• Energy Research
• 11. Sustainability close
• SE close
• Swedish close

Sverige står inför omfattande renoveringsbehov med anledning av det stora antalet hushåll som byggts från 1960-talet och framåt. Läckage blir ett större problem med fler slitna och ålderstigna rör. För att åtgärda rör används främst två metoder: stambyte och relining. Med utgångspunkt i att Sverige står inför relativt stora klimatpolitiska utmaningar, syftar detta projekt till att analysera och kvantifiera hur energianvändning, koldioxidekvivalenta utsläpp och materialåtgång skiljer sig åt mellan metoderna. Rapporten bryter ned metoderna i tre delsystem: materialframställning, transporter och utförandeprocess. Data- och informationsinsamling har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, databaser, publicerade rapporter och webbaserade källor. I rapporten baseras analysen på ett fiktivt badrum som bedöms vara representativt för svenska hushåll. Två modeller presenteras i studien. Den första betraktar relining och stambyte som två isolerade händelser. Ett stambyte medför dock ofta en badrumsrenovering vars behov sällan sammanfaller med behovet av rörbyte. Det medför att svårigheter i renoveringsplaneringen kan uppstå. Modell 2 tar hänsyn till detta förhållande och analyserar hur ett stambyte kan belastas, beroende på hur stor andel av badrummets tekniska livslängd som går förlorad. I studien behandlas de två vanligaste rörmaterialen, gjutjärn och PVC. Resultaten visar att ett stambyte exklusive badrumsrenovering innebär 85 procent högre energianvändning och 192 procent mer koldioxidekvivalenta utsläpp jämfört med relining om gjutjärnsrör byts ut. Motsvarande resultat för PVC-rör är 61 respektive 142 procent. När hänsyn tas till badrumsrenovering blir motsvarande resultat upp till 468 procent mer energianvändning och 683 procent högre koldioxidekvivalenta utsläpp. De två huvudsakliga slutsatserna är att relining innebär mindre miljöpåverkan jämfört med ett stambyte och det är framförallt materialframställningen som orsakar miljöbelastningen för båda metoderna. Det beror på miljöbelastande produktion av reliningmaterial och stor materialåtgång vid ett stambyte. Sweden is facing an extensive need for renovation of drainage systems following the large expansion in real estate during the 1960s. Old and damaged pipes are causing increasing problems with leakages to which there are two main solutions: replacement or relining. In the light of anthropogenic climate change and the emission goals set by the Swedish government, the aim of this study is to analyze and quantify how the two methods compare in terms of energy usage, carbon dioxide equivalent emissions and material usage. The report divides each method into three subsystems: material production, transports and execution. Information and data were gathered through semi-structured interviews as well as obtained from databases, published reports and web-based sources. The analysis was based on a fictive bathroom, which was assumed to be representative for Swedish households. Two models are presented in this study: the first model isolates the replacement of pipes from the rest of the renovation process and compares it with relining. The replacement method is however usually followed by a bathroom renovation, the need of which rarely coincides with the need for pipe replacement. This might cause complications in renovation planning. The second model includes this aspect in the analysis and burdens the replacement method with a certain amount of environmental impact depending on the lost amount of technical life span. The two most common pipe materials, cast iron and PVC, were analyzed in the study. The results show that replacement of pipes excluding bathroom renovation causes 85 percent more energy usage and 192 percent more carbon dioxide equivalent emissions compared to relining when cast iron pipes are installed. Corresponding results with installed PVC pipes are 61 percent and 142 percent. When the bathroom renovation is included in the analysis the numbers increase to up to 468 percent more energy usage and 683 percent higher carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. Two primary conclusions can be drawn from the study: relining has less environmental impact compared to replacement of pipes and it is mainly the production of materials that creates this impact for both methods. It is due to high environmental load in material production for relining and the sheer weight of material with the replacement method.

Det här examensarbetet genomfördes i samarbete mellan KTH och Fortum Värme. Studien undersöker hur mycket elektricitet som Fortum Värme skulle kunna garantera leverans för på årsbasis (primakraft), utöver kraftvärmens bidrag, genom att utnyttja fjärrvärmeföretagets existerande värmepumpar och ackumulatortankar om en storskalig installation (hundratals MW) av solceller skulle ske i Stockholms Stad. Dessutom så inkluderar studien en analys av lönsamheten för de allmännyttiga bostadsföretagen, med låga avkastningskrav, att investera i takmonterade solceller. Beräkningar på lastförskjutning av 100% och 30% timupplöst solproduktionsdata från 100, 150 och 200 MWt solceller i kombination med Fortums existerande anläggningar och en extra ackumulatortank har genomförts i MATLAB. Produktionskostnaden av solel och lönsamheten att investera i solcellsanläggningar har också gjorts i MATLAB. Resultaten visar att tillsammans med kraftvärme, kan i ett teoretiskt scenario 100% av solelen frigöra 34(14) 39(19) och 44(24) MW primakraft (solcellernas bidrag inom parentes), och ett verkligt scenario 30% av solelen kan frigöra 25(5), 26(6) och 28(8) MW primakraft. Det är svårt att göra ett generellt utlåtande huruvida solcellsanläggningar är lönsamma för de allmännyttiga bostadsföretagen eller ej, då varje installation är unik. Med en kalkylränta på 5%, krävs investeringsstödet för att uppnå lönsamhet. En hög rörlig nätkostnad och en hög andel självkonsumtion har stark inverkan på lönsamheten. Primakraften från de antagna solcellssystemen skulle utifrån studiens resultat tillsammans med kraftvärme i ett realistiskt scenario kunna bidra med 1.6%(0.3%) till 1.8%(0.5%) av effekten som det regionala elnätsföretaget abonnerar till Stockholms Stad. De presumtiva intäkterna som primakraft skulle kunna uppgå till motsvarar 0.01-0.04 SEK/kWh solel. Oavsett om primakraft görs eller ej, så kan Fortum Värme fortfarande tjäna på en ökad användning av solceller i Stockholmsområdet om det drar ned elpriset. This Master thesis project was carried out in collaboration with KTH and Fortum Heat. The study investigates how much electricity Fortum Heat could guarantee supply of on a yearly basis (primary power), beyond the contribution from CHP (Combined Heat and Power), by utilizing the heat pumps and storage water heaters of the existing district heating production plants if a large scale installation (hundreds of MW) of PV (Photovoltaic) systems would occur in the City of Stockholm. Furthermore, the study includes an analysis of the profitability for public housing, with low discount rates, to invest in roof mounted PV systems. Calculations on displacements of 100% and 30% of hour resolution electricity production from 100, 150 and 200 MWp PV in combination with the current plants of Fortum with an additional storage water heater have been carried out in MATLAB. The production cost of solar electricity and the profitability of investing in PV systems have also been realized in MATLAB. Results show that together with CHP, 100% of the electricity can extricate 34(14), 39(19) and 44(24) MW primary power (contribution from PV in brackets) in a theoretical scenario, and 30% of the electricity can extricate 25(5), 26(6) and 28(8) MW primary power in a more realistic scenario. It is difficult to make a generic statement on whether PV systems are profitable for public housing or not, as every installation is unique. With a 5% discount rate, the investment subsidy is necessary for profitability. A high variable grid tariff and a high rate of self-consumption have a strong positive impact on profitability. The primary power from the presumed PV systems could according to the results of the study together with CHP contribute with 1.6%(0.3%) to 1.8%(0.5%) of the power that the regional grid network company subscribes to the City of Stockholm. The presumptive income from primary power could amount to an equivalent of 0.01-0.04 SEK/kWh solar electricity. Nevertheless, regardless of making primary power, Fortum Heat can still gain from an increased use of PV around Stockholm if it decreases the price of electricity.

The first Swedish commercial nuclear power plant was ordered in 1965. By 1973 it had been inaugurated, and building work had begun on the remaining three facilities that became the locations of Swedish large-scale nuclear power production. This thesis explores what kind of architectural objects, in a broad sense, the nuclear power plants in Sweden was discursively constructed as during these years. During the post war years enormous expectations were in Swedish politics attached to the implementation of nuclear power technology. An important discursive figure was that energy was of fundamental importance to society. Simultaneously it was articulated that nuclear power would provide an unlimited supply of energy. Society therefore was on the verge to a completely new era, an era which was to materialize through the nuclear power plant. Drawing upon Norman Fairclough’s theorization of discourse, three different orders of discourse are delineated wherein the nuclear power plant during the period 1965–1973 could be conceptualized as building: a discourse order of architecture, of landscape and of cultural heritage. It is a question of what sort of collective identity that is constructed through the utterances on nuclear power plants. Through the orders of discourse not only objects are produced, but also a who, on a collective level, that is producing them. These orders of discourse are connected to three different specific modes of temporal orientation which are formative for collective identity: towards the future, the past, and a position outside of history. Through an analysis of utterances and narratives in magazines, official texts, films, etc., this examination shows that in contrast to an international context, the nuclear power plant in Sweden was almost completely negated within the discourse order of architecture. Instead it was within the discourse orders of landscape and of cultural heritage that the nuclear power plant was to be conceptualized.

How can a vacuum cleaner motivate you to use it? From a sustainability perspective, the author asked the question of how such a solution would look like? These where issues that the project tackled and devised solutions for. The project wanted to explore the physical modeling and a large part of the final result consisted of a full scale model. The project found that the problem of vacuuming largely consisted of the problem of storage the product. The project found that the motivation for the job, therefore, could be resolved by a better designed vacuum cleaner with a built-in hose, folding handles, which could be stored integrated within the vacuum cleaner. The project also found that a rechargeable energy-efficient battery could serve as a factor to motivate an everyday job when the user do not have to fuss with the cord.

The effects of the climate changes are expected to generate several substantial direct and indirect consequences on both ecosystems and societies. It is the extent of the negative consequences that determents the vulnerability of the things or the ones exposed. The knowledge of the effects and consequences by a changing climate provides an opportunity to take measures to reduce the vulnerability.Our society’s vulnerability depends on how we choose to act out of the existing knowledge and what measures we choose to take. Karlstad municipality has good knowledge and perception of the increased flood risks the climate changes will generate and the probable consequences that most likely will follow. How the municipality decides to manage the flooding issue is not just affected by the will to mitigate the vulnerability but also by the vision to increase the number of citizens. Karlstad municipality wants to oblige the citizen’s demand of settlements close to the water in order to reach the aim to gain the population quantity. Hereby attractive areas are developed even though they are estimated to be vulnerable. The motivation is that the knowledge about the flood risks makes it possible to take necessary measures to reduce the risks.

Recharge är en laddstation för elbilar med lokalproducerad el och en mötesplats för lokala och regionala aktörer att samlas, nätverka och utöva sina småskaliga verksamheter på. Projektet grundar sig i en undersökning av motorvägens roll på landsbygden. I undersökningen kartlades även småskaliga verksamheter inom matproduktion i området. Vidare diskuterar projektet tre huvudsakliga frågeställningar. Vilken är bilens roll i framtiden och hur en kan arkitektur som tar bilen i fokus ihop med ett hållbarhetsperspektiv se ut. Landsbygden har inte samma förutsättningar som staden för att bli fossilfria, därför utgår projektet från tesen att den rurala framtiden kommer bygga med bilen i fokus. De ytterligare frågeställningarna undersöker om det går att skapa en plats som integrerar motorvägen med landsbygden samt vilket resultat det blir om man kontrasterar de stora aktörerna Burger King och Cirkle K som ligger på platsen och byter ut deras globala näringskedja mot en småskalig, lokal och hållbar istället. Recharge is a car charging station powered by locally produced electricity and a meeting place for local and regional users to gather, network and carry out their small-scale activities. The project is based in a survey of the motorway and its role in the countryside. The survey also mapped small businesses of food production in the area. The project discusses three main issues. What role does the car have in the future and what will a car and sustainability centred architecture look like. The countryside does not have the same opportunities for a car free future as the city does, therefore the project assumes that the future of the rural is going to be built with the car in focus. The other issues examines whether it is possible to create a place that integrates the motorway with the countryside and what result do you get if you contrast the large businesses Burger King and Cirkle K and swap their global chain of production with a small scale, local and sustainable one. 

Swedish biogas is currently produced mainly by anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge at sewage treatment plants, landfills and anaerobic digestion of household or industrial waste. Also cattle ma-nure from farms can be used to produce biogas. Upgrading biogas represents an increase in methane concentration from about 65 % to about 97 %. In addition, particles and contaminants must be sepa-rated from the upgraded biogas. There are various methods for upgrading and this report compares six different methods with respect to environment and economy: water scrubber, Biosling, cryo technology, chemical absorption, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) and membrane separation. According to the used ORWARE model, chemical adsorption with amine has the least environmen-tal impact (methane emissions) and the lowest costs. The chemical used in the method is very good at reducing CO2 and chemical adsorption gives an upgraded gas containing around 99 % methane. The downside of amine is that it contributes to the acidification of the environment and additional heat is needed to free the CO2. It is also a small scale method. PSA and membrane separation shall be avoided when it comes to environmental impacts. When it comes to the economy, it is more dif-ficult to compare the methods. The reason is that the scale does matter together with factors such as geography. The methods are also improving and modernizing. It is important to consider this and be up to date when investing in a new biogas upgrading plant.

Each year, the coffee machines at Ericsson in Kista produce around 100 tons of ground coffee waste. The companies Coor Service Management, Löfbergs Lila and Selecta are all responsible for different stages in the logistical chain in delivering coffee and, together with Ericsson, they want to increase their environmental benefit. The plan is to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion instead of incinerating the coffee waste in a heating plant. The results are to be presented as different business cases in which different biogas plants are compared with the reference case (heating plant), comparing costs and environmental impacts. There are two major environmental benefits from producing biogas; reduced carbon dioxide emissions from when fossile fule is replaced by carbon neutral biogas, and reduced emissions from returning digestate from the bio reactor to farmland instead of using industrial fertelizer. In order to determine the biogas potential in coffee waste, a couple of properties had to be determined in a laboratory. Properties such as the dry substance content, heating value, moisture content and ash content. The results show that 100 tons coffee waste could produce around 16 500 Nm3 biogas which would contain 163 MWh. The biogas reactor and upgrade plant both need energy gas to function and uses around 14 MWh of the produced gas. In the end, the resulting upgraded biogas contains 149 MWh energy. Such an amount of gas can replace 15,1 m3 of diesel and thus reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 39,4 ton. The emissions from running the reactor and upgrade plant, combined with methane leakage amounts to 4,8 ton carbon dioxide. All of the biogas plants that were examined returns digestate and nutrients to farmlands which reduces the need for industrial fertelizer. The production of fertelizer uses alot of energy, and by returning digestate a reduction of 58 GJ energy and 3 ton CO2 can be achieved. This is not the case with the heat plant which instead has to place some of its produced ashes in landfills. If the exergy content in the biogas is compared to that of the heat it shows that there is a point to making gas instead of incinerating the waste. The biogas has about 50 % higher exergy content than the heat has and therefore it is possible to utilize the substrate more efficiently. Transporting coffee waste from Ericsson to different biogas plants will result in increased carbon dioxide emissions. The three plants investigated in this thesis are Henriksdals sewage treatment plant, the Himmerfjärd plant and Uppsala biogas plant. For each plant, drivning distance, pre treatment requirements of the coffee waste, and related costs were determined. Using methods from the Network for transportation and enviroment, the emissions for each case were calculated. The results show that the Henriksdal case will increase carbon dioxide emissions by two tons per year, and the other cases will increase emissions by four tons. The result from combining laboratory work, simulations and calculations show that the case where Henriksdal recives the coffee waste will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 15,1 ton at a cost of 72 000 kr per year. The case with the Himmerfjärd plant will reduce emissions by 13,8 ton at a cost of 74 000 kr per year. The final case with Uppsala biogas plant will reduce emissions by 13,7 ton at the cost of 107 000 kr per year. And thus there are environmental benefits from producing biogas from the coffee waste, but they do come at a cost.

Syftet med rapporten är att sammanställa branschbaserat underlag för värdering av hållbart byggande som belyser vikten för val av ytterväggskonstruktion till flerbostadshus. Byggbranschen har länge fokuserat på att minska byggnadsverks energi- och miljöpåverkan under förvaltningsskedet. Det har haft mycket goda resultat och i dagsläget står förvaltningsskedet för ca 50 procent av hållbara byggnaders totala energianvändning. Projektering med långsiktigt perspektiv är nyckeln till hållbart byggande eftersom små förändringar kan ha stor inverkan under längre tid. Detta medför ökad betydelse för effektivisering under byggskedet. Utvecklingen av hållbara byggnader har resulterat i framtagning av nollenergi- och passivhus. De byggkoncepten ställer högre krav på klimatskalets byggtekniska egenskaper. Klimatskalet innefattar tak, grund, fönster, dörrar och ytterväggar. Samtliga komponenter har stor inverkan på byggnadens egenskaper. Rapporten belyser endast betydelsefulla egenskaper och olika aspekter för hållbara ytterväggskonstruktioner och hur de skall värderas. Rapportens mål är att ta fram ett anpassningsbart bedömningsverktyg med värderingsunderlag från 9 olika aspekter. Aspekterna som bedöms är byggbarhet, brand, fukt, estetik, förvaltning, inomhusmiljö, energiförluster, livscykelkostnad och miljöpåverkan. Bedömningsverktyget visualiseras som en mall där poängsättning används för aspekterna vilket möjliggör tydliga jämförelser mellan konstruktioner. Fakta analyseras och hämtas från en litteraturstudie samt intervjuer med en byggnadskonstruktör, en brand- och en fuktkonsult. De ligger till grund för bedömningsverktygets utformning. För att kunna tillämpa bedömningsmallen i byggbranschen väljs 6 ytterväggskonstruktioner med olika uppbyggnad och egenskaper. De är anpassade för koncepthus med hållbart byggande och uppnår krav från Boverkets byggregler och Passivhuskonceptet. Ytterväggskonstruktionerna prövas i mallen och våra resultat visar att mallen kan tillämpas och åskådliggöra skillnader mellan konstruktionerna. Ytterväggarna erhåller ett generellt betyg samt ett viktat betyg som utgår från en anpassningsbar viktfaktor. Möjlighet för vidareutveckling finns för bedömningsmallen. Mallen är generell och tillämpningsbar på konstruktioner med andra egenskaper än de valda i rapporten. Rapporten indikerar på att mallen kan anpassas för att möjliggöra val av fördelaktiga konstruktioner för olika klimatzoner och beställarens ändamål. The report aims to bring together industry-based data for evaluation of sustainable building that shows the importance of the choice regarding exterior wall construction for apartment buildings. The construction industry has focused on reducing the energy and environmental impact on buildings during the management phase for a long time. The results have been positive and to this date, the management phase stands for 50 percent of sustainable buildings total energy use. Designing with a long-term perspective is the key to sustainable building, because small changes can have a big impact over time. The importance of energy efficiency during the construction phase has increased. The results of the development regarding sustainable building have increased the production of zero energy- buildings and passive houses. The new concepts of building technology are placing higher demands on the technical properties of the building envelope. A building envelope includes roofs, foundation, windows, doors and exterior walls. All components have a major impact on the technical properties of a building, but the report only highlights significant aspects of sustainable exterior wall constructions and how they should be evaluated. The goal of the report is to develop an adapted assessment tool with evaluation data from 9 different aspects. The aspects that we will review in the report is constructability, fire, moisture, aesthetics, management, indoor environment, energy losses from the exterior wall construction, life cycle cost and environmental impact. The assessment tool is portrayed as a template that rates and scores different exterior wall construction. This enables clear comparisons between structures. The basic facts for the report are retrieved from a literature study. Interviews with a structural engineer and a fire- and moisture consultant have been conducted for a deeper view on how the construction industry evaluates and scores exterior wall construction. To apply the assessment template for trade and industry, 6 exterior wall constructions with different structures and properties were selected. They were suitable for conceptual houses with sustainable building technology and are the basis for achieving requirements from National board of housing and passivehouse rules. The different exterior wall constructions were tested on the template and the results show that the model can be applied positively on them. The different constructions receive a general grade and a weighted grade. The weighted grade is based on a customizable weight factor. The assessment template illustrated the differences between them. Possibilities for further development of the assessment template exist. It’s possible to apply the template on structures with different kind of properties than the ones chosen for this project. The template can be a tool for choosing a construction based on the demands from a client and it can be adapted to different kind of climate zones.

This study was conducted in June to August 2016 and consisted of a literature review and research studies. This study is specifically concerned with the effect of climate change on cultural heritage. Also to discuses the narrative of climate change and cultural heritage, how does the cultural heritage society, both international and nationally, address this issue? It’s well known that climate change will have effects on society and that society will need to adapt to these changes. Empirical findings, together with theories from established researches, have been used to create the discussion of the narrative of climate change and cultural heritage that will be presented in this study. Sweden has been working actively in recent years, in order to mitigate the effect of climate change and also with adaptation strategies. However, in the field of conservation there has been less activity until recently on how to handle the effects a changing climate can have on cultural heritage. The study at hand aims at shedding light on how the Swedish National Heritage Board, and the County Administrative Boards are addressing this issue. Furthermore, this thesis shows that the cultural dimension is gaining ground in climate and environmental debates. A growing number of organizations and projects are working with the inclusion of cultural and heritage issues. It is encouraging to learn that the cultural dimension is increasingly included in the debate on climate change and sustainable development. The clearer the importance of social and cultural aspects is made in the debate, the easier it is to carry out the adaptation work. It is equally important to base the work on the incorporation of citizen’s dialogue as well as having a close dialogue with other authorities. Uppsats för avläggande av filosofie kandidatexamen i Kulturvård, Bebyggelseantikvariskt program 15 hp Institutionen för kulturvård Göteborgs universitet 2016:33