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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zeeshan Aslam; Fahad Ahmed; Ahmad Almogren; Muhammad Shafiq; +2 Authors

    Electricity theft is one of the main causes of non-technical losses and its detection is important for power distribution companies to avoid revenue loss. The advancement of traditional grids to smart grids allows a two-way flow of information and energy that enables real-time energy management, billing and load surveillance. This infrastructure enables power distribution companies to automate electricity theft detection (ETD) by constructing new innovative data-driven solutions. Whereas, the traditional ETD approaches do not provide acceptable theft detection performance due to high-dimensional imbalanced data, loss of data relationships during feature extraction and the requirement of experts' involvement. Hence, this paper presents a new semi-supervised solution for ETD, which consists of relational denoising autoencoder (RDAE) and attention guided (AG) TripleGAN, named as RDAE-AG-TripleGAN. In this system, RDAE is implemented to derive features and their associations while AG performs feature weighting and dynamically supervises the AG-TripleGAN. As a result, this procedure significantly boosts the ETD. Furthermore, to demonstrate the acceptability of the proposed methodology over conventional approaches, we conducted extensive simulations using the real power consumption data of smart meters. The proposed solution is validated over the most useful and suitable performance indicators: area under the curve, precision, recall, Matthews correlation coefficient, F1-score and precision-recall area under the curve. The simulation results prove that the proposed method efficiently improves the detection of electricity frauds against conventional ETD schemes such as extreme gradient boosting machine and transductive support vector machine. The proposed solution achieves the detection rate of 0.956, which makes it more acceptable for electric utilities than the existing approaches.

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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    IEEE Access
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      IEEE Access
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2020
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    Authors: Mohamed N. Ibrahim; Hegazy Rezk; Mujahed Al-Dahifallah; Peter Sergeant;

    L'intérêt pour les systèmes de pompage photovoltaïques (PV) a augmenté, en particulier dans les zones rurales où il n'y a pas d'approvisionnement en réseau disponible. Cependant, les performances et le coût de l'ensemble du système restent un obstacle pour une large diffusion de cette technologie. Dans cet article, un générateur hybride photovoltaïque (PV)-thermo-électrique (TEG) est étudié pour des applications de pompage. Le groupe motopropulseur électrique comprend un moteur à réluctance synchrone et un onduleur. Une stratégie de contrôle de la transmission est utilisée pour exécuter deux tâches principales : 1) entraîner correctement le moteur pour atteindre un couple maximal par condition d'ampère et 2) maximiser la puissance de sortie du système photovoltaïque dans différentes conditions météorologiques. Cela signifie que le convertisseur CC-CC conventionnel n'est pas utilisé dans le système proposé. De plus, les batteries, qui se caractérisent par une courte durée de vie et un coût de remplacement élevé, ne sont pas non plus utilisées. On constate que la puissance de sortie du moteur et le débit de la pompe sont augmentés d'environ 9,5 % et 12 % respectivement lorsque le réseau PV-TEG hybride est utilisé par rapport à l'utilisation uniquement du réseau PV. En conséquence, les performances, le coût et la complexité du système sont améliorés. Les mesures sur une installation de laboratoire expérimental sont construites pour valider les résultats théoriques de ce travail. El interés en los sistemas de bombeo fotovoltaico (PV) ha aumentado, especialmente en las zonas rurales donde no hay suministro de red disponible. Sin embargo, tanto el rendimiento como el coste de todo el sistema siguen siendo un obstáculo para una amplia difusión de esta tecnología. En este artículo, se investiga un generador híbrido fotovoltaico (PV) -termoeléctrico (TEG) para aplicaciones de bombeo. El tren motriz eléctrico comprende un motor de reluctancia síncrona y un inversor. Se emplea una estrategia de control para el tren motriz para ejecutar dos tareas principales: 1) accionar el motor correctamente para lograr un par máximo por condición de Ampère y 2) maximizar la potencia de salida del sistema fotovoltaico en diferentes condiciones climáticas. Esto significa que el convertidor CC-CC convencional no se utiliza en el sistema propuesto. Además, las baterías, que se caracterizan por una corta vida útil y un alto coste de sustitución, tampoco se utilizan. Se encuentra que la potencia de salida del motor y el caudal de la bomba aumentan en aproximadamente un 9,5% y un 12%, respectivamente, cuando se utiliza la matriz híbrida PV-TEG en comparación con el uso exclusivo de la matriz fotovoltaica. En consecuencia, se mejora el rendimiento, el coste y la complejidad del sistema. Las mediciones en una configuración de laboratorio experimental se construyen para validar los resultados teóricos de este trabajo. The interest in photovoltaic (PV) pumping systems has increased, particularly in rural areas where there is no grid supply available. However, both the performance and the cost of the whole system are still an obstacle for a wide spread of this technology. In this article, a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-thermoelectric generator (TEG) is investigated for pumping applications. The electric drivetrain comprises a synchronous reluctance motor and an inverter. A control strategy for the drivetrain is employed to execute two main tasks: 1) driving the motor properly to achieve a maximum torque per Ampère condition and 2) maximizing the output power of the PV system at different weather conditions. This means that the conventional DC-DC converter is not used in the proposed system. Moreover, batteries, which are characterized by short life expectancy and high replacement cost, are also not used. It is found that the motor output power and the pump flow rate are increased by about 9.5% and 12% respectively when the hybrid PV-TEG array is used compared to only using PV array. Accordingly, the performance, cost and complexity of the system are improved. Measurements on an experimental laboratory setup are constructed to validate the theoretical results of this work. ازداد الاهتمام بأنظمة الضخ الكهروضوئية (PV)، لا سيما في المناطق الريفية حيث لا تتوفر إمدادات الشبكة. ومع ذلك، لا يزال أداء وتكلفة النظام بأكمله يشكلان عقبة أمام انتشار هذه التكنولوجيا على نطاق واسع. في هذه المقالة، يتم فحص مولد كهروضوئي حراري هجين (PV) (TEG) لتطبيقات الضخ. تشتمل مجموعة الدفع الكهربائية على محرك تردد متزامن ومحول. يتم استخدام استراتيجية التحكم في مجموعة الدفع لتنفيذ مهمتين رئيسيتين: 1) قيادة المحرك بشكل صحيح لتحقيق أقصى عزم دوران لكل حالة أمبير و 2) زيادة طاقة خرج النظام الكهروضوئي في الظروف الجوية المختلفة. وهذا يعني أن محول DC - DC التقليدي لا يستخدم في النظام المقترح. علاوة على ذلك، لا يتم استخدام البطاريات، التي تتميز بقصر العمر المتوقع وارتفاع تكلفة الاستبدال. وجد أن طاقة خرج المحرك ومعدل تدفق المضخة يزدادان بنحو 9.5 ٪ و 12 ٪ على التوالي عند استخدام مصفوفة PV - TEG الهجينة مقارنة باستخدام مصفوفة PV فقط. وفقًا لذلك، يتم تحسين أداء النظام وتكلفته وتعقيده. يتم إنشاء القياسات على إعداد مختبر تجريبي للتحقق من صحة النتائج النظرية لهذا العمل.

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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2019 . Peer-reviewed
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2019
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/h9...
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    Authors: K. Parvin; M. S. Hossain Lipu; M. A. Hannan; Majid A. Abdullah; +6 Authors

    Les bâtiments représentent une quantité importante de consommation d'énergie, ce qui entraîne des problèmes d'émissions mondiales et de changement climatique. Ainsi, la gestion de l'énergie dans un bâtiment est de plus en plus explorée en raison de son potentiel important de réduction des dépenses globales d'électricité pour les consommateurs et d'atténuation des émissions de carbone. En ligne avec cela, un plus grand contrôle et une optimisation de la gestion de l'énergie intégrée aux ressources énergétiques renouvelables sont nécessaires pour améliorer l'efficacité énergétique des bâtiments tout en satisfaisant le confort de l'environnement intérieur. Même si des mesures sont prises pour réduire la consommation d'énergie dans les bâtiments avec plusieurs techniques d'optimisation et de contrôle, certains problèmes restent non résolus. Par conséquent, ce travail fournit un examen complet des méthodes de contrôle conventionnelles et intelligentes en mettant l'accent sur leur classification, leurs caractéristiques, leur configuration, leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients. Cet examen examine de manière critique les différents objectifs et contraintes d'optimisation en ce qui concerne la gestion du confort, la consommation d'énergie et la planification. En outre, la revue décrit les différentes approches méthodologiques des algorithmes d'optimisation utilisés dans la gestion de l'énergie des bâtiments. Les contributions du contrôleur et de l'optimisation dans la gestion de l'énergie des bâtiments avec la relation des objectifs de développement durable (ODD) sont expliquées rigoureusement. Des discussions sur les principaux défis des méthodes existantes sont présentées afin d'identifier les lacunes pour les recherches futures. L'examen fournit des orientations futures efficaces qui seraient bénéfiques pour les chercheurs et les industriels afin de concevoir un contrôleur optimisé efficacement pour la gestion de l'énergie du bâtiment en vue de cibler les ODD. Los edificios representan una cantidad significativa de consumo de energía que conduce a los problemas de las emisiones globales y el cambio climático. Por lo tanto, la gestión de la energía en un edificio se explora cada vez más debido a su importante potencial para reducir los gastos generales de electricidad para los consumidores y mitigar las emisiones de carbono. En línea con ello, se requiere un mayor control y optimización de la gestión energética integrada con los recursos energéticos renovables para mejorar la eficiencia energética del edificio a la vez que se satisface el confort del entorno interior. A pesar de que se están tomando medidas para reducir el consumo de energía en edificios con varias técnicas de optimización y control, algunos problemas siguen sin resolverse. Por lo tanto, este trabajo proporciona una revisión exhaustiva de los métodos de control convencionales e inteligentes con énfasis en su clasificación, características, configuración, beneficios e inconvenientes. Esta revisión investiga críticamente los diferentes objetivos y restricciones de optimización con respecto a la gestión del confort, el consumo de energía y la programación. Además, la revisión describe los diferentes enfoques metodológicos de los algoritmos de optimización utilizados en la gestión energética de los edificios. Se explican de forma rigurosa los aportes del controlador y la optimización en la gestión energética del edificio con la relación de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS). Se presentan discusiones sobre los desafíos clave de los métodos existentes para identificar las brechas para futuras investigaciones. La revisión ofrece algunas direcciones futuras efectivas que serían beneficiosas para los investigadores e industriales para diseñar un controlador optimizado de manera eficiente para la gestión de la energía de los edificios hacia la consecución de los ODS. Buildings account for a significant amount of energy consumption leading to the issues of global emissions and climate change. Thus, energy management in a building is increasingly explored due to its significant potential in reducing the overall electricity expenses for the consumers and mitigating carbon emissions. In line with that, the greater control and optimization of energy management integrated with renewable energy resources is required to improve building energy efficiency while satisfying indoor environment comfort. Even though actions are being taken to reduce the energy consumption in buildings with several optimization and controller techniques, yet some issues remain unsolved. Therefore, this work provides a comprehensive review of the conventional and intelligent control methods with emphasis on their classification, features, configuration, benefits, and drawbacks. This review critically investigates the different optimization objectives and constraints with respect to comfort management, energy consumption, and scheduling. Furthermore, the review outlines the different methodological approaches to optimization algorithms used in building energy management. The contributions of controller and optimization in building energy management with the relation of sustainable development goals (SDGs) are explained rigorously. Discussions on the key challenges of the existing methods are presented to identify the gaps for future research. The review delivers some effective future directions that would be beneficial to the researchers and industrialists to design an efficiently optimized controller for building energy management toward targeting SDGs. تمثل المباني كمية كبيرة من استهلاك الطاقة مما يؤدي إلى قضايا الانبعاثات العالمية وتغير المناخ. وبالتالي، يتم استكشاف إدارة الطاقة في المبنى بشكل متزايد بسبب إمكاناته الكبيرة في تقليل نفقات الكهرباء الإجمالية للمستهلكين والتخفيف من انبعاثات الكربون. وتماشياً مع ذلك، يلزم زيادة التحكم في إدارة الطاقة المتكاملة مع موارد الطاقة المتجددة وتحسينها لتحسين كفاءة استخدام الطاقة في المباني مع إرضاء راحة البيئة الداخلية. على الرغم من اتخاذ إجراءات لتقليل استهلاك الطاقة في المباني باستخدام العديد من تقنيات التحسين والتحكم، إلا أن بعض المشكلات لا تزال دون حل. لذلك، يوفر هذا العمل مراجعة شاملة لأساليب التحكم التقليدية والذكية مع التركيز على تصنيفها وميزاتها وتكوينها وفوائدها وعيوبها. تبحث هذه المراجعة بشكل نقدي في أهداف وقيود التحسين المختلفة فيما يتعلق بإدارة الراحة واستهلاك الطاقة والجدولة. علاوة على ذلك، تحدد المراجعة الأساليب المنهجية المختلفة لخوارزميات التحسين المستخدمة في بناء إدارة الطاقة. يتم شرح مساهمات المراقب والتحسين في بناء إدارة الطاقة مع العلاقة بين أهداف التنمية المستدامة (SDGs) بدقة. يتم تقديم مناقشات حول التحديات الرئيسية للطرق الحالية لتحديد الثغرات للبحث في المستقبل. تقدم المراجعة بعض الاتجاهات المستقبلية الفعالة التي ستكون مفيدة للباحثين والصناعيين لتصميم وحدة تحكم محسنة بكفاءة لبناء إدارة الطاقة نحو استهداف أهداف التنمية المستدامة.

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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sahbi Boubaker; M. Benghanem; A. Mellit; Ayoub Lefza; +2 Authors

    L'irradiation horizontale globale prévue (GHI) peut aider à la conception, au dimensionnement et à l'analyse des performances des systèmes photovoltaïques (PV), y compris les systèmes de pompage PV à eau utilisés pour les applications d'irrigation. Dans cet article, divers modèles de réseaux neuronaux profonds (DNN) pour la prédiction à un jour du GHI à Hail city (Arabie saoudite) sont développés et étudiés. Les modèles DNN considérés comprennent la mémoire à long terme (LSTM), le LSTM bidirectionnel (BiLSTM), l'unité récurrente fermée (GRU), le GRU bidirectionnel (Bi-GRU), le réseau neuronal convolutionnel unidimensionnel (CNN 1D ) et d'autres configurations hybrides telles que CNN-LSTM et CNN-BiLSTM.A. L'ensemble de données des enregistrements quotidiens GHI collectés entre le 1er janvier 2000 et le 30 juin 2020 auprès de la National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) à un endroit aride (Hail, Arabie Saoudite) est utilisé pour développer et comparer les modèles basés sur DNN ci-dessus. Les paramètres affectant la précision des modèles ont également été analysés en profondeur. Seules les valeurs historiques du GHI quotidien ont été utilisées pour construire les modèles basés sur DNN, tandis que des paramètres météorologiques supplémentaires tels que la température de l'air, la vitesse du vent, la direction du vent, la pression atmosphérique et l'humidité relative ne sont pas pris en compte dans ce travail. La bibliothèque Keras et le langage Python ont été utilisés utilisé pour développer et comparer les modèles de prévision GHI. Les métriques d'évaluation telles que le coefficient de corrélation (r), l'erreur absolue moyenne en pourcentage (MAPE), l'erreur absolue moyenne (MAE), la fonction de distribution cumulative (CDF) et l'écart type (σ ) sont choisies pour évaluer la performance des modèles de prévision. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les modèles DNN ont fourni de bonnes performances à l'échelle mondiale avec une valeur maximale atteinte de r = 96 %, pour la prévision quotidienne GHI. La irradiación horizontal global pronosticada (GHI) puede ayudar a diseñar, dimensionar y analizar el rendimiento de los sistemas fotovoltaicos (PV), incluidos los sistemas de bombeo de agua PV utilizados para aplicaciones de riego. En este documento, se desarrollan e investigan varios modelos de redes neuronales profundas (DNN) para la predicción de un día de anticipación de GHI en la ciudad de Hail (Arabia Saudita). Los modelos DNN considerados incluyen memoria a largo plazo (LSTM), LSTM bidireccional (BiLSTM), unidad recurrente cerrada (GRU), GRU bidireccional (Bi-GRU), red neuronal convolucional unidimensional (CNN 1D ) y otras configuraciones híbridas como CNN-LSTM y CNN-BiLSTM. Un conjunto de datos de grabaciones diarias de GHI recopiladas durante el 1 de enero de 2000 al 30 de junio de 2020 de la Administración Nacional de Aeronáutica y del Espacio (NASA) en una ubicación árida (Hail, Arabia Saudita) se utiliza para desarrollar y comparar los modelos basados en DNN anteriores. Los parámetros que afectan la precisión de los modelos también se han analizado profundamente. Solo se han utilizado valores históricos de GHI diarios para construir los modelos basados en DNN, mientras que los parámetros climáticos adicionales como la temperatura del aire, la velocidad del viento, la dirección del viento, la presión atmosférica y la humedad relativa no se consideran en este trabajo. Biblioteca Keras y lenguaje Python han sido utilizado para desarrollar y comparar los modelos de pronóstico de GHI. Las métricas de evaluación como el coeficiente de correlación (r), el error porcentual absoluto medio (MAPE), el error absoluto medio (MAE), la función de distribución acumulativa (CDF) y la desviación estándar (σ ) se optan para evaluar el rendimiento de los modelos de predicción. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los modelos DNN han proporcionado un buen rendimiento a nivel mundial con un valor máximo alcanzado de r = 96%, para el pronóstico diario de GHI. Forecasted global horizontal irradiation (GHI) can help for designing, sizing and performances analysis of photovoltaic (PV) systems including water PV pumping systems used for irrigation applications.In this paper, various deep neural networks (DNN) models for one day-ahead prediction of GHI at Hail city (Saudi Arabia) are developed and investigated.The considered DNN models include long-shortterm memory (LSTM), bidirectional-LSTM (BiLSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), bidirectional-GRU (Bi-GRU), one-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN 1D ) and other hybrid configurations such as CNN-LSTM and CNN-BiLSTM.A dataset of daily GHI recordings collected during January 1, 2000 to June 30, 2020 from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at an arid location (Hail, Saudi Arabia) is used to develop and compare the above DNN-based models.The parameters affecting the accuracy of the models have been also deeply analyzed.Only historical values of daily GHI have been used to build the DNN-based models whereas additional weather parameters such as air temperature, wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity are not considered in this work.Keras library and Python language have been used to develop and compare the GHI forecasting models.The evaluation metrics such as correlation coefficient (r), Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), cumulative distribution function (CDF) and standard deviation (σ ) are opted to evaluate the performance of the prediction models.The obtained results showed that the DNN models have provided globally good performances with a maximum reached value of r = 96%, for daily GHI forecasting. يمكن أن يساعد الإشعاع الأفقي العالمي المتوقع (GHI) في تصميم وتحجيم وتحليل أداء الأنظمة الكهروضوئية (PV) بما في ذلك أنظمة ضخ المياه الكهروضوئية المستخدمة في تطبيقات الري. في هذه الورقة، يتم تطوير نماذج مختلفة للشبكات العصبية العميقة (DNN) للتنبؤ قبل يوم واحد من GHI في مدينة حائل (المملكة العربية السعودية) والتحقيق فيها. تشمل نماذج DNN التي يتم النظر فيها الذاكرة قصيرة المدى (LSTM)، ثنائية الاتجاه - LSTM (BiLSTM)، وحدة متكررة مسورة (GRU)، ثنائية الاتجاه - GRU (Bi - GRU)، شبكة عصبية التفافية أحادية البعد (CNN 1D ) والتكوينات الهجينة الأخرى مثل CNN - LSTM و CNN - BiLSTM. يتم استخدام مجموعة بيانات من تسجيلات GHI اليومية التي تم جمعها خلال الفترة من 1 يناير 2000 إلى 30 يونيو 2020 من الإدارة الوطنية للملاحة الجوية والفضاء (ناسا) في موقع قاحل (حائل، المملكة العربية السعودية) لتطوير ومقارنة النماذج القائمة على DNN المذكورة أعلاه. كما تم تحليل المعلمات التي تؤثر على دقة النماذج بعمق. تم استخدام القيم التاريخية فقط لـ GHI اليومية لبناء النماذج القائمة على DNN بينما لا يتم النظر في معلمات الطقس الإضافية مثل درجة حرارة الهواء وسرعة الرياح واتجاه الرياح والضغط الجوي والرطوبة النسبية في هذا العمل. تستخدم لتطوير ومقارنة نماذج التنبؤ بمؤشر GHI. يتم اختيار مقاييس التقييم مثل معامل الارتباط (r)، متوسط النسبة المئوية المطلقة (MAPE)، متوسط الخطأ المطلق (MAE)، وظيفة التوزيع التراكمي (CDF) والانحراف المعياري (σ ) لتقييم أداء نماذج التنبؤ. أظهرت النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها أن نماذج DNN قد قدمت أداءً جيدًا عالميًا بحد أقصى للقيمة التي تم الوصول إليها r = 96 ٪، للتنبؤ اليومي بمؤشر GHI.

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    Authors: Hatem Sindi; Azhar Ul-Haq; Mohammad Shahmeer Hassan; Atif Iqbal; +1 Authors

    La movilidad eléctrica parece traer un cambio de paradigma en el sector del transporte por carretera en todo el mundo. El enorme consumo de combustibles fósiles y la creciente congestión del tráfico han causado preocupaciones sobre el consumo futuro de energía, el crecimiento de la economía y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en los países miembros del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo. La introducción de vehículos eléctricos (VE) en los dos países más poblados de la región, es decir, el Reino de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, se considera una opción prometedora para abordar la contaminación ambiental y los futuros temores relacionados con la economía de la región. Este documento presenta los impulsores clave para que los países adopten el transporte eléctrico. Este estudio de investigación investiga el impacto de la penetración de los vehículos eléctricos en la energía, la economía y el medio ambiente de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos a través del pronóstico de existencias de vehículos eléctricos mediante el análisis de regresión lineal. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el crecimiento esperado en el sector eléctrico de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos les permitirá mantener una penetración de vehículos eléctricos del 5% y el 30% para 2030, respectivamente. En este sentido, se propone un conjunto de políticas que permitirán a los países acelerar sus esfuerzos para alcanzar los objetivos previstos de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Aunque la investigación presentada se centra en el estudio de caso de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, los hallazgos de la investigación son lo suficientemente generalizados como para aplicarse a todas las demás regiones de la región. El conjunto de políticas sugerido servirá como guía para las partes interesadas pertinentes sobre las medidas necesarias para la electrificación sostenible del transporte por carretera en Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. La mobilité électrique semble apporter un changement de paradigme dans le secteur du transport routier dans le monde entier. L'énorme consommation de combustibles fossiles et la congestion croissante du trafic ont suscité des inquiétudes quant à la consommation d'énergie future, à la croissance économique et aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les pays membres de la région du Conseil de coopération du Golfe. L'introduction de véhicules électriques (VE) dans les deux pays les plus peuplés de la région, à savoir le Royaume d'Arabie saoudite et les Émirats arabes unis, est considérée comme une option prometteuse pour lutter contre la pollution de l'environnement et les craintes liées à l'économie future. Ce document présente les principaux facteurs incitant les pays à adopter le transport électrique. Cette étude de recherche étudie l'impact de la pénétration des véhicules électriques sur l'énergie, l'économie et l'environnement de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis grâce à la prévision des stocks de véhicules électriques à l'aide d'une analyse de régression linéaire. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la croissance attendue dans le secteur de l'électricité en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis leur permettra de maintenir une pénétration de 5 % et de 30 % des véhicules électriques d'ici 2030, respectivement. À cet égard, un ensemble de politiques est proposé, qui permettra aux pays d'accélérer leurs efforts pour atteindre les objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Bien que la recherche présentée se concentre sur l'étude de cas de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis, les résultats de la recherche sont suffisamment généralisés pour être appliqués à toutes les autres régions de la région. L'ensemble de politiques suggéré servira de lignes directrices aux parties prenantes concernées sur les mesures nécessaires à l'électrification durable du transport routier en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis. Electric mobility seems to bring a paradigm shift in the road transport sector worldwide. Huge consumption of fossil fuels and ever-increasing traffic congestion have caused concerns over future energy consumption, economy growth, and greenhouse gas emissions in the Gulf Cooperation Council region's member countries. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) in the two most populous countries of the region, i.e., the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and UAE is considered a promising option to address environmental pollution and future economy-related fears region. This paper presents key drivers for the countries to adopt electric transportation. This research study investigates the impact of EVs penetration on energy, economy, and environment of KSA and UAE through EV stockpile forecasting using linear regression analysis. The obtained results suggest that expected growth in KSA and UAE's power sector will enable them to keep up 5% and 30% EVs penetration by 2030, respectively. In this regard, a set of policies are proposed, which will enable the countries to pace up their efforts to achieve the intended greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction goals. Though the presented research is focused on the case study of KSA and UAE, the research findings are generalized enough to be applied to all other regions of the region. The suggested set of policies will serve as guidelines for the relevant stakeholders about the necessary measures required for sustainable road transport electrification in KSA and UAE. يبدو أن التنقل الكهربائي يجلب نقلة نوعية في قطاع النقل البري في جميع أنحاء العالم. تسبب الاستهلاك الهائل للوقود الأحفوري والازدحام المروري المتزايد باستمرار في مخاوف بشأن استهلاك الطاقة في المستقبل ونمو الاقتصاد وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في البلدان الأعضاء في مجلس التعاون الخليجي. يعتبر إدخال المركبات الكهربائية (EVs) في البلدين الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في المنطقة، أي المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، خيارًا واعدًا لمعالجة التلوث البيئي ومنطقة المخاوف المتعلقة بالاقتصاد المستقبلي. تعرض هذه الورقة الدوافع الرئيسية للبلدان لتبني النقل الكهربائي. تبحث هذه الدراسة البحثية في تأثير تغلغل المركبات الكهربائية على الطاقة والاقتصاد والبيئة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة من خلال التنبؤ بمخزون المركبات الكهربائية باستخدام تحليل الانحدار الخطي. تشير النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها إلى أن النمو المتوقع في قطاع الطاقة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة سيمكنهما من الحفاظ على انتشار السيارات الكهربائية بنسبة 5 ٪ و 30 ٪ بحلول عام 2030، على التوالي. وفي هذا الصدد، تُقترح مجموعة من السياسات التي ستمكن البلدان من تسريع جهودها لتحقيق الأهداف المنشودة لخفض انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة. على الرغم من أن البحث المقدم يركز على دراسة حالة المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، إلا أن نتائج البحث معممة بما يكفي لتطبيقها على جميع المناطق الأخرى في المنطقة. ستكون مجموعة السياسات المقترحة بمثابة إرشادات لأصحاب المصلحة المعنيين حول التدابير اللازمة لكهربة النقل البري المستدام في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة.

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    Authors: Zahoor Ali Khan; Muhammad Awais; Turki Ali Alghamdi; Adia Khalid; +3 Authors

    De nos jours, l'espérance de vie limitée de la batterie est un problème important pour la livraison fiable des données dans un réseau de capteurs sans fil sous-marin (UWSN). Les méthodologies de transmission conventionnelles augmentent le surdébit de transmission, c'est-à-dire la collision de paquets, qui influencent la transmission de données. Le remplacement de la batterie des capteurs dans un environnement sous-marin brutal est une tâche difficile. Par conséquent, pour maintenir une distance stratégique par rapport à la défaillance inattendue du réseau et augmenter la durée de vie du réseau, des protocoles de routage écoénergétiques sont nécessaires. À cette fin, dans cet article, un protocole de routage proactif avec trois types de réseau différents est proposé pour résoudre les problèmes susmentionnés. Le protocole proposé modifie de manière adaptative sa stratégie de communication en fonction du type de réseau, c'est-à-dire un réseau dense, un réseau partiellement dense et un réseau clairsemé. Cette stratégie adaptative aide les protocoles de routage à poursuivre leur transmission en évitant les trous de vide. Dans le protocole proposé appelé Approche de routage proactive avec sélection de chemin économe en énergie (PA-EPS-Case I), le concept de superposition d'intertransmission verticale est introduit (en utilisant le chemin le plus court et le plus rapide) dans la région dense et partiellement dense. En outre, le concept de formation de grappes est également ajouté pour assurer le succès de la transmission dans les régions éparses. Le taux de livraison des paquets (PDR) est amélioré par le protocole proposé avec un retard de bout en bout (E2E) minimum et un taux de chute des paquets. L'évolutivité des protocoles de routage proposés est également analysée en faisant varier le nombre de nœuds de 100 à 500. Une analyse comparative est effectuée avec deux protocoles de routage de pointe, à savoir : la profondeur de pondération et le routage basé sur la profondeur de la division de la zone d'acheminement (WDFAD-DBR) et le WDFAD-DBR basé sur le cluster (C-DBR). Les résultats de la simulation démontrent que le protocole proposé a atteint un PDR supérieur de 12,64 % avec une diminution de 20 % du délai E2E par rapport au C-DBR. En outre, le protocole de routage proposé a surpassé C-DBR en termes de taux de chute de paquets jusqu'à 14,29 % avec une augmentation de la CE jusqu'à 30 %. Hoy en día, la esperanza de vida limitada de la batería es un problema importante para la entrega confiable de datos en una red de sensores inalámbricos submarinos (UWSN). Las metodologías de transmisión convencionales aumentan la sobrecarga de transmisión, es decir, la colisión de paquetes, que influyen en la transmisión de datos. La sustitución de la batería de los sensores en un entorno submarino brutal es una tarea difícil. Por lo tanto, para mantener una distancia estratégica de la falla inesperada de la red y aumentar la esperanza de vida de la red, se requieren protocolos de enrutamiento energéticamente eficientes. En este sentido, en este trabajo, se propone un protocolo de enrutamiento proactivo con tres tipos de red diferentes para resolver los problemas antes mencionados. El protocolo propuesto cambia de forma adaptativa su estrategia de comunicación en función del tipo de red, es decir, red densa, red parcialmente densa y red dispersa. Esta estrategia adaptativa ayuda a los protocolos de enrutamiento a continuar su transmisión evitando los huecos. En el protocolo propuesto denominado Enfoque de enrutamiento proactivo con selección de ruta de eficiencia energética (PA-EPS-Caso I), se introduce el concepto de capas verticales entre transmisiones (utilizando la ruta más corta y rápida) en la región densa y parcialmente densa. Además, también se adjunta el concepto de formación de clústeres para que la transmisión sea exitosa en las regiones dispersas. La relación de entrega de paquetes (PDR) se mejora mediante el protocolo propuesto con un retraso mínimo de extremo a extremo (E2E) y una relación de caída de paquetes. La escalabilidad de los protocolos de enrutamiento propuestos también se analiza variando el número de nodos de 100 a 500. Se realiza un análisis comparativo con dos protocolos de enrutamiento de vanguardia, a saber: enrutamiento basado en profundidad de división de área de ponderación y reenvío (WDFAD-DBR) y WDFAD-DBR basado en clústeres (C-DBR). Los resultados de la simulación demuestran que el protocolo propuesto logró una PDR un 12,64% más alta con una disminución del 20% en el retraso de E2E que la C-DBR. Además, el protocolo de enrutamiento propuesto superó a C-DBR en términos de tasa de caída de paquetes hasta el 14,29% con un aumento de EC de hasta el 30%. Nowadays, constrained battery life expectancy is an important issue for reliable data delivery in an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). Conventional transmission methodologies increase the transmission overhead, i.e., the collision of packets, which influence the data transmission. Replacement of the sensors' battery in brutal underwater environment is a difficult task. Therefore, to maintain a strategic distance from the unexpected failure of the network and to increase the life expectancy of the network, energy efficient routing protocols are required. At this end, in this paper, a proactive routing protocol with three different network types is proposed to solve the aforementioned issues. The proposed protocol adaptively changes its communication strategy depending on the type of the network, i.e., dense network, partially dense network and sparse network. This adaptive strategy helps the routing protocols to continue their transmission by avoiding the void holes. In the proposed protocol named Proactive routing Approach with Energy efficient Path Selection (PA-EPS-Case I), vertical inter-transmission layering concept is introduced (using shortest and fastest path) in the dense and partially dense region. In addition, cluster formation concept is also appended to make transmission successful in the sparse regions. The Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) is improved by the proposed protocol with minimum End to End (E2E) delay and packet drop ratio. Scalability of the proposed routing protocols is also analyzed by varying the number of nodes from 100-500. A comparative analysis is performed with two cutting edge routing protocols namely: Weighting Depth and Forwarding Area Division Depth Based Routing (WDFAD-DBR) and Cluster-based WDFAD-DBR (C-DBR). Simulation results demonstrate that proposed protocol achieved 12.64% higher PDR with 20% decrease in E2E delay than C-DBR. Furthermore, the proposed routing protocol outperformed C-DBR in terms of packet drop ratio up to 14.29% with an increase of EC up to 30%. في الوقت الحاضر، يعد العمر المتوقع للبطارية المقيد مشكلة مهمة لتوصيل البيانات الموثوقة في شبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية تحت الماء (UWSN). تزيد منهجيات الإرسال التقليدية من النفقات العامة للإرسال، أي تصادم الحزم، مما يؤثر على نقل البيانات. يعد استبدال بطارية المستشعرات في بيئة قاسية تحت الماء مهمة صعبة. لذلك، للحفاظ على مسافة استراتيجية من الفشل غير المتوقع للشبكة ولزيادة العمر المتوقع للشبكة، يلزم وجود بروتوكولات توجيه موفرة للطاقة. في هذه النهاية، في هذه الورقة، يُقترح بروتوكول توجيه استباقي مع ثلاثة أنواع مختلفة من الشبكات لحل المشكلات المذكورة أعلاه. يغير البروتوكول المقترح بشكل تكيفي استراتيجية الاتصال الخاصة به اعتمادًا على نوع الشبكة، أي الشبكة الكثيفة والشبكة الكثيفة جزئيًا والشبكة المتفرقة. تساعد هذه الاستراتيجية التكيفية بروتوكولات التوجيه على مواصلة انتقالها عن طريق تجنب ثقوب الفراغ. في البروتوكول المقترح المسمى نهج التوجيه الاستباقي مع اختيار المسار الموفر للطاقة (PA - EPS - Case I)، يتم تقديم مفهوم الطبقات العمودية بين الإرسال (باستخدام أقصر وأسرع مسار) في المنطقة الكثيفة والكثيفة جزئيًا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم إلحاق مفهوم تكوين التجمعات أيضًا لجعل انتقال العدوى ناجحًا في المناطق المتناثرة. يتم تحسين نسبة تسليم الحزمة (PDR) من خلال البروتوكول المقترح مع الحد الأدنى من التأخير من النهاية إلى النهاية (E2E) ونسبة إسقاط الحزمة. كما يتم تحليل قابلية التوسع في بروتوكولات التوجيه المقترحة من خلال تغيير عدد العقد من 100 إلى 500. يتم إجراء تحليل مقارن مع اثنين من بروتوكولات التوجيه المتطورة وهي: عمق الترجيح والتوجيه القائم على عمق تقسيم منطقة إعادة التوجيه (WDFAD - DBR) و WDFAD - DBR القائم على الكتلة (C - DBR). تُظهر نتائج المحاكاة أن البروتوكول المقترح حقق PDR أعلى بنسبة 12.64 ٪ مع انخفاض بنسبة 20 ٪ في تأخير E2E مقارنة بـ C - DBR. علاوة على ذلك، تفوق بروتوكول التوجيه المقترح على C - DBR من حيث نسبة إسقاط الحزمة حتى 14.29 ٪ مع زيادة قدرها EC تصل إلى 30 ٪.

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    Authors: Mohammed H. Qais; Hany M. Hasanien; Saad Alghuwainem;

    This paper presents a novel application of a grey wolf optimizer (GWO) to improve the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability and the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a grid-connected permanent-magnet synchronous generator driven directly by a variable-speed wind turbine (DD-PMSG-VSWT). The LVRT capability and MPPT enhancements are achieved by the optimal tuning of eight proportional-integral (PI) controllers in the cascaded control of the machine-side converter and the grid-side inverter, simultaneously. An online optimization is used and achieved by minimizing the integral-squared error of the error inputs of the PI controllers that are controlling dc link voltage, generated real power, and terminal voltages of the PMSG and the grid. The symmetrical and asymmetrical faults for testing the optimum gain parameters are simulated and examined using PSCAD/EMTDC. The obtained results of the optimum values of the GWO algorithm are compared with those attained using the optimum values of the genetic algorithm and the simplex method.

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    Authors: Mohammed M. Alhaider; Emad M. Ahmed; Mokhtar Aly; Hany A. Serhan; +2 Authors

    Battery lifetime represents a significant concern for the techno-economical operation of several applications based on energy storage. Moreover, the charging method is considered as one of the main critical elements in defining and influencing the operating lifetime of batteries. Several charging techniques have been addressed in the literature, however almost all of them are suffering from lack of temperature feedback in order to maintain battery lifetime. This paper presents a new high-reliable charging method for battery energy storage systems (ESSs). The proposed temperature compensated multi-step constant current (TC-MSCC) method is developed based upon the modified (MSCC) charging method. It enhances the operating lifetime of batteries by employing a feedback from the battery temperature to control the duration and starting time of each charging current step. Compared with the traditional charging methods addressed in the literature, the proposed TC-MSCC method achieves faster charging than the conventional constant current (CC) and the constant-current constant-voltage (CC-CV) methods. Moreover, the proposed TC-MSCC method possesses longer operating battery lifetime with reduced thermal stresses compared to the traditional MSCC methods. The proposed charging method is verified by simulation and experimental results using 9 Ah lead-acid battery. However, the new proposed TC-MSCC method is generalized and can be applied to various types of batteries. The detailed performance comparisons and results show the superiority of the proposed methods over the most widespread charging methods in the literature.

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    Authors: Muhammad Arsalan Ilyas; Ghulam Abbas; Thamer Alquthami; Muhammad Awais; +1 Authors

    En el pasado reciente, para satisfacer la creciente demanda energética de electricidad, la integración de recursos energéticos renovables (RES) en una red eléctrica es un centro de atención. Además, la integración óptima de estas RES hace que esta tarea sea más desafiante debido a su naturaleza intermitente. Por lo tanto, en el presente estudio, el problema del flujo de energía se trata como un problema de flujo de energía óptimo multiobjetivo y multiobjetivo (MOOPF) junto con la integración óptima de las RES. Si bien, los objetivos de MOOPF son triples: costo general de generación, pérdida real de energía del sistema y reducción de emisiones de carbono de fuentes térmicas. En este trabajo, se presenta una técnica computacionalmente eficiente para encontrar los valores más factibles de diferentes variables de control del sistema de energía que tienen RES distribuidas. Por lo tanto, la satisfacción de la restricción se logra mediante el uso de un enfoque de función de penalización (PFA) y para desarrollar aún más el verdadero frente de Pareto (PF), el método de dominancia de Pareto se utiliza para categorizar la solución dominante de Pareto. Además, para tratar la naturaleza intermitente de RES, la función de densidad de probabilidad (PDF) y los modelos de potencia estocástica de RES se utilizan para calcular la potencia disponible de RES. Dado que, los objetivos del problema MOOPF son de naturaleza conflictiva, después de tener el conjunto de soluciones no dominantes, se ha utilizado el enfoque de la función de membresía difusa (FMF) para extraer la mejor solución de compromiso (BCS). Para probar la validez de la técnica desarrollada, el sistema de bus IEEE-30 se ha modificado con la integración de RES y el problema de optimización final se resuelve utilizando el algoritmo de optimización de enjambre de partículas (PSO). Los resultados de la simulación muestran el logro de la técnica propuesta que gestiona el valor del costo del combustible a largo plazo con los valores óptimos de otros objetivos. De plus, l'intégration optimale de ces sources d'énergie rend cette tâche plus difficile en raison de leur nature intermittente. Par conséquent, dans la présente étude, le problème du flux d'énergie est traité comme un problème de flux d'énergie optimal multi-contrainte et multi-objectif (MOOPF) avec une intégration optimale des sources d'énergie. Par conséquent, les objectifs du MOOPF sont triples : coût de production global, perte d'énergie réelle du système et réduction des émissions de carbone de sources thermiques.Dans ce travail, une technique efficace sur le plan informatique est présentée pour trouver les valeurs les plus réalisables de différentes variables de contrôle du système d'alimentation ayant des sources d'énergie renouvelables distribuées. Par conséquent, la satisfaction des contraintes est obtenue en utilisant l'approche de la fonction de pénalité (PFA) et pour développer davantage le vrai front de Pareto (PF), la méthode de dominance de Pareto est utilisée pour catégoriser la solution de dominance de Pareto. De plus, pour traiter la nature intermittente des sources d'énergie renouvelables, la fonction de densité de probabilité (PDF) et les modèles de puissance stochastique des sources d'énergie renouvelables sont utilisés pour calculer la puissance disponible à partir des sources d'énergie renouvelables. Depuis, les objectifs du problème MOOPF sont de nature conflictuelle, après avoir utilisé l'approche de la fonction d'appartenance floue (FMF) de l'ensemble de solutions non dominantes pour extraire la meilleure solution de compromis (BCS). Pour tester la validité de la technique développée, le système de bus IEEE-30 a été modifié avec intégration de res et le problème d'optimisation finale est résolu en utilisant l'algorithme d'optimisation d'essaim de particules (PSO). Les résultats de la simulation montrent la réalisation de la technique proposée en gérant la valeur du coût du carburant longtemps avec les valeurs optimales d'autres objectifs. In recent past, to meet the growing energy demand of electricity, integration of renewable energy resources (RESs) in an electrical network is a center of attention.Furthermore, optimal integration of these RESs make this task more challenging because of their intermittent nature.Therefore, in the present study power flow problem is treated as a multi-constraint, multi-objective optimal power flow (MOOPF) problem along with optimal integration of RESs.Whereas, the objectives of MOOPF are threefold: overall generation cost, real power loss of system and carbon emission reduction of thermal sources.In this work, a computationally efficient technique is presented to find the most feasible values of different control variables of the power system having distributed RESs.Whereas, the constraint satisfaction is achieved by using penalty function approach (PFA) and to further develop true Pareto front (PF), Pareto dominance method is used to categorize Pareto dominate solution.Moreover, to deal with intermittent nature of RES, probability density function (PDF) and stochastic power models of RES are used to calculate available power from RESs.Since, objectives of the MOOPF problem are conflicting in nature, after having the set of non-dominating solutions fuzzy membership function (FMF) approach has been used to extract the best compromise solution (BCS).To test the validity of developed technique, the IEEE-30 bus system has been modified with integration of RESs and final optimization problem is solved by using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.Simulation results show the achievement of proposed technique managing fuel cost value long with the optimal values of other objectives. في الماضي القريب، لتلبية الطلب المتزايد على الطاقة الكهربائية، يعد دمج موارد الطاقة المتجددة (RESs) في شبكة كهربائية مركزًا للاهتمام. علاوة على ذلك، فإن التكامل الأمثل لهذه الموارد يجعل هذه المهمة أكثر صعوبة بسبب طبيعتها المتقطعة. لذلك، في هذه الدراسة، يتم التعامل مع مشكلة تدفق الطاقة على أنها مشكلة تدفق طاقة مثلى متعددة القيود ومتعددة الأهداف (MOOPF) جنبًا إلى جنب مع التكامل الأمثل لـ RESs. في حين أن أهداف MOOPF ثلاثية الجوانب: تكلفة التوليد الإجمالية، وفقدان الطاقة الحقيقي للنظام وتقليل انبعاثات الكربون من المصادر الحرارية. في هذا العمل، يتم تقديم تقنية فعالة حسابيًا للعثور على القيم الأكثر جدوى لمتغيرات التحكم المختلفة لنظام الطاقة الذي قام بتوزيع RES. في حين يتم تحقيق الرضا عن القيد باستخدام نهج دالة العقوبة (PFA) ولمواصلة تطوير جبهة باريتو الحقيقية (PF)، يتم استخدام طريقة هيمنة باريتو لتصنيف حل باريتو المسيطر. علاوة على ذلك، للتعامل مع الطبيعة المتقطعة لـ RES، يتم استخدام دالة الكثافة الاحتمالية (PDF) ونماذج الطاقة العشوائية لـ RES لحساب الطاقة المتاحة من RESs. منذ ذلك الحين، أهداف مشكلة MOOPF هي متضاربة في طبيعتها، بعد استخدام مجموعة من الحلول غير المهيمنة تم استخدام نهج وظيفة العضوية الغامضة (FMF) لاستخراج أفضل حل وسط (BCS). لاختبار صحة التقنية المطورة، تم تعديل نظام ناقل IEEE -30 مع دمج RESs ويتم حل مشكلة التحسين النهائي باستخدام خوارزمية تحسين سرب الجسيمات (PSO). تظهر نتائج المحاكاة تحقيق التقنية المقترحة لإدارة قيمة تكلفة الوقود لفترة طويلة مع القيم المثلى للأهداف الأخرى.

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    Authors: Nadeem Javaid; Ihsan Ullah; Mariam Akbar; Zafar Iqbal; +3 Authors

    Demand side management (DSM) will play a significant role in the future smart grid by managing loads in a smart way. DSM programs, realized via home energy management systems for smart cities, provide many benefits; consumers enjoy electricity price savings and utility operates at reduced peak demand. In this paper, evolutionary algorithms-based (binary particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm, and cuckoo search) DSM model for scheduling the appliances of residential users is presented. The model is simulated in time of use pricing environment for three cases: 1) traditional homes; 2) smart homes; and 3) smart homes with renewable energy sources. Simulation results show that the proposed model optimally schedules the appliances resulting in electricity bill and peaks reductions.

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    Authors: Zeeshan Aslam; Fahad Ahmed; Ahmad Almogren; Muhammad Shafiq; +2 Authors

    Electricity theft is one of the main causes of non-technical losses and its detection is important for power distribution companies to avoid revenue loss. The advancement of traditional grids to smart grids allows a two-way flow of information and energy that enables real-time energy management, billing and load surveillance. This infrastructure enables power distribution companies to automate electricity theft detection (ETD) by constructing new innovative data-driven solutions. Whereas, the traditional ETD approaches do not provide acceptable theft detection performance due to high-dimensional imbalanced data, loss of data relationships during feature extraction and the requirement of experts' involvement. Hence, this paper presents a new semi-supervised solution for ETD, which consists of relational denoising autoencoder (RDAE) and attention guided (AG) TripleGAN, named as RDAE-AG-TripleGAN. In this system, RDAE is implemented to derive features and their associations while AG performs feature weighting and dynamically supervises the AG-TripleGAN. As a result, this procedure significantly boosts the ETD. Furthermore, to demonstrate the acceptability of the proposed methodology over conventional approaches, we conducted extensive simulations using the real power consumption data of smart meters. The proposed solution is validated over the most useful and suitable performance indicators: area under the curve, precision, recall, Matthews correlation coefficient, F1-score and precision-recall area under the curve. The simulation results prove that the proposed method efficiently improves the detection of electricity frauds against conventional ETD schemes such as extreme gradient boosting machine and transductive support vector machine. The proposed solution achieves the detection rate of 0.956, which makes it more acceptable for electric utilities than the existing approaches.

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    Authors: Mohamed N. Ibrahim; Hegazy Rezk; Mujahed Al-Dahifallah; Peter Sergeant;

    L'intérêt pour les systèmes de pompage photovoltaïques (PV) a augmenté, en particulier dans les zones rurales où il n'y a pas d'approvisionnement en réseau disponible. Cependant, les performances et le coût de l'ensemble du système restent un obstacle pour une large diffusion de cette technologie. Dans cet article, un générateur hybride photovoltaïque (PV)-thermo-électrique (TEG) est étudié pour des applications de pompage. Le groupe motopropulseur électrique comprend un moteur à réluctance synchrone et un onduleur. Une stratégie de contrôle de la transmission est utilisée pour exécuter deux tâches principales : 1) entraîner correctement le moteur pour atteindre un couple maximal par condition d'ampère et 2) maximiser la puissance de sortie du système photovoltaïque dans différentes conditions météorologiques. Cela signifie que le convertisseur CC-CC conventionnel n'est pas utilisé dans le système proposé. De plus, les batteries, qui se caractérisent par une courte durée de vie et un coût de remplacement élevé, ne sont pas non plus utilisées. On constate que la puissance de sortie du moteur et le débit de la pompe sont augmentés d'environ 9,5 % et 12 % respectivement lorsque le réseau PV-TEG hybride est utilisé par rapport à l'utilisation uniquement du réseau PV. En conséquence, les performances, le coût et la complexité du système sont améliorés. Les mesures sur une installation de laboratoire expérimental sont construites pour valider les résultats théoriques de ce travail. El interés en los sistemas de bombeo fotovoltaico (PV) ha aumentado, especialmente en las zonas rurales donde no hay suministro de red disponible. Sin embargo, tanto el rendimiento como el coste de todo el sistema siguen siendo un obstáculo para una amplia difusión de esta tecnología. En este artículo, se investiga un generador híbrido fotovoltaico (PV) -termoeléctrico (TEG) para aplicaciones de bombeo. El tren motriz eléctrico comprende un motor de reluctancia síncrona y un inversor. Se emplea una estrategia de control para el tren motriz para ejecutar dos tareas principales: 1) accionar el motor correctamente para lograr un par máximo por condición de Ampère y 2) maximizar la potencia de salida del sistema fotovoltaico en diferentes condiciones climáticas. Esto significa que el convertidor CC-CC convencional no se utiliza en el sistema propuesto. Además, las baterías, que se caracterizan por una corta vida útil y un alto coste de sustitución, tampoco se utilizan. Se encuentra que la potencia de salida del motor y el caudal de la bomba aumentan en aproximadamente un 9,5% y un 12%, respectivamente, cuando se utiliza la matriz híbrida PV-TEG en comparación con el uso exclusivo de la matriz fotovoltaica. En consecuencia, se mejora el rendimiento, el coste y la complejidad del sistema. Las mediciones en una configuración de laboratorio experimental se construyen para validar los resultados teóricos de este trabajo. The interest in photovoltaic (PV) pumping systems has increased, particularly in rural areas where there is no grid supply available. However, both the performance and the cost of the whole system are still an obstacle for a wide spread of this technology. In this article, a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-thermoelectric generator (TEG) is investigated for pumping applications. The electric drivetrain comprises a synchronous reluctance motor and an inverter. A control strategy for the drivetrain is employed to execute two main tasks: 1) driving the motor properly to achieve a maximum torque per Ampère condition and 2) maximizing the output power of the PV system at different weather conditions. This means that the conventional DC-DC converter is not used in the proposed system. Moreover, batteries, which are characterized by short life expectancy and high replacement cost, are also not used. It is found that the motor output power and the pump flow rate are increased by about 9.5% and 12% respectively when the hybrid PV-TEG array is used compared to only using PV array. Accordingly, the performance, cost and complexity of the system are improved. Measurements on an experimental laboratory setup are constructed to validate the theoretical results of this work. ازداد الاهتمام بأنظمة الضخ الكهروضوئية (PV)، لا سيما في المناطق الريفية حيث لا تتوفر إمدادات الشبكة. ومع ذلك، لا يزال أداء وتكلفة النظام بأكمله يشكلان عقبة أمام انتشار هذه التكنولوجيا على نطاق واسع. في هذه المقالة، يتم فحص مولد كهروضوئي حراري هجين (PV) (TEG) لتطبيقات الضخ. تشتمل مجموعة الدفع الكهربائية على محرك تردد متزامن ومحول. يتم استخدام استراتيجية التحكم في مجموعة الدفع لتنفيذ مهمتين رئيسيتين: 1) قيادة المحرك بشكل صحيح لتحقيق أقصى عزم دوران لكل حالة أمبير و 2) زيادة طاقة خرج النظام الكهروضوئي في الظروف الجوية المختلفة. وهذا يعني أن محول DC - DC التقليدي لا يستخدم في النظام المقترح. علاوة على ذلك، لا يتم استخدام البطاريات، التي تتميز بقصر العمر المتوقع وارتفاع تكلفة الاستبدال. وجد أن طاقة خرج المحرك ومعدل تدفق المضخة يزدادان بنحو 9.5 ٪ و 12 ٪ على التوالي عند استخدام مصفوفة PV - TEG الهجينة مقارنة باستخدام مصفوفة PV فقط. وفقًا لذلك، يتم تحسين أداء النظام وتكلفته وتعقيده. يتم إنشاء القياسات على إعداد مختبر تجريبي للتحقق من صحة النتائج النظرية لهذا العمل.

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    Authors: K. Parvin; M. S. Hossain Lipu; M. A. Hannan; Majid A. Abdullah; +6 Authors

    Les bâtiments représentent une quantité importante de consommation d'énergie, ce qui entraîne des problèmes d'émissions mondiales et de changement climatique. Ainsi, la gestion de l'énergie dans un bâtiment est de plus en plus explorée en raison de son potentiel important de réduction des dépenses globales d'électricité pour les consommateurs et d'atténuation des émissions de carbone. En ligne avec cela, un plus grand contrôle et une optimisation de la gestion de l'énergie intégrée aux ressources énergétiques renouvelables sont nécessaires pour améliorer l'efficacité énergétique des bâtiments tout en satisfaisant le confort de l'environnement intérieur. Même si des mesures sont prises pour réduire la consommation d'énergie dans les bâtiments avec plusieurs techniques d'optimisation et de contrôle, certains problèmes restent non résolus. Par conséquent, ce travail fournit un examen complet des méthodes de contrôle conventionnelles et intelligentes en mettant l'accent sur leur classification, leurs caractéristiques, leur configuration, leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients. Cet examen examine de manière critique les différents objectifs et contraintes d'optimisation en ce qui concerne la gestion du confort, la consommation d'énergie et la planification. En outre, la revue décrit les différentes approches méthodologiques des algorithmes d'optimisation utilisés dans la gestion de l'énergie des bâtiments. Les contributions du contrôleur et de l'optimisation dans la gestion de l'énergie des bâtiments avec la relation des objectifs de développement durable (ODD) sont expliquées rigoureusement. Des discussions sur les principaux défis des méthodes existantes sont présentées afin d'identifier les lacunes pour les recherches futures. L'examen fournit des orientations futures efficaces qui seraient bénéfiques pour les chercheurs et les industriels afin de concevoir un contrôleur optimisé efficacement pour la gestion de l'énergie du bâtiment en vue de cibler les ODD. Los edificios representan una cantidad significativa de consumo de energía que conduce a los problemas de las emisiones globales y el cambio climático. Por lo tanto, la gestión de la energía en un edificio se explora cada vez más debido a su importante potencial para reducir los gastos generales de electricidad para los consumidores y mitigar las emisiones de carbono. En línea con ello, se requiere un mayor control y optimización de la gestión energética integrada con los recursos energéticos renovables para mejorar la eficiencia energética del edificio a la vez que se satisface el confort del entorno interior. A pesar de que se están tomando medidas para reducir el consumo de energía en edificios con varias técnicas de optimización y control, algunos problemas siguen sin resolverse. Por lo tanto, este trabajo proporciona una revisión exhaustiva de los métodos de control convencionales e inteligentes con énfasis en su clasificación, características, configuración, beneficios e inconvenientes. Esta revisión investiga críticamente los diferentes objetivos y restricciones de optimización con respecto a la gestión del confort, el consumo de energía y la programación. Además, la revisión describe los diferentes enfoques metodológicos de los algoritmos de optimización utilizados en la gestión energética de los edificios. Se explican de forma rigurosa los aportes del controlador y la optimización en la gestión energética del edificio con la relación de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS). Se presentan discusiones sobre los desafíos clave de los métodos existentes para identificar las brechas para futuras investigaciones. La revisión ofrece algunas direcciones futuras efectivas que serían beneficiosas para los investigadores e industriales para diseñar un controlador optimizado de manera eficiente para la gestión de la energía de los edificios hacia la consecución de los ODS. Buildings account for a significant amount of energy consumption leading to the issues of global emissions and climate change. Thus, energy management in a building is increasingly explored due to its significant potential in reducing the overall electricity expenses for the consumers and mitigating carbon emissions. In line with that, the greater control and optimization of energy management integrated with renewable energy resources is required to improve building energy efficiency while satisfying indoor environment comfort. Even though actions are being taken to reduce the energy consumption in buildings with several optimization and controller techniques, yet some issues remain unsolved. Therefore, this work provides a comprehensive review of the conventional and intelligent control methods with emphasis on their classification, features, configuration, benefits, and drawbacks. This review critically investigates the different optimization objectives and constraints with respect to comfort management, energy consumption, and scheduling. Furthermore, the review outlines the different methodological approaches to optimization algorithms used in building energy management. The contributions of controller and optimization in building energy management with the relation of sustainable development goals (SDGs) are explained rigorously. Discussions on the key challenges of the existing methods are presented to identify the gaps for future research. The review delivers some effective future directions that would be beneficial to the researchers and industrialists to design an efficiently optimized controller for building energy management toward targeting SDGs. تمثل المباني كمية كبيرة من استهلاك الطاقة مما يؤدي إلى قضايا الانبعاثات العالمية وتغير المناخ. وبالتالي، يتم استكشاف إدارة الطاقة في المبنى بشكل متزايد بسبب إمكاناته الكبيرة في تقليل نفقات الكهرباء الإجمالية للمستهلكين والتخفيف من انبعاثات الكربون. وتماشياً مع ذلك، يلزم زيادة التحكم في إدارة الطاقة المتكاملة مع موارد الطاقة المتجددة وتحسينها لتحسين كفاءة استخدام الطاقة في المباني مع إرضاء راحة البيئة الداخلية. على الرغم من اتخاذ إجراءات لتقليل استهلاك الطاقة في المباني باستخدام العديد من تقنيات التحسين والتحكم، إلا أن بعض المشكلات لا تزال دون حل. لذلك، يوفر هذا العمل مراجعة شاملة لأساليب التحكم التقليدية والذكية مع التركيز على تصنيفها وميزاتها وتكوينها وفوائدها وعيوبها. تبحث هذه المراجعة بشكل نقدي في أهداف وقيود التحسين المختلفة فيما يتعلق بإدارة الراحة واستهلاك الطاقة والجدولة. علاوة على ذلك، تحدد المراجعة الأساليب المنهجية المختلفة لخوارزميات التحسين المستخدمة في بناء إدارة الطاقة. يتم شرح مساهمات المراقب والتحسين في بناء إدارة الطاقة مع العلاقة بين أهداف التنمية المستدامة (SDGs) بدقة. يتم تقديم مناقشات حول التحديات الرئيسية للطرق الحالية لتحديد الثغرات للبحث في المستقبل. تقدم المراجعة بعض الاتجاهات المستقبلية الفعالة التي ستكون مفيدة للباحثين والصناعيين لتصميم وحدة تحكم محسنة بكفاءة لبناء إدارة الطاقة نحو استهداف أهداف التنمية المستدامة.

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    Authors: Sahbi Boubaker; M. Benghanem; A. Mellit; Ayoub Lefza; +2 Authors

    L'irradiation horizontale globale prévue (GHI) peut aider à la conception, au dimensionnement et à l'analyse des performances des systèmes photovoltaïques (PV), y compris les systèmes de pompage PV à eau utilisés pour les applications d'irrigation. Dans cet article, divers modèles de réseaux neuronaux profonds (DNN) pour la prédiction à un jour du GHI à Hail city (Arabie saoudite) sont développés et étudiés. Les modèles DNN considérés comprennent la mémoire à long terme (LSTM), le LSTM bidirectionnel (BiLSTM), l'unité récurrente fermée (GRU), le GRU bidirectionnel (Bi-GRU), le réseau neuronal convolutionnel unidimensionnel (CNN 1D ) et d'autres configurations hybrides telles que CNN-LSTM et CNN-BiLSTM.A. L'ensemble de données des enregistrements quotidiens GHI collectés entre le 1er janvier 2000 et le 30 juin 2020 auprès de la National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) à un endroit aride (Hail, Arabie Saoudite) est utilisé pour développer et comparer les modèles basés sur DNN ci-dessus. Les paramètres affectant la précision des modèles ont également été analysés en profondeur. Seules les valeurs historiques du GHI quotidien ont été utilisées pour construire les modèles basés sur DNN, tandis que des paramètres météorologiques supplémentaires tels que la température de l'air, la vitesse du vent, la direction du vent, la pression atmosphérique et l'humidité relative ne sont pas pris en compte dans ce travail. La bibliothèque Keras et le langage Python ont été utilisés utilisé pour développer et comparer les modèles de prévision GHI. Les métriques d'évaluation telles que le coefficient de corrélation (r), l'erreur absolue moyenne en pourcentage (MAPE), l'erreur absolue moyenne (MAE), la fonction de distribution cumulative (CDF) et l'écart type (σ ) sont choisies pour évaluer la performance des modèles de prévision. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les modèles DNN ont fourni de bonnes performances à l'échelle mondiale avec une valeur maximale atteinte de r = 96 %, pour la prévision quotidienne GHI. La irradiación horizontal global pronosticada (GHI) puede ayudar a diseñar, dimensionar y analizar el rendimiento de los sistemas fotovoltaicos (PV), incluidos los sistemas de bombeo de agua PV utilizados para aplicaciones de riego. En este documento, se desarrollan e investigan varios modelos de redes neuronales profundas (DNN) para la predicción de un día de anticipación de GHI en la ciudad de Hail (Arabia Saudita). Los modelos DNN considerados incluyen memoria a largo plazo (LSTM), LSTM bidireccional (BiLSTM), unidad recurrente cerrada (GRU), GRU bidireccional (Bi-GRU), red neuronal convolucional unidimensional (CNN 1D ) y otras configuraciones híbridas como CNN-LSTM y CNN-BiLSTM. Un conjunto de datos de grabaciones diarias de GHI recopiladas durante el 1 de enero de 2000 al 30 de junio de 2020 de la Administración Nacional de Aeronáutica y del Espacio (NASA) en una ubicación árida (Hail, Arabia Saudita) se utiliza para desarrollar y comparar los modelos basados en DNN anteriores. Los parámetros que afectan la precisión de los modelos también se han analizado profundamente. Solo se han utilizado valores históricos de GHI diarios para construir los modelos basados en DNN, mientras que los parámetros climáticos adicionales como la temperatura del aire, la velocidad del viento, la dirección del viento, la presión atmosférica y la humedad relativa no se consideran en este trabajo. Biblioteca Keras y lenguaje Python han sido utilizado para desarrollar y comparar los modelos de pronóstico de GHI. Las métricas de evaluación como el coeficiente de correlación (r), el error porcentual absoluto medio (MAPE), el error absoluto medio (MAE), la función de distribución acumulativa (CDF) y la desviación estándar (σ ) se optan para evaluar el rendimiento de los modelos de predicción. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los modelos DNN han proporcionado un buen rendimiento a nivel mundial con un valor máximo alcanzado de r = 96%, para el pronóstico diario de GHI. Forecasted global horizontal irradiation (GHI) can help for designing, sizing and performances analysis of photovoltaic (PV) systems including water PV pumping systems used for irrigation applications.In this paper, various deep neural networks (DNN) models for one day-ahead prediction of GHI at Hail city (Saudi Arabia) are developed and investigated.The considered DNN models include long-shortterm memory (LSTM), bidirectional-LSTM (BiLSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), bidirectional-GRU (Bi-GRU), one-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN 1D ) and other hybrid configurations such as CNN-LSTM and CNN-BiLSTM.A dataset of daily GHI recordings collected during January 1, 2000 to June 30, 2020 from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) at an arid location (Hail, Saudi Arabia) is used to develop and compare the above DNN-based models.The parameters affecting the accuracy of the models have been also deeply analyzed.Only historical values of daily GHI have been used to build the DNN-based models whereas additional weather parameters such as air temperature, wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity are not considered in this work.Keras library and Python language have been used to develop and compare the GHI forecasting models.The evaluation metrics such as correlation coefficient (r), Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), cumulative distribution function (CDF) and standard deviation (σ ) are opted to evaluate the performance of the prediction models.The obtained results showed that the DNN models have provided globally good performances with a maximum reached value of r = 96%, for daily GHI forecasting. يمكن أن يساعد الإشعاع الأفقي العالمي المتوقع (GHI) في تصميم وتحجيم وتحليل أداء الأنظمة الكهروضوئية (PV) بما في ذلك أنظمة ضخ المياه الكهروضوئية المستخدمة في تطبيقات الري. في هذه الورقة، يتم تطوير نماذج مختلفة للشبكات العصبية العميقة (DNN) للتنبؤ قبل يوم واحد من GHI في مدينة حائل (المملكة العربية السعودية) والتحقيق فيها. تشمل نماذج DNN التي يتم النظر فيها الذاكرة قصيرة المدى (LSTM)، ثنائية الاتجاه - LSTM (BiLSTM)، وحدة متكررة مسورة (GRU)، ثنائية الاتجاه - GRU (Bi - GRU)، شبكة عصبية التفافية أحادية البعد (CNN 1D ) والتكوينات الهجينة الأخرى مثل CNN - LSTM و CNN - BiLSTM. يتم استخدام مجموعة بيانات من تسجيلات GHI اليومية التي تم جمعها خلال الفترة من 1 يناير 2000 إلى 30 يونيو 2020 من الإدارة الوطنية للملاحة الجوية والفضاء (ناسا) في موقع قاحل (حائل، المملكة العربية السعودية) لتطوير ومقارنة النماذج القائمة على DNN المذكورة أعلاه. كما تم تحليل المعلمات التي تؤثر على دقة النماذج بعمق. تم استخدام القيم التاريخية فقط لـ GHI اليومية لبناء النماذج القائمة على DNN بينما لا يتم النظر في معلمات الطقس الإضافية مثل درجة حرارة الهواء وسرعة الرياح واتجاه الرياح والضغط الجوي والرطوبة النسبية في هذا العمل. تستخدم لتطوير ومقارنة نماذج التنبؤ بمؤشر GHI. يتم اختيار مقاييس التقييم مثل معامل الارتباط (r)، متوسط النسبة المئوية المطلقة (MAPE)، متوسط الخطأ المطلق (MAE)، وظيفة التوزيع التراكمي (CDF) والانحراف المعياري (σ ) لتقييم أداء نماذج التنبؤ. أظهرت النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها أن نماذج DNN قد قدمت أداءً جيدًا عالميًا بحد أقصى للقيمة التي تم الوصول إليها r = 96 ٪، للتنبؤ اليومي بمؤشر GHI.

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    Authors: Hatem Sindi; Azhar Ul-Haq; Mohammad Shahmeer Hassan; Atif Iqbal; +1 Authors

    La movilidad eléctrica parece traer un cambio de paradigma en el sector del transporte por carretera en todo el mundo. El enorme consumo de combustibles fósiles y la creciente congestión del tráfico han causado preocupaciones sobre el consumo futuro de energía, el crecimiento de la economía y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en los países miembros del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo. La introducción de vehículos eléctricos (VE) en los dos países más poblados de la región, es decir, el Reino de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, se considera una opción prometedora para abordar la contaminación ambiental y los futuros temores relacionados con la economía de la región. Este documento presenta los impulsores clave para que los países adopten el transporte eléctrico. Este estudio de investigación investiga el impacto de la penetración de los vehículos eléctricos en la energía, la economía y el medio ambiente de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos a través del pronóstico de existencias de vehículos eléctricos mediante el análisis de regresión lineal. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el crecimiento esperado en el sector eléctrico de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos les permitirá mantener una penetración de vehículos eléctricos del 5% y el 30% para 2030, respectivamente. En este sentido, se propone un conjunto de políticas que permitirán a los países acelerar sus esfuerzos para alcanzar los objetivos previstos de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Aunque la investigación presentada se centra en el estudio de caso de Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, los hallazgos de la investigación son lo suficientemente generalizados como para aplicarse a todas las demás regiones de la región. El conjunto de políticas sugerido servirá como guía para las partes interesadas pertinentes sobre las medidas necesarias para la electrificación sostenible del transporte por carretera en Arabia Saudita y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. La mobilité électrique semble apporter un changement de paradigme dans le secteur du transport routier dans le monde entier. L'énorme consommation de combustibles fossiles et la congestion croissante du trafic ont suscité des inquiétudes quant à la consommation d'énergie future, à la croissance économique et aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans les pays membres de la région du Conseil de coopération du Golfe. L'introduction de véhicules électriques (VE) dans les deux pays les plus peuplés de la région, à savoir le Royaume d'Arabie saoudite et les Émirats arabes unis, est considérée comme une option prometteuse pour lutter contre la pollution de l'environnement et les craintes liées à l'économie future. Ce document présente les principaux facteurs incitant les pays à adopter le transport électrique. Cette étude de recherche étudie l'impact de la pénétration des véhicules électriques sur l'énergie, l'économie et l'environnement de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis grâce à la prévision des stocks de véhicules électriques à l'aide d'une analyse de régression linéaire. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que la croissance attendue dans le secteur de l'électricité en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis leur permettra de maintenir une pénétration de 5 % et de 30 % des véhicules électriques d'ici 2030, respectivement. À cet égard, un ensemble de politiques est proposé, qui permettra aux pays d'accélérer leurs efforts pour atteindre les objectifs de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). Bien que la recherche présentée se concentre sur l'étude de cas de l'Arabie saoudite et des Émirats arabes unis, les résultats de la recherche sont suffisamment généralisés pour être appliqués à toutes les autres régions de la région. L'ensemble de politiques suggéré servira de lignes directrices aux parties prenantes concernées sur les mesures nécessaires à l'électrification durable du transport routier en Arabie saoudite et aux Émirats arabes unis. Electric mobility seems to bring a paradigm shift in the road transport sector worldwide. Huge consumption of fossil fuels and ever-increasing traffic congestion have caused concerns over future energy consumption, economy growth, and greenhouse gas emissions in the Gulf Cooperation Council region's member countries. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) in the two most populous countries of the region, i.e., the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and UAE is considered a promising option to address environmental pollution and future economy-related fears region. This paper presents key drivers for the countries to adopt electric transportation. This research study investigates the impact of EVs penetration on energy, economy, and environment of KSA and UAE through EV stockpile forecasting using linear regression analysis. The obtained results suggest that expected growth in KSA and UAE's power sector will enable them to keep up 5% and 30% EVs penetration by 2030, respectively. In this regard, a set of policies are proposed, which will enable the countries to pace up their efforts to achieve the intended greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction goals. Though the presented research is focused on the case study of KSA and UAE, the research findings are generalized enough to be applied to all other regions of the region. The suggested set of policies will serve as guidelines for the relevant stakeholders about the necessary measures required for sustainable road transport electrification in KSA and UAE. يبدو أن التنقل الكهربائي يجلب نقلة نوعية في قطاع النقل البري في جميع أنحاء العالم. تسبب الاستهلاك الهائل للوقود الأحفوري والازدحام المروري المتزايد باستمرار في مخاوف بشأن استهلاك الطاقة في المستقبل ونمو الاقتصاد وانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في البلدان الأعضاء في مجلس التعاون الخليجي. يعتبر إدخال المركبات الكهربائية (EVs) في البلدين الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في المنطقة، أي المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، خيارًا واعدًا لمعالجة التلوث البيئي ومنطقة المخاوف المتعلقة بالاقتصاد المستقبلي. تعرض هذه الورقة الدوافع الرئيسية للبلدان لتبني النقل الكهربائي. تبحث هذه الدراسة البحثية في تأثير تغلغل المركبات الكهربائية على الطاقة والاقتصاد والبيئة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة من خلال التنبؤ بمخزون المركبات الكهربائية باستخدام تحليل الانحدار الخطي. تشير النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها إلى أن النمو المتوقع في قطاع الطاقة في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة سيمكنهما من الحفاظ على انتشار السيارات الكهربائية بنسبة 5 ٪ و 30 ٪ بحلول عام 2030، على التوالي. وفي هذا الصدد، تُقترح مجموعة من السياسات التي ستمكن البلدان من تسريع جهودها لتحقيق الأهداف المنشودة لخفض انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة. على الرغم من أن البحث المقدم يركز على دراسة حالة المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة، إلا أن نتائج البحث معممة بما يكفي لتطبيقها على جميع المناطق الأخرى في المنطقة. ستكون مجموعة السياسات المقترحة بمثابة إرشادات لأصحاب المصلحة المعنيين حول التدابير اللازمة لكهربة النقل البري المستدام في المملكة العربية السعودية والإمارات العربية المتحدة.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zahoor Ali Khan; Muhammad Awais; Turki Ali Alghamdi; Adia Khalid; +3 Authors

    De nos jours, l'espérance de vie limitée de la batterie est un problème important pour la livraison fiable des données dans un réseau de capteurs sans fil sous-marin (UWSN). Les méthodologies de transmission conventionnelles augmentent le surdébit de transmission, c'est-à-dire la collision de paquets, qui influencent la transmission de données. Le remplacement de la batterie des capteurs dans un environnement sous-marin brutal est une tâche difficile. Par conséquent, pour maintenir une distance stratégique par rapport à la défaillance inattendue du réseau et augmenter la durée de vie du réseau, des protocoles de routage écoénergétiques sont nécessaires. À cette fin, dans cet article, un protocole de routage proactif avec trois types de réseau différents est proposé pour résoudre les problèmes susmentionnés. Le protocole proposé modifie de manière adaptative sa stratégie de communication en fonction du type de réseau, c'est-à-dire un réseau dense, un réseau partiellement dense et un réseau clairsemé. Cette stratégie adaptative aide les protocoles de routage à poursuivre leur transmission en évitant les trous de vide. Dans le protocole proposé appelé Approche de routage proactive avec sélection de chemin économe en énergie (PA-EPS-Case I), le concept de superposition d'intertransmission verticale est introduit (en utilisant le chemin le plus court et le plus rapide) dans la région dense et partiellement dense. En outre, le concept de formation de grappes est également ajouté pour assurer le succès de la transmission dans les régions éparses. Le taux de livraison des paquets (PDR) est amélioré par le protocole proposé avec un retard de bout en bout (E2E) minimum et un taux de chute des paquets. L'évolutivité des protocoles de routage proposés est également analysée en faisant varier le nombre de nœuds de 100 à 500. Une analyse comparative est effectuée avec deux protocoles de routage de pointe, à savoir : la profondeur de pondération et le routage basé sur la profondeur de la division de la zone d'acheminement (WDFAD-DBR) et le WDFAD-DBR basé sur le cluster (C-DBR). Les résultats de la simulation démontrent que le protocole proposé a atteint un PDR supérieur de 12,64 % avec une diminution de 20 % du délai E2E par rapport au C-DBR. En outre, le protocole de routage proposé a surpassé C-DBR en termes de taux de chute de paquets jusqu'à 14,29 % avec une augmentation de la CE jusqu'à 30 %. Hoy en día, la esperanza de vida limitada de la batería es un problema importante para la entrega confiable de datos en una red de sensores inalámbricos submarinos (UWSN). Las metodologías de transmisión convencionales aumentan la sobrecarga de transmisión, es decir, la colisión de paquetes, que influyen en la transmisión de datos. La sustitución de la batería de los sensores en un entorno submarino brutal es una tarea difícil. Por lo tanto, para mantener una distancia estratégica de la falla inesperada de la red y aumentar la esperanza de vida de la red, se requieren protocolos de enrutamiento energéticamente eficientes. En este sentido, en este trabajo, se propone un protocolo de enrutamiento proactivo con tres tipos de red diferentes para resolver los problemas antes mencionados. El protocolo propuesto cambia de forma adaptativa su estrategia de comunicación en función del tipo de red, es decir, red densa, red parcialmente densa y red dispersa. Esta estrategia adaptativa ayuda a los protocolos de enrutamiento a continuar su transmisión evitando los huecos. En el protocolo propuesto denominado Enfoque de enrutamiento proactivo con selección de ruta de eficiencia energética (PA-EPS-Caso I), se introduce el concepto de capas verticales entre transmisiones (utilizando la ruta más corta y rápida) en la región densa y parcialmente densa. Además, también se adjunta el concepto de formación de clústeres para que la transmisión sea exitosa en las regiones dispersas. La relación de entrega de paquetes (PDR) se mejora mediante el protocolo propuesto con un retraso mínimo de extremo a extremo (E2E) y una relación de caída de paquetes. La escalabilidad de los protocolos de enrutamiento propuestos también se analiza variando el número de nodos de 100 a 500. Se realiza un análisis comparativo con dos protocolos de enrutamiento de vanguardia, a saber: enrutamiento basado en profundidad de división de área de ponderación y reenvío (WDFAD-DBR) y WDFAD-DBR basado en clústeres (C-DBR). Los resultados de la simulación demuestran que el protocolo propuesto logró una PDR un 12,64% más alta con una disminución del 20% en el retraso de E2E que la C-DBR. Además, el protocolo de enrutamiento propuesto superó a C-DBR en términos de tasa de caída de paquetes hasta el 14,29% con un aumento de EC de hasta el 30%. Nowadays, constrained battery life expectancy is an important issue for reliable data delivery in an Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). Conventional transmission methodologies increase the transmission overhead, i.e., the collision of packets, which influence the data transmission. Replacement of the sensors' battery in brutal underwater environment is a difficult task. Therefore, to maintain a strategic distance from the unexpected failure of the network and to increase the life expectancy of the network, energy efficient routing protocols are required. At this end, in this paper, a proactive routing protocol with three different network types is proposed to solve the aforementioned issues. The proposed protocol adaptively changes its communication strategy depending on the type of the network, i.e., dense network, partially dense network and sparse network. This adaptive strategy helps the routing protocols to continue their transmission by avoiding the void holes. In the proposed protocol named Proactive routing Approach with Energy efficient Path Selection (PA-EPS-Case I), vertical inter-transmission layering concept is introduced (using shortest and fastest path) in the dense and partially dense region. In addition, cluster formation concept is also appended to make transmission successful in the sparse regions. The Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) is improved by the proposed protocol with minimum End to End (E2E) delay and packet drop ratio. Scalability of the proposed routing protocols is also analyzed by varying the number of nodes from 100-500. A comparative analysis is performed with two cutting edge routing protocols namely: Weighting Depth and Forwarding Area Division Depth Based Routing (WDFAD-DBR) and Cluster-based WDFAD-DBR (C-DBR). Simulation results demonstrate that proposed protocol achieved 12.64% higher PDR with 20% decrease in E2E delay than C-DBR. Furthermore, the proposed routing protocol outperformed C-DBR in terms of packet drop ratio up to 14.29% with an increase of EC up to 30%. في الوقت الحاضر، يعد العمر المتوقع للبطارية المقيد مشكلة مهمة لتوصيل البيانات الموثوقة في شبكة الاستشعار اللاسلكية تحت الماء (UWSN). تزيد منهجيات الإرسال التقليدية من النفقات العامة للإرسال، أي تصادم الحزم، مما يؤثر على نقل البيانات. يعد استبدال بطارية المستشعرات في بيئة قاسية تحت الماء مهمة صعبة. لذلك، للحفاظ على مسافة استراتيجية من الفشل غير المتوقع للشبكة ولزيادة العمر المتوقع للشبكة، يلزم وجود بروتوكولات توجيه موفرة للطاقة. في هذه النهاية، في هذه الورقة، يُقترح بروتوكول توجيه استباقي مع ثلاثة أنواع مختلفة من الشبكات لحل المشكلات المذكورة أعلاه. يغير البروتوكول المقترح بشكل تكيفي استراتيجية الاتصال الخاصة به اعتمادًا على نوع الشبكة، أي الشبكة الكثيفة والشبكة الكثيفة جزئيًا والشبكة المتفرقة. تساعد هذه الاستراتيجية التكيفية بروتوكولات التوجيه على مواصلة انتقالها عن طريق تجنب ثقوب الفراغ. في البروتوكول المقترح المسمى نهج التوجيه الاستباقي مع اختيار المسار الموفر للطاقة (PA - EPS - Case I)، يتم تقديم مفهوم الطبقات العمودية بين الإرسال (باستخدام أقصر وأسرع مسار) في المنطقة الكثيفة والكثيفة جزئيًا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتم إلحاق مفهوم تكوين التجمعات أيضًا لجعل انتقال العدوى ناجحًا في المناطق المتناثرة. يتم تحسين نسبة تسليم الحزمة (PDR) من خلال البروتوكول المقترح مع الحد الأدنى من التأخير من النهاية إلى النهاية (E2E) ونسبة إسقاط الحزمة. كما يتم تحليل قابلية التوسع في بروتوكولات التوجيه المقترحة من خلال تغيير عدد العقد من 100 إلى 500. يتم إجراء تحليل مقارن مع اثنين من بروتوكولات التوجيه المتطورة وهي: عمق الترجيح والتوجيه القائم على عمق تقسيم منطقة إعادة التوجيه (WDFAD - DBR) و WDFAD - DBR القائم على الكتلة (C - DBR). تُظهر نتائج المحاكاة أن البروتوكول المقترح حقق PDR أعلى بنسبة 12.64 ٪ مع انخفاض بنسبة 20 ٪ في تأخير E2E مقارنة بـ C - DBR. علاوة على ذلك، تفوق بروتوكول التوجيه المقترح على C - DBR من حيث نسبة إسقاط الحزمة حتى 14.29 ٪ مع زيادة قدرها EC تصل إلى 30 ٪.

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    Authors: Mohammed H. Qais; Hany M. Hasanien; Saad Alghuwainem;

    This paper presents a novel application of a grey wolf optimizer (GWO) to improve the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability and the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a grid-connected permanent-magnet synchronous generator driven directly by a variable-speed wind turbine (DD-PMSG-VSWT). The LVRT capability and MPPT enhancements are achieved by the optimal tuning of eight proportional-integral (PI) controllers in the cascaded control of the machine-side converter and the grid-side inverter, simultaneously. An online optimization is used and achieved by minimizing the integral-squared error of the error inputs of the PI controllers that are controlling dc link voltage, generated real power, and terminal voltages of the PMSG and the grid. The symmetrical and asymmetrical faults for testing the optimum gain parameters are simulated and examined using PSCAD/EMTDC. The obtained results of the optimum values of the GWO algorithm are compared with those attained using the optimum values of the genetic algorithm and the simplex method.

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    Authors: Mohammed M. Alhaider; Emad M. Ahmed; Mokhtar Aly; Hany A. Serhan; +2 Authors

    Battery lifetime represents a significant concern for the techno-economical operation of several applications based on energy storage. Moreover, the charging method is considered as one of the main critical elements in defining and influencing the operating lifetime of batteries. Several charging techniques have been addressed in the literature, however almost all of them are suffering from lack of temperature feedback in order to maintain battery lifetime. This paper presents a new high-reliable charging method for battery energy storage systems (ESSs). The proposed temperature compensated multi-step constant current (TC-MSCC) method is developed based upon the modified (MSCC) charging method. It enhances the operating lifetime of batteries by employing a feedback from the battery temperature to control the duration and starting time of each charging current step. Compared with the traditional charging methods addressed in the literature, the proposed TC-MSCC method achieves faster charging than the conventional constant current (CC) and the constant-current constant-voltage (CC-CV) methods. Moreover, the proposed TC-MSCC method possesses longer operating battery lifetime with reduced thermal stresses compared to the traditional MSCC methods. The proposed charging method is verified by simulation and experimental results using 9 Ah lead-acid battery. However, the new proposed TC-MSCC method is generalized and can be applied to various types of batteries. The detailed performance comparisons and results show the superiority of the proposed methods over the most widespread charging methods in the literature.

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    Authors: Muhammad Arsalan Ilyas; Ghulam Abbas; Thamer Alquthami; Muhammad Awais; +1 Authors

    En el pasado reciente, para satisfacer la creciente demanda energética de electricidad, la integración de recursos energéticos renovables (RES) en una red eléctrica es un centro de atención. Además, la integración óptima de estas RES hace que esta tarea sea más desafiante debido a su naturaleza intermitente. Por lo tanto, en el presente estudio, el problema del flujo de energía se trata como un problema de flujo de energía óptimo multiobjetivo y multiobjetivo (MOOPF) junto con la integración óptima de las RES. Si bien, los objetivos de MOOPF son triples: costo general de generación, pérdida real de energía del sistema y reducción de emisiones de carbono de fuentes térmicas. En este trabajo, se presenta una técnica computacionalmente eficiente para encontrar los valores más factibles de diferentes variables de control del sistema de energía que tienen RES distribuidas. Por lo tanto, la satisfacción de la restricción se logra mediante el uso de un enfoque de función de penalización (PFA) y para desarrollar aún más el verdadero frente de Pareto (PF), el método de dominancia de Pareto se utiliza para categorizar la solución dominante de Pareto. Además, para tratar la naturaleza intermitente de RES, la función de densidad de probabilidad (PDF) y los modelos de potencia estocástica de RES se utilizan para calcular la potencia disponible de RES. Dado que, los objetivos del problema MOOPF son de naturaleza conflictiva, después de tener el conjunto de soluciones no dominantes, se ha utilizado el enfoque de la función de membresía difusa (FMF) para extraer la mejor solución de compromiso (BCS). Para probar la validez de la técnica desarrollada, el sistema de bus IEEE-30 se ha modificado con la integración de RES y el problema de optimización final se resuelve utilizando el algoritmo de optimización de enjambre de partículas (PSO). Los resultados de la simulación muestran el logro de la técnica propuesta que gestiona el valor del costo del combustible a largo plazo con los valores óptimos de otros objetivos. De plus, l'intégration optimale de ces sources d'énergie rend cette tâche plus difficile en raison de leur nature intermittente. Par conséquent, dans la présente étude, le problème du flux d'énergie est traité comme un problème de flux d'énergie optimal multi-contrainte et multi-objectif (MOOPF) avec une intégration optimale des sources d'énergie. Par conséquent, les objectifs du MOOPF sont triples : coût de production global, perte d'énergie réelle du système et réduction des émissions de carbone de sources thermiques.Dans ce travail, une technique efficace sur le plan informatique est présentée pour trouver les valeurs les plus réalisables de différentes variables de contrôle du système d'alimentation ayant des sources d'énergie renouvelables distribuées. Par conséquent, la satisfaction des contraintes est obtenue en utilisant l'approche de la fonction de pénalité (PFA) et pour développer davantage le vrai front de Pareto (PF), la méthode de dominance de Pareto est utilisée pour catégoriser la solution de dominance de Pareto. De plus, pour traiter la nature intermittente des sources d'énergie renouvelables, la fonction de densité de probabilité (PDF) et les modèles de puissance stochastique des sources d'énergie renouvelables sont utilisés pour calculer la puissance disponible à partir des sources d'énergie renouvelables. Depuis, les objectifs du problème MOOPF sont de nature conflictuelle, après avoir utilisé l'approche de la fonction d'appartenance floue (FMF) de l'ensemble de solutions non dominantes pour extraire la meilleure solution de compromis (BCS). Pour tester la validité de la technique développée, le système de bus IEEE-30 a été modifié avec intégration de res et le problème d'optimisation finale est résolu en utilisant l'algorithme d'optimisation d'essaim de particules (PSO). Les résultats de la simulation montrent la réalisation de la technique proposée en gérant la valeur du coût du carburant longtemps avec les valeurs optimales d'autres objectifs. In recent past, to meet the growing energy demand of electricity, integration of renewable energy resources (RESs) in an electrical network is a center of attention.Furthermore, optimal integration of these RESs make this task more challenging because of their intermittent nature.Therefore, in the present study power flow problem is treated as a multi-constraint, multi-objective optimal power flow (MOOPF) problem along with optimal integration of RESs.Whereas, the objectives of MOOPF are threefold: overall generation cost, real power loss of system and carbon emission reduction of thermal sources.In this work, a computationally efficient technique is presented to find the most feasible values of different control variables of the power system having distributed RESs.Whereas, the constraint satisfaction is achieved by using penalty function approach (PFA) and to further develop true Pareto front (PF), Pareto dominance method is used to categorize Pareto dominate solution.Moreover, to deal with intermittent nature of RES, probability density function (PDF) and stochastic power models of RES are used to calculate available power from RESs.Since, objectives of the MOOPF problem are conflicting in nature, after having the set of non-dominating solutions fuzzy membership function (FMF) approach has been used to extract the best compromise solution (BCS).To test the validity of developed technique, the IEEE-30 bus system has been modified with integration of RESs and final optimization problem is solved by using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.Simulation results show the achievement of proposed technique managing fuel cost value long with the optimal values of other objectives. في الماضي القريب، لتلبية الطلب المتزايد على الطاقة الكهربائية، يعد دمج موارد الطاقة المتجددة (RESs) في شبكة كهربائية مركزًا للاهتمام. علاوة على ذلك، فإن التكامل الأمثل لهذه الموارد يجعل هذه المهمة أكثر صعوبة بسبب طبيعتها المتقطعة. لذلك، في هذه الدراسة، يتم التعامل مع مشكلة تدفق الطاقة على أنها مشكلة تدفق طاقة مثلى متعددة القيود ومتعددة الأهداف (MOOPF) جنبًا إلى جنب مع التكامل الأمثل لـ RESs. في حين أن أهداف MOOPF ثلاثية الجوانب: تكلفة التوليد الإجمالية، وفقدان الطاقة الحقيقي للنظام وتقليل انبعاثات الكربون من المصادر الحرارية. في هذا العمل، يتم تقديم تقنية فعالة حسابيًا للعثور على القيم الأكثر جدوى لمتغيرات التحكم المختلفة لنظام الطاقة الذي قام بتوزيع RES. في حين يتم تحقيق الرضا عن القيد باستخدام نهج دالة العقوبة (PFA) ولمواصلة تطوير جبهة باريتو الحقيقية (PF)، يتم استخدام طريقة هيمنة باريتو لتصنيف حل باريتو المسيطر. علاوة على ذلك، للتعامل مع الطبيعة المتقطعة لـ RES، يتم استخدام دالة الكثافة الاحتمالية (PDF) ونماذج الطاقة العشوائية لـ RES لحساب الطاقة المتاحة من RESs. منذ ذلك الحين، أهداف مشكلة MOOPF هي متضاربة في طبيعتها، بعد استخدام مجموعة من الحلول غير المهيمنة تم استخدام نهج وظيفة العضوية الغامضة (FMF) لاستخراج أفضل حل وسط (BCS). لاختبار صحة التقنية المطورة، تم تعديل نظام ناقل IEEE -30 مع دمج RESs ويتم حل مشكلة التحسين النهائي باستخدام خوارزمية تحسين سرب الجسيمات (PSO). تظهر نتائج المحاكاة تحقيق التقنية المقترحة لإدارة قيمة تكلفة الوقود لفترة طويلة مع القيم المثلى للأهداف الأخرى.

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    Authors: Nadeem Javaid; Ihsan Ullah; Mariam Akbar; Zafar Iqbal; +3 Authors

    Demand side management (DSM) will play a significant role in the future smart grid by managing loads in a smart way. DSM programs, realized via home energy management systems for smart cities, provide many benefits; consumers enjoy electricity price savings and utility operates at reduced peak demand. In this paper, evolutionary algorithms-based (binary particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm, and cuckoo search) DSM model for scheduling the appliances of residential users is presented. The model is simulated in time of use pricing environment for three cases: 1) traditional homes; 2) smart homes; and 3) smart homes with renewable energy sources. Simulation results show that the proposed model optimally schedules the appliances resulting in electricity bill and peaks reductions.

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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    IEEE Access
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ IEEE Accessarrow_drop_down
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      IEEE Access
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      IEEE Access
      Article . 2017
      Data sources: DOAJ
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      This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

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