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Oil resources are unevenly distributed on the earth and most oil needs to be transported by sea. Therefore, ocean transport of oil is largely a one-way trade from the principal supply areas to the oil consuming states. The main routes of crude oil shipping are from the Middle East and Southeast Asia to the United States, Western Europe, Japan and China. It is often on these busy routes that the oil pollution incidents occur. Since the Second World War, oil has become the main source of energy in the world. Oil movements by sea increased since then, more and larger tankers were built to satisfy the increasing need for oil co

markdownabstract__Abstract__ Children with severe neurological impairment and intellectual disability are at increased risk of developing malnutrition. While in recent years increased use of gastrostomy feeding has turned this trend, children receiving tube feeding run the opposite risk of overnutrition. Maintaining a healthy diet for these children requires regular measurements of body composition and estimates of energy needs. However, a review of available literature did not provide enough evidence of valid instruments for measuring body composition. In addition, no equations exist to reliably estimate energy expenditure in these children. This thesis aimed to develop equations to measure body composition and estimate energy expenditure in these children. To accomplish this, in 61 children (32 male, age 10.1 ± 4.3) the outcomes of skinfold measurements and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) were compared to a reference method: the doubly labeled water method. While a newly-developed equation for skinfolds did not improve agreement, the new BIA equation did (R2 = 0.92, SEE=1.7 kg, RMSE=1.8 kg). In order to develop an equation to estimate energy expenditure, in 61 children data was recorded on degree of movement, mobility, muscle tone and presence of epilepsy. After analysis the variables degree of movement and mobility were selected by the statistical model. The resulting equation was based on 52 children, in whom all measurements were successfull (R2=0.69, SEE=207 kcal, RMSE=213 kcal). Although the standard error of this new equation is still considerable, it is a first step in the development of a group-specific equation. This thesis concludes with a preliminary guideline that aims to diagnose undernutrition and overnutrition in children with severe neurological impairment and intellectual disability.

The environmental challenges that our planet is facing require a long-term vision and, to respond to its present threats, an innovative and diverse community of creative minds. In particular, in textile & clothing (T&C) where the biggest challenge is a recruitment crisis, attracting competent people. The difficulty comes from the prejudices and stereotypes hidden in the dominant environment. Nevertheless, if women were employed at their level of capacity, European gdp would increase by 3.3 points instead of stagnating. Do women have to adapt to this environment, or does it need to change to accommodate different people and working methods? This book gives voice — through a series of texts signed by European experts and illustrated with eloquent graphics — to the shemakes project and its network of T&C Labs that showcase their local innovations. Creative women who challenge current practices, break the rules and collaborate to design a better future.

textabstractAbstract. One of the ongoing discussions in water resource governance in India is on the revival of the river and lake systems. The new water-system as infrastructures are proving to be the connectors in the current societal (urban) development as they did in the times of traditional water management and old settlement pattern. Rivers and lakes have different social, ecological and economical demands made on them at different periods of societal development and that made them vulnerable to change. One of the core challenges documented in the governance of rivers and lakes in India is addressing the rapid changes in these value systems. Effectively addressing the change (or priority) in the values of water systems and urban systems linked to the governance can be a major step towards sustainability of these systems. There is still limited understanding of how the values of water resource systems are progressively linked to changing urban systems and how upward and downward causation linkages occur within the systems as well as across diverse sectors and scales of governance. The PhD research on ‘Sustainability of urban lake systems in India’ is an attempt to look at the interactions and outcomes of the spatial and temporal dynamics of urban systems and lake systems especially the values that sustain the institutional and ecological memory. The paper highlights the relationship and the role of values between urban lakes systems (ecological systems) and governance (social systems) and identifies that sustainability of both the systems is the key towards sustainable cities. The multitier framework for analyzing the social-ecological systems is used as the foundation to elaborate the link of the values with urban lake systems and governance in the context of Ahmedabad city. Then Vastrapur lake development in Ahmedabad is studied to elaborate the role of values

Dependence on biomass, especially wood, to meet domestic energy needs raises several socio-environmental concerns. In contrast, cattle manure, which may be used to generate biogas, is considered a cleaner and cheaper source of energy. Despite the existence of several initiatives to promote biogas, systematic analyses of the effects of such initiatives are limited. This paper provides such an analysis. We use data from rural Rwanda to examine the effects of access to bio digesters on energy-related expenditures and consumption of traditional fuels. We find that participation in Rwanda’s National Domestic Biogas Programme leads to substantial reductions in firewood use and yields large savings. However, a cost-benefit analysis reveals that the attractiveness of participating in the biogas programme is hampered by a long payback period.

Land grabs in the wake of a disaster are nothing new. However this phenomenon gains certain particularities and interest when it happens within the current context of climate change policy initiatives and the global land rush. This nexus produces a new set of political processes containing new actors and alliances, legitimizations, and mechanisms of dispossession that set off a different pace for land grabs. This study explores this nexus which has the potential to swiftly reboot spatial, institutional and political land arrangements in poor communities on a large scale, globally. The gap in the scholarly literature found in the disaster – global land rush – climate change nexus was examined from the perspective of a local community devastated by the 2013 super typhoon Haiyan in central Philippines. Using a political economy lens, the study revealed that along with the dynamics of the structural and institutional environment, the interaction between the pro-reform social and state actors determines the nature, pace, extent and trajectory of the land struggle. The ‘state-society interactive’ approach highlights the political agency of both the state and social actors, particularly how they exercise their autonomy and capacity, and maximize channels within and external to the state to advance their claim. How the interplay of different institutions of climate change mitigation, land grabs and disasters interacts with the political processes of current land grabs is the focus of this study.

textabstractBegin jaren negentig formeerde Jan Rotmans op het RIVM in Bilthoven de GLOBOonderzoeksgroep, die onderzoek deed naar mondiale verandering en duurzame ontwikkeling. Centraal in dit onderzoek stond het begrip transitie en de eerste serie transitie-experimenten werden gedaan met het TARGETS-model (Rotmans 1997). Ook bij de VN introduceerde Rotmans de notie van transities, bij de Commissie Duurzame Ontwikkeling, in wiens opdracht hij een evaluatie maakte van de UNCED-conferentie in Rio in 1992. Dit resulteerde in het rapport ‘Critical Trends’ (UN 1997), een mondiale, integrale trendanalyse waarin het begrip transitie de kern vormde.

Cross-sector development partnerships (CSDPs) often start as ‘pilots’– testing out the potential of partnering approach to deliver desired results within a pre-defined time. As projects, CSDPs have potential for replication because they test innovative approaches which can be scaled up by the partners after donor funding ends. Not much is known about how replication of successfully piloted partnerships actually works. This publication provides insights into replication through repeated collaboration, based on the experiences of the Sustainable Development Programme for Coffee Growing Families in Nariño (Colombia). In addition to identifying the benefits, process and facilitators of the repeated collaboration, it examines how bilateral development agencies can facilitate successful replication through repeated collaboration.

markdownabstract__Abstract__ It is the general wisdom, within the petrochemical industrial sector, that technological changes, for the development of cleaner products, processes and services, is a basic requirement for companies to achieve advanced states of environmental and economic sustainability in the 21st century. It is also agreed that to innovate is essential for this industry make the necessary advancements and to reconcile the firms´ interests of being profitable, in the short-term, with their long-term capacity to evolve with societal pressures to ensure worker‘s and consumer‘s health within a sustainable biosphere. Despite these corporate perspectives, companies´ decisions to engage in the process of change, through technological and management innovations, is contingent on a series of elements that determine companies‘ eco-innovative behavior. This thesis was designed to gain insight into the aspects and determinants that influence ecoinnovative behavior of companies in the Brazilian petrochemical sector. Drawing on Icel Ajzen´s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), on Montalvo Corral´s TPB-based structural descriptive innovation-directed behavioral model and on Franco Malerba´s Sectoral Systems of Innovation (SSI) framework as its major theoretical frameworks, this study was designed to obtain answers to these research questions: - What is the extent to which Brazilian petrochemical companies are willing to innovate based upon the Twelve Principles of the Green Chemistry and the Twelve Principles of Green Engineering (GCE) as approaches to more sustainable behavior? - How can their willingness to change be documented and explained and what are its main determinants? -What are the sector´s main agents, mechanisms and actions, which are integral to its implementation of GCE and to going beyond them in the future?