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Environmental degradation has put significant consequences at both the national and global levels. Economic development and ecological sustainability can be achieved by an increase in economic growth but on the cost of environmental quality. The basic aim of this analysis is to find the existence of the aviation Kuznets curve (AKC) and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) for the selected 21 OECD nations from 1980 to 2018. The aviation cargo and aviation passengers’ patterns are separately analyzed in relation to CO2 emissions to quantify whether Kuznets phenomenon exists in the aviation industry of OECD nations? The econometric results of panel GMM confirm the validation of the aviation Kuznets curve in case of aviation passengers such that the “inverted U shaped” pattern. While the environmental Kuznets curve and aviation cargo Kuznets curve do not exist in the OECD nation. It means that an increase in aviation cargo and economic growth increases the CO2 emissions showing the “U shaped” association. Moreover, the Pairwise Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality test exhibits uni–directional association moving from economic growth to carbon emissions, while there is bidirectional granger causality among trade openness, aviation sector, and energy consumption to carbon emissions. The overall results suggest that OECD nations must consider the pollution reduction techniques, investment in renewable sources, continuous research, implementation of efficient energy sources, and the imposition of aviation emissions taxes to limit the pollution.

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth in China, while controlling for fossil fuel consumption, financial development, capital, institutional quality and globalization and its components for the period, 1970–2014. We have employed the Bayer and Hanck, (2013) combined cointegration test to examine the long-run relationships between those variables as well as the autoregressive distributed lag method with structural breaks as a robustness check. The empirical findings demonstrate a long-run relationship between those variables. Hydroelectricity consumption, fossil fuel consumption, capital, financial development and globalization and its components have a positive influence on GDP in China. The findings also provide predominant evidence on the long-run feedback hypothesis between the variables. The findings suggest that policies should be implemented to increase the role hydropower in the energy mix for sustainable economic growth in the country.

Abstract This study attempts to explore the causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption, output and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions for 10 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries over the period of 1980–2009. The results from panel Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) show that renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption add in CO 2 emissions while output (real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita) exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship with CO 2 emissions i.e. the environment Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is validated. The short-run dynamics indicate the unidirectional causality running from renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption and output to CO 2 emissions. In the long-run, there appears to be a bidirectional causality between electricity consumption (renewable and non-renewable) and CO 2 emissions. The findings suggest that future reductions in CO 2 emissions might be achieved at the cost of economic growth.

Though community empowerment and sustainable tourism development (STD) have been discussed in the existing literature, little research has focused on the elaborate mechanisms between these two variables. Therefore, the present study examines the relationship between community empowerment and STD, along with the mediating role played by community support for tourism. Using social exchange theory, this research establishes theoretical relationships between vital variables for STD. A survey of empirical study was undertaken, and data were collected from 353 local residents in the northern area of Pakistan. The results for data analyses demonstrated a significant relationship between community empowerment and STD initiatives, and community support for tourism was shown to partially mediate the relationship between the two variables. The findings imply that high community empowerment enables the community to establish successful sustainable tourism development through local people’s support for tourism. This study contributes theoretically to identifying the idea that community members’ support for tourism has a crucial function bridging the link from community empowerment to sustain tourism in a local area.

Abstract This paper investigates the existence of environmental Kuznets curve in Croatia for the period of 1992Q1-2011Q1. To fulfil to goals of the paper, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and VECM method has been applied. Results show the existence of inverted U-shape relation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth in long run that is the validity of EKC. Granger causality based on VECM approach shows bi-directional causality between CO 2 emissions and economic growth in short run and uni-directional causality from economic growth to CO 2 emissions in long run. DOLS and FMOLS results confirm the robustness of long run results. Variance decomposition and Impulse response also show similar results. Beauty of the paper is the consistency of results from different techniques.

Abstract The paper analyzes the causal relationship between energy demand and economic growth in Bangladesh using annual time series data from 1980 to 2011 from World Development Indicator (WDI), Database of the World Bank. Since the results of causal direction are sensitive to the models being employed, the paper uses Maximum Entropy Bootstrap (meboot) due to its superiority to overcome small sample bias and limitation of asymptotic distribution theory. To avoid the omitted variables bias, the paper uses multivariate framework in production function specification. The paper finds that a unidirectional causality runs from economic growth to energy demand which indicates that conservative policy might not harm the Bangladesh economy but since economic progress leads higher energy consumption, demand side management of energy and exploring renewable energy sources are must. The implications are discussed.

Abstract The present study identifies and evaluates the macroeconomic factors that determine energy consumption in Greece. This study is based on annual time series data covering the period ranging from 1975–2013. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and KPSS test are employed in order to test stationarity of the data, confirming that all the variables are I(1). Within the next step of the methodology we employed a VECM model in order to detect causality among the variables through the Granger causality test. Similarly, the impulse response analysis provides that urbanization, infrastructure, trade, income, population growth, and foreign direct investment are the main determinants of energy consumption in Greece during the period surveyed. The findings suggest that in order to fulfill the energy demand in the country, the decision-makers need to formulate energy policy in favor of enlarging the supply of energy and especially renewable energy to foster the process of economic growth and development. Especially, in the times of crisis the particular determinants are a necessity to initiate economic growth.

Abstract This study observes the causal relationships between globalization, urbanization, financial development, consumption of renewable energy and emissions of CO2, in order to asses the implications for sustainable development. It employs panel data of the top ten CO2 emitter countries (Japan, USA, South Korea, Germany, Iran, Canada, Saudi Arabia, China, India and Russia) from 1990 to 2016. Panel co-integration, panel fully modified least squares (PFMOLS) and panel vector error correction model (VECM) tests are used to analyse the data of the study. An empirical result of the panel VECM test reveals unidirectional long term causality from CO2 to financial development (FD), and globalization (GLOB) to urban population (UP). The results of the PFMOLS test show that there are significantly long-term positive relationships of FD and UP with CO2 emissions. Renewable energy consumption has a significantly negative relationship with emissions of CO2. Furthermore, it is recommended to enhance renewable energy consumption in order to lower carbon emissions for sustainable development in the top ten emitter countries.