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The main emphasis of this paper is on the power quality based comparison of two identical systems modeled in ETAP, one comprising CFLs as lighting load and the other has fluorescent lights as lighting source. Current waveforms along with its spectrum for the HTs (High Tension side) and LTs (Low Tension side) of distribution transformers, voltage waveforms and their spectrum at different buses have been compared in terms of THDv and THDi at various locations.

In the current situation with the unprecedented deployment of clean technologies for electricity generation, it is natural to expect that storage will play an important role in electricity networks. This paper provides a qualitative methodology to select the appropriate technology or mix of technologies for different applications. The multiple comparisons according to different characteristics distinguish this paper from others about energy storage systems. Firstly, the different technologies available for energy storage, as discussed in the literature, are described and compared. The characteristics of the technologies are explained, including their current availability. In order to gain a better perspective, availability is cross-compared with maturity level. Moreover, information such as ratings, energy density, durability and costs is provided in table and graphic format for a straightforward comparison. Additionally, the different electric grid applications of energy storage technologies are described and categorised. For each of the categories, we describe the available technologies, both mature and potential. Finally, methods for connecting storage technologies are discussed.

The growing population and increasing urbanization have led to a surge in domestic wastewater generation, posing significant challenges for effective and sustainable treatment. The present study demonstrates a novel and sustainable approach for the onsite treatment of domestic wastewater using an integrated settler-based biofilm reactor (ISBR) with efficient biogas generation. The ISBR provides an optimized environment for the growth of biofilm, facilitating the removal of organic pollutants and pathogens. Moreover, the ISBR enables the recovery of a valuable resource in the form of biogas, thus enhancing the overall utility of the treatment process. The performance of the ISBR was comprehensively evaluated at laboratory scale through treating the actual domestic wastewater generated from the hostel of Manipal University Jaipur. The ISBR system was operated under an ambient environment at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The results demonstrated remarkable efficiency in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and coliforms removal, with average removal efficiency being more than 90%. According to the COD mass balance analysis, 48.2% of the influent COD was recovered as bioenergy. The chromatogram revealed a high percentage of methane gas in the collected biogas sample. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis of the accumulated sludge in the ISBR system depicted the morphology of methanogenic bacteria. Both the experimental and theoretical results confirmed the feasibility and sustainability of the ISBR system at the onsite level.

Abstract This article introduces an effective stochastic operation framework for optimal energy management of the shipboard power systems including large, nonlinear and dynamic loads. The proposed framework divides the ship power system into several agents, which coordinate with each other based on their demands/supplies until. The alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is deployed as the multi-agent framework to solve the reformulated distributed energy management problem in the ship. Two types of turbo-generators are considered in the proposed system model, including single-shaft and twin-shaft models, to increase the part-load efficiency in certain times when facing variable speed operation. The proposed distributed framework is equipped with a recursive mechanism, which helps the ship system for running optimal load scheduling when facing insufficient power generation. In order to model the uncertainty effects associated with the forecast error in the interval-ahead load demand, a stochastic framework based on unscented transform is devised which can work in the nonlinear and correlated environments of shipboard power systems. Due to the nonlinear cost function in each agent, a powerful optimization algorithm based on modified θ-firefly algorithm (Mθ-FOA) is proposed. This is a phasor algorithm, which helps for escaping from premature convergence and getting trapped in local optima. The appropriate performance of the proposed stochastic model is examined on the real dataset of a ship power system. The simulation results show the high robustness, guarantied consensus, economic operation and feasible solution when power generation shortage based on load shedding in the system.

Renewable energy has become more popular since it is cost-effective and more efficient than conventional energy sources. Biomass-based renewable energy is primarily used in emerging economies to ensure environmental sustainability. This study examines the asymmetric correlation between biomass energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the top-10 biomass energy consumer countries (Brazil, Canada, Thailand, China, Italy, India, Germany, USA, UK, and Japan). A new approach "Quantile-onQuantile (QQ)" is employed by utilizing the data from 1991 to 2018. Biomass energy consumption, with the exception of Thailand, significantly mitigates CO2 emissions at various quantiles in selected countries. As a robustness check, we used the quantile regression test, whose findings are consistent with the outcomes from the quantile-on-quantile method. However, the degree of asymmetry in the biomass energy-CO2 nexus varies by country, necessitating extra attention and government vigilance when developing biomass energy and environmental policies.

Cette étude examine les caractéristiques des profils de vitesse, de champ thermique et d'entropie pour l'écoulement de nanofluides hybrides traversant une feuille d'amidonnage avec un rayonnement thermique. Les nanotubes de carbone (SWCNT et MWCNT) sont utilisés comme nanoparticules avec flux de chaleur Cattaneo-Christov (CC). L'éthylène glycol est utilisé comme fluide de base dans ce cas. Pour obtenir une solution améliorée, l'écoulement de fluide sur les propriétés géométriques est conçu en utilisant des PDE hautement non linéaires, et les équations gouvernantes doivent être converties en systèmes d'équations non similaires sans dimension en utilisant le schéma de Keller-box bien connu et très efficace dans le logiciel de calcul Matlab. La faisabilité pratique de ces solutions est déterminée par la plage des paramètres de contrôle. La distribution de vitesse diminue à mesure que l'estimation des paramètres magnétiques augmente, cependant, le champ de température et la production d'entropie augmentent à mesure que la fluctuation des paramètres magnétiques diminue. Au fur et à mesure que le paramètre de glissement augmente, le champ de vitesse diminue. Le champ thermique est amélioré pour augmenter le paramètre de rayonnement, et le profil d'entropie est renforcé pour augmenter les valeurs des paramètres de Brinkman. Les résultats de cette recherche pourraient avoir un impact significatif sur les industries où le refroidissement et le chauffage locaux par jets d'impact sont nécessaires dans les appareils électroniques, les dissipateurs thermiques, les technologies de séchage, etc. À la connaissance des auteurs, il s'agit du premier effort visant à utiliser un nanofluide hybride pour analyser la formation d'entropie due au flux magnétohydrodynamique sur une feuille d'amidonnage. Este estudio examina las características de los perfiles de velocidad, campo térmico y entropía para el flujo híbrido de nanofluidos que pasa a través de una lámina de almidón con radiación térmica. Los nanotubos de carbono (SWCNT y MWCNT) se utilizan como nanopartículas con flujo de calor Cattaneo-Christov (CC). El etilenglicol se utiliza como fluido base en este caso. Para lograr una solución mejorada, el flujo de fluido sobre las propiedades geométricas se diseña utilizando PDE altamente no lineales, y las ecuaciones gobernantes deben convertirse en sistemas de ecuaciones no similares adimensionales utilizando el conocido esquema de Keller-box altamente eficiente en el software computacional MATLAB. La viabilidad práctica de estas soluciones está determinada por el rango de los parámetros de control. La distribución de velocidad se reduce a medida que aumenta la estimación del parámetro magnético, sin embargo, el campo de temperatura y la producción de entropía aumentan a medida que la fluctuación del parámetro magnético se aclara. A medida que aumenta el parámetro de deslizamiento, el campo de velocidad disminuye. El campo térmico se mejora para aumentar el parámetro de radiación, y el perfil de entropía se aumenta para aumentar los valores de los parámetros de Brinkman. Los hallazgos de esta investigación podrían tener un impacto significativo en las industrias donde se necesita refrigeración local y calefacción a través de chorros de choque en dispositivos electrónicos, disipadores de calor, tecnologías de secado, etc. Según el conocimiento de los autores, este es el primer esfuerzo para emplear un nanofluido híbrido para analizar la formación de entropía debido al flujo magnetohidrodinámico sobre una lámina de almidón. This study examines the characteristics of the velocity, thermal field and entropy profiles for hybrid nanofluid flow passing through a starching sheet with thermal radiation. The carbon nanotube (SWCNT and MWCNT) are used as a nanoparticles with Cattaneo-Christov (CC) heat flux. Ethylene glycol is utilized as a base fluid in this case. To achieve an improved solution, the fluid flow over the geometric properties is designed using highly non-linear PDEs, and the governing equations must be converted into dimensionless non-similar equation systems using the highly efficient well-known Keller-box scheme in computational software MATLAB. The practical feasibility of these solutions is determined by the range of the controlling parameters. The velocity distribution reduces as the magnetic parameter estimate increases, however, the temperature field and entropy production increase as the magnetic parameter fluctuation esclates. As the slip parameter is increased, the velocity field diminish. The thermal field is enhanced for rising the radiation parameter, and the entropy profile is boosted for increasing Brinkman parameter values. The findings of this research might have a significant impact on industries where local cooling and heating via impingement jets are needed in electronic devices, heat sinks, drying technologies, and so on. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first effort to employ a hybrid nanofluid to analyze entropy formation due to magnetohydrodynamics flow over a starching sheet. تبحث هذه الدراسة في خصائص ملامح السرعة والحقل الحراري والانتروبيا لتدفق السوائل النانوية الهجينة التي تمر عبر ورقة النشا مع الإشعاع الحراري. يتم استخدام الأنبوب النانوي الكربوني (SWCNT و MWCNT) كجسيمات نانوية مع تدفق حراري Cattaneo - Christov (CC). يستخدم جلايكول الإيثيلين كسائل أساسي في هذه الحالة. لتحقيق حل محسّن، تم تصميم تدفق المائع عبر الخصائص الهندسية باستخدام PDEs غير خطية للغاية، ويجب تحويل المعادلات الحاكمة إلى أنظمة معادلات غير متشابهة بلا أبعاد باستخدام مخطط Keller - box المعروف عالي الكفاءة في البرنامج الحاسوبي MATLAB. يتم تحديد الجدوى العملية لهذه الحلول من خلال نطاق معلمات التحكم. ينخفض توزيع السرعة مع زيادة تقدير المعلمة المغناطيسية، ومع ذلك، يزداد مجال درجة الحرارة وإنتاج الإنتروبيا مع تذبذب المعلمة المغناطيسية. مع زيادة معامل الانزلاق، يتناقص مجال السرعة. يتم تعزيز المجال الحراري لرفع معلمة الإشعاع، ويتم تعزيز ملف تعريف الإنتروبيا لزيادة قيم معلمة برينكمان. قد يكون لنتائج هذا البحث تأثير كبير على الصناعات التي تحتاج إلى التبريد والتدفئة المحليين عبر نفاثات الاصطدام في الأجهزة الإلكترونية وأحواض الحرارة وتقنيات التجفيف وما إلى ذلك. على حد علم المؤلفين، هذا هو أول جهد لتوظيف مائع نانوي هجين لتحليل تكوين الإنتروبيا بسبب تدفق الديناميكا المائية المغناطيسية على ورقة النشا.

Abstract Hydrogen is considered a potential game changer for world energy systems and a solution to climate change concerns, as it generates zero waste and it is suited for power generation and transportation. Despite its several advantages, there are significant technical challenges in deploying a stable hydrogen economy including improving its process efficiencies, lowering production costs, maintaining cost-effective transmission and distribution, and exploiting inexpensive and sustainable feedstocks. In this context, a detailed study was conducted to analyze the production sources, technologies, storage and transport systems, and global potential exportable feedstocks to produce hydrogen. A comprehensive analysis of current hydrogen production technologies with their energy efficiencies and hydrogen selling prices was reported in this study. Various hydrogen production technologies with their capital investments and CO2 emissions were also presented. Potential feedstocks for hydrogen production were identified and analyzed through a product space model, which characterizes a network of global exportable products based on their similarities and productive knowledge. It was established that the hydrogen production feedstocks and sources currently used are primarily available in six countries: the United States of America, France, Russia, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Spain. Broadly, the results revealed that the United States of America and Russia shared the highest hydrogen feedstock exports, indicating a higher probability of hydrogen production in these countries. Except for Russia, all the studied countries fell in the most desired quadrant, indicating that they can move in all product space directions to exploit unexplored hydrogen feedstocks for better sustainable economic growth.

In this paper, we propose and discuss the challenges of a novel method for securing the readings of smart electricity meters against tampering or malfunctioning. We apply the idea of linear error-correcting block codes, which has originally been used in detecting and correcting errors in data transmission, to detect and correct customer attacks aimed at changing the readings of smart electricity meters. We propose to use these codes, with some modifications, in order to detect and correct deceptive readings of a group of electricity meters measuring the energy delivered by cables\feeders fed from the same node\bus. We start by considering a single meter attack, and we show that the detection and correction of a single attack in the readings of 2m — M — 1 meters, connected to cables fed from the same node, requires only using M current transformers in addition to knowing the voltage at the common node. We demonstrate the theoretical implementation of this coding scheme, and then we discuss some practical challenges and their proposed solutions. Furthermore, extension to multi-error correcting codes, which are capable of detecting and correcting several simultaneous deceptive readings of a group of meters, is also discussed.