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Against the backdrop of the irreversible and systematic destruction of ecosystems, necessary for the survival and quality of life of people and non-human species, caused by human agency and socio-economic structures, we explore the opportunities and challenges to resist ecocide in relation to socio-economic inequality and the crisis of democracy. To this end, first section focuses on the diagnosis of ecocide. We show that due to three fallacies the connection between ecocide, socio-economic inequality and the crisis of democracy is not sufficiently accentuated. In the second section, several contemporary political measures to deal with ecocide are critically examined. We will argue that Agenda 2030, the Sustainable Development Goals, is part of the problem as it falsely assumes the compatibility of sustainability and economic growth. Finally, in the third section, the opportunities and challenges of resistance to ecocide are discussed with an emphasis on the power asymmetries between the Global North (GN) and the GS.

To achieve the 1.5 °C target of the Paris Climate Agreement that came into force in 2016 [UNI15], the conversion of the entire energy system to renewable energy sources is essential. Strong and stable wind conditions offshore as well as a high growth potential make offshore wind energy far away from shore an important energy source. The integration of such Offshore Wind Farms (OWF) has to be safe, flexible, efficient, and affordable, which makes High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission systems often the preferred choice for their grid connection. HVDC transmission systems consist of many subsystems, components, and interfaces e.g. to the OWF, which characterise them as complex systems. The complexity, many and diverse requirements and a large number of system design alternatives require grid planners, grid operators and manufacturers to employ a systematic approach to develop the most suitable design that meets all requirements and functions as expected in its environment. Systems Engineering with its procedure based on the so-called V-model, has proven itself for many years outside the energy industry as a suitable methodology for the development of complex systems. The extension to Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) allows the specification of a system in a universal system modelling language (SysML) based on the activities in the V-model, which enables the collaborative system development across disciplines. Based on the MBSE methodology, a HVDC transmission system for a case study consisting of three OWFs with a total power of 3 GW is designed in this thesis. The requirements are derived from stakeholder needs and categorised before the system design process. Stakeholders are for example the OWF owner and the onshore grid operator. This thesis considers electrical engineering requirements and the objective of a low levelised cost of energy (LCOE) design. The system integration and verification of the prior defined requirements are performed, before a validated HVDC transmission system design is available following the system development process with the V-model. MBSE enables early identification of design errors through verification activities when they are still easy and cheap to correct. The SysML model forms the core element for the HVDC transmission system design as all relevant requirements, constraints, specifications, and the system objective are included in the model. The most suitable system architecture and component definition is developed with a Multi-Criteria Decision Aid assessment and selection method based on the specifications in the SysML model. In this thesis, a step-by-step guideline for the development of HVDC transmission systems based on MBSE is developed to improve the system design with an interdisciplinary and model-based approach. This approach leads to a detailed understanding of system elements and their interactions inside and outside the HVDC transmission system. The result for the case study is a HVDC configuration consisting of two symmetrical monopoles, which can be interconnected as a multi-terminal HVDC system in the event of a monopole failure. This arrangement is identified as the preferred architecture for the case study and assumptions. The converter transformer is chosen as an example to demonstrate the identification of the number and type of components as part of the Systems Engineering process. Discipline-specific models and simulations provide details to the design. At the end of the system design activities, the SysML model represents a detailed specification of the HVDC system and thereby replaces many documents with specifications. The advantage of the developed SysML model is to facilitate the design analysis and to identify the impact of requirement changes or changes in the system environment on the system design. The SysML and discipline-specific models allow the verification of system requirements, e.g. of the availability, which has a high influence on LCOE and is used as an assessment criterion on system and component level. The validation procedure is also introduced. Based on the proposed approach for HVDC transmission system development, the potential for the extension of the methodology for energy systems in general is presented to support the realisation of the energy system conversion to renewable energy sources. Um das 1,5 °C Ziel des 2016 in Kraft getretenen Pariser Klimaabkommens zu erreichen [UNI15], ist die Umstellung des gesamten Energiesystems auf erneuerbare Energiequellen unerlässlich. Starke und stabile Windverhältnisse auf dem Meer sowie ein hohes Wachstumspotenzial machen die Offshore-Windenergie fernab der Küste zu einer wichtigen Energiequelle. Die Integration solcher Offshore-Windparks (OWP) muss sicher, flexibel, effizient und bezahlbar sein, weshalb die Hochspannungs-Gleichstrom-Übertragung (HGÜ) oft für den Netzanschluss bevorzugt wird. HGÜ Systeme bestehen aus vielen Teilsystemen, Komponenten und Schnittstellen, z. B. zu den OWP, was sie zu komplexen Systemen macht. Die Komplexität, die vielen und unterschiedlichen Anforderungen und die große Anzahl von Systemalternativen erfordern für Netzplaner, Netzbetreiber und Hersteller einen systematischen Ansatz zur Entwicklung des am besten geeigneten Entwurfs, der alle Anforderungen erfüllt und in seiner Umgebung wie erwartet funktioniert. Das Systems Engineering mit seinem auf dem sogenannten V-Modell basierenden Vorgehen hat sich seit vielen Jahren außerhalb der Energiewirtschaft als geeignete Methodik für die Entwicklung komplexer Systeme bewährt. Die Erweiterung zum Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) ermöglicht die Spezifikation eines Systems in einer universellen Systemmodellierungssprache (SysML) durch die Aktivitäten im V-Modell, was die kollaborative Systementwicklung über Disziplinen hinweg ermöglicht. Auf der Grundlage von MBSE wird in dieser Arbeit ein HGÜ System für eine Fallstudie entworfen, die aus drei OWPs mit einer Gesamtleistung von 3 GW besteht. Die Anforderungen werden aus der Notwendigkeit der Stakeholder abgeleitet und vor der Systementwicklung kategorisiert. Stakeholder sind beispielsweise der OWP Eigentümer und der Onshore Netzbetreiber. In dieser Arbeit werden elektrotechnische Anforderungen und das Ziel eines Designs mit niedrigen Stromgestehungskosten berücksichtigt. Die Systemintegration und Verifizierung der zuvor definierten Anforderungen wird durchgeführt, bevor ein validierter HGÜ Systementwurf nach dem Systementwicklungsprozess mit dem V-Modell zur Verfügung steht. MBSE ermöglicht die frühzeitige Identifizierung von Entwurfsfehlern durch Verifikation, wenn diese noch einfach und kostengünstig zu korrigieren sind. Das SysML Modell bildet das Kernelement für den Entwurf des HGÜ Systems, da alle relevanten Anforderungen, Randbedingungen, Spezifikationen und das Systemziel im Modell enthalten sind. Die am besten geeignete Systemarchitektur und Komponentendefinition wird auf der Grundlage der Spezifikationen im SysML-Modell mit einer multikriteriellen Methode zur Bewertung und Auswahl entwickelt.

Cooperative ITS for road traffic offer potentials regarding road safety and traffic efficiency that go significantly beyond what can be achieved with isolated vehicle and infrastructure systems. However, besides functional and technical aspects there are legal and institutional, financial, political and culture barriers that need to be addressed and must be overcome in order to successfully deploy cooperative services on a broad level throughout Europe. This paper contains an analysis of identified barriers and their possible solutions on the basis of the eCoMove project and several research projects that deal with to C-ITS implementation.

The European Commission (EC) has defined the objective to reduce carbon emission in transport by at least 60% compared to the year 1990. Until 2020 the increase of CO2 emissions shall be limited to 8% [1]. Therefore the EC is funding research projects which are dealing with eco-assistant/information systems such as the within the EU co-funded 7th Framework eCoMove project (Cooperative Mobility Systems and Services for Energy Efficiency) eCoMove. Based on in-vehicle but also cooperative systems such as dynamic eco-navigation, dynamic eco-guidance or other systems that support eco driving, which addressing route choice, velocity profile and traffic control information enable the driver to a more eco-friendly driving style which shall result in reduced fuel consumption. . In order to reach the envisaged goal it is very important that the systems are accepted by the driver and that driver comply with the system’s recommendations. Different methods, such as field trials, driving simulator studies and microscopic network simulations have been applied to verify and validate different applications with the main goal to assess the impacts of eco driving support systems on potential reduction of fuel consumption and carbon emission. The current paper provides an overview of the methodology used to validate the implemented tools and the findings of the conducted studies.