and reliability of the conventional CE benchmarks. To solve this problem, a data-driven approach for establishing a CE benchmark using data mining techniques was applied in this study. Data on a total of 1,212 MFHCs were established, and a total of 11 CE benchmarks (central region: 7; southern region: 4) for MFHCs were established based on the decision tree. The developed CE benchmarks were then validated using statistical methods (Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, etc.). Compared to the average operational rating based on conventional CE benchmarks, the average operational rating based on the newly developed CE benchmarks decreased by 1.85% in the central region, and increased by 5.19% in the southern region, respectively. This means that the unreliability and irrationality of the conventional operational rating system (ORS) can be solved by the established ORS. The established ORS, based on the newly developed CE benchmarks, can help policymakers select and manage MFHCs with poor CE performance.

Korean law requires at least three levels of control for apartment ventilation systems, including 0.5 air change per hour (ACH). When this law was enacted, it was believed that a 0.5 ACH air flow rate would be sufficient for apartments following building completion. However, ventilation systems cause different air qualities in each space within a unit, depending on infiltration rate and number of occupants. In addition, the current ventilation rate standard is based on an apartment unit’s total area, assuming that all room doors are open. In this study, changes in CO2 concentration were experimentally analyzed based on the number of occupants and various ventilation frequencies with closed doors to analyze air quality differences among rooms in a typical 85 m2 apartment unit in Korea. When the 0.5 ACH ventilation was performed, maintaining 1000 ppm or less was difficult if four people stayed for more than two hours in the living room or two people stayed for more than one hour in the bedroom with closed doors. Our results indicate that it is challenging to maintain a CO2 concentration of 1000 ppm when doors are closed as standards are calculated based on a unit’s total area. Therefore, ventilation systems should be required to provide different air volumes for each room.

This study aims to comprehend Portland State University (PSU)’s green campus strategies, and students’ level of knowledge and living practices relating to green campus. PSU’s sustainable campus plan has been nationally and internationally recognized. A literature review, field investigation, and interviews were conducted to ascertain the PSU green campus strategies. This study also used a survey to understand students’ level of knowledge and practices. The survey results were analyzed by SPSS. Green campus projects at PSU were operated by official organizations and funded according to PSU’s long term plans in 12 multilateral categories: administration, energy, water, climate action, green buildings, green purchasing, waste reduction and recycling, food and dining services, transportation, land use, action, and education and student activity. The survey results show that the level of students’ understanding about PSU’s green campus strategies was somewhat low, but the amount of practice of a sustainable lifestyle was higher. Students who had taken courses related with sustainability or were engaged in sustainable activities had more knowledge about green campus strategies than students who had not. Therefore, it would be important to focus more on educating students and developing related programs in order to have more positive effects of green campus projects.