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The Sun is one of the biggest alternative sources of energy that can be exploited for heating water and living or work areas with the help of the solar collector. The use of the solar collector can be presented to the pupils in primary school in a very illustrative way. A model of the solar collector can help pupils to learn about the energy flow when water is heated using the solar collector. The purpose of my thesis is to present one of many ways how to interconnect many physical phenomena in one specific example and how to learn something from it. I have used the measurements of energy flow which I had carried out on the model of the solar collector to calculate how much energy is used to heat water. I have also investigated where the rest of the energy is diverted, where the losses of energy occur and how the energy in the model of the solar collector flows. Energy conservation is one of the most important concepts in the curriculum for primary schools. All the pupils are expected to acquire knowledge of this field. Therefore, it is very important to present them these concepts in an illustrative and interesting way. Based on the analysis of the measurements I have prepared the material, which could allow pupils to better understand the energy conservation as well as of the functioning of the solar collector. The material is suitable for use in primary schools. I have prepared additional material for the students of the Faculty of Education. The material is intended to be used during a science day. Sonce je eden izmed največjih alternativnih virov energije, ki ga lahko s pomočjo sončnih kolektorjev zelo dobro izkoriščamo za segrevanje vode in prostorov. Uporabo sončnega kolektorja lahko na zelo nazoren način predstavimo osnovnošolcem. Z uporabo modela sončnega kolektorja učenci spoznajo energijske procese, ki potekajo pri segrevanju vode s sončnim kolektorjem. Predstaviti želim enega izmed mnogih načinov, kako lahko na konkretnem primeru povežemo več fizikalnih pojavov in se iz njih tudi kaj koristnega naučimo. Z meritvami energijskih procesov, ki sem jih na modelu sončnega kolektorja opravila, sem izračunala del energije, ki se porabi za segrevanje vode. Raziskala sem, kam se preostali del energije preusmeri, kje nastajajo izgube in kako pri modelu sončnega kolektorja potekajo energijski procesi. V učnem načrtu za osnovno šolo je ohranitev energije eden izmed pomembnejših konceptov, ki naj bi jih učenci osvojili na vseh nivojih, zato je pomembno, da učencem takšne koncepte približamo na nazoren in njim zanimivejši način. Na podlagi analize meritev sem pripravila gradivo, ki bi učencem omogočalo kakovostnejše razumevanje ohranitve energije kot tudi samega delovanja sončnega kolektorja. Uporaba gradiva je predvidena za izvedbo naravoslovnega dne v osnovni šoli. Posebej sem pripravila še dodatno gradivo za študente Pedagoške fakultete.

This diploma thesis focuses on wireless mobile technology, its functioning and energy consumption. Mainly it refers to technologies as LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth as well as 3G. Purpose of it is to present the reader as simply as possible methodology of technologies and their energy consuption in a way it could be easily understood. For easier understanding this diploma starts with short overview of the history, leading to more depth review of each technology (GSM, UMTS, WiFi, LTE, BLE). Technologies are described chronologicaly and there are given examples of their energy consuption for each of them. Main comparison is given betwen technologies 2G and 3G, WiFi and LTE, which was made by University of Denmark. At the end there is a detailed analysis of BLE signal and its use at BLE key searcher. I myself have measured and calculated life expectancy of BLE's key searcher battery at its continuous operation with no interruptions. Glavni cilj diplomskega dela je predstavitev brezžičnih tehnologij, njihovega delovanja ter porabe energije. Večji del vsebine se nanaša na tehnologijo LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth ter 3G. Namen je bralcu čim enostavnejše prikazati metodologijo tehnologij in razumeti porabo energije ter jo primerno predstaviti. Za enostavnejše razumevanje celotne vsebin, se diplomsko delo začne s kratkim pregledom zgodovine. Nato so tehnologije nazorno razložene (GSM, UMTS, WiFi, LTE, BLE) in kronološko opisane, vse do primerjav porabe energije med posameznimi tehnologijami. Glavna primerjava je med tehnologijama 2G in 3G, med 3G, WiFi ter LTE, katera je plod Univerze iz Danske in na koncu še podrobna analiza BLE signala ter njegove porabe pri uporabi BLE iskalca ključev. Sam sem izvedel meritev ter izračunal pričakovano življenjsko dobo baterije BLE iskalca ključev v neprekinjenem delovanju.

Bioeconomy in the European Union was considered a long-term vision leading to increased competitiveness, better use of resources and reduction of carbon footprint already since 2005. Bioeconomy remains one of the key strategies by European countries in the immediate as well as more distant future. The European Commission developed the guidelines, which were followed by instruments enabling the implementation of action plans and strategies. In some European countries, among them Germany and the Netherland as the leading ones, such systems are already deeply rooted in their economic reforms. This includes circular economy, use of biomass, principle of added value cascade and biorefineries. There are opportunities in the field of the processing industry, different fields of biomass production and processing such as agriculture, aquaculture, forestry, food and wood processing, as well as general biobased industry. The aim of this research was to assess the bioeconomy opportunities and factors influencing bioeconomy. Our study was conducted by in-depth semi-structured interviews with several shareholders from industry, research institutions, policy makers and clusters in Slovenia. Surprisingly, we have observed, that in Slovenia, there is practically no strategy focusing on the transition towards bioeconomy, but only few short-term examples of good practice in this field. Although a number of research projects have been conducted in this sector, and considering very low availability of investments in this field, an underdeveloped market and low awareness-level, there are only few biobased products avaiable on the Slovene market. The potential of clustering has thus become been underexploited. Leta 2005 se je v Evropski uniji govorilo o biogospodarstvu kot dolgoročni viziji, ki bo omogočila dvig konkurenčnosti, boljše izkoriščanje virov in zmanjšanje ogljičnega odtisa. Biogospodarstvo bo ena izmed ključnih usmeritev evropskih držav v bližnji in daljni prihodnosti. Smernice razvoja je začrtala tudi Evropska komisija, temu pa sledijo podporni inštrumenti, ki omogočajo vpeljavo akcijskih načrtov in strategij. Nekatere evropske države, med njimi vodilna Nemčija in Nizozemska, imajo tovrstni sistem že močno zakoreninjen v gospodarskih reformah, vse od krožnega gospodarstva, uporabe biomase, principa kaskade dodajanja vrednosti in vpeljave biorafinerij za nove produkte. Priložnosti so tako na vseh področjih, od kmetijstva, lesne in lesnopredelovalne industrije do ribištva in bioosnovane industrije. Namen raziskovalne naloge je bil preveriti dejavnike, ki vplivajo na razvoj biogospodarstva v Sloveniji. Raziskavo sem izvedel s poglobljenimi polstrukturiranimi intervjuji z več predstavniki iz industrije in raziskovalnih ustanov ter s kreatorji politik (državnih ustanov) in grozdov. Izkazalo se je, da v slovenskem prostoru nimamo strategije, namenjene prehodu v biogospodarstvo, in tako prihaja zgolj do kratkotrajnih primerov dobrih praks na tem področju. Zaradi nizkih industrijskih vlaganj, nerazvitega trga in nizke stopnje ozaveščenosti, tovrstnih produktov tudi še ni na tržišču kljub mnogim raziskavam, ki potekajo na tem področju. Potencial grozdenja pa ostaja neizkoriščen.

Namen magistrskega dela je bil ovrednotiti vnos hranil pri 20 študentih (12 ženskah in 8 moških) študija Prehrana ter dobljene rezultate primerjati s priporočili, ki jih podajajo Smernice zdravega prehranjevanja za študente. V prvem delu raziskave smo hranilno vrednost zaužitih obrokov ovrednotili s pomočjo prehranskih dnevnikov, ki so jih študenti s spletnim orodjem OPKP vodili 7 dni. Ugotovili smo, da prehrana študentov ni bila zadosti pestra, saj so študenti v svoj jedilnik premalokrat vključili živila iz vseh skupin živil, predvsem sadje, zelenjavo in ribe, ter so uživali premalo tekočine. Izmed obrokov so študenti najbolj pogosto uživali kosilo in večerjo, sledila sta malica in zajtrk. V povprečju je bil energijski vnos obravnavane skupine študentov glede na priporočila prenizek. Energijski delež beljakovin je znašal 18 %, maščob 34 % in skupnih ogljikovih hidratov 48 % dnevnega energijskega vnosa, kar ni v skladu s priporočili. Najbolj je od priporočil odstopal vnos enostavnih sladkorjev, ki je znašal 15 % dnevnega vnosa energije namesto priporočenih 10 %. V drugem delu raziskave smo s kemijsko analizo in s spletnim orodjem OPKP določili hranilno vrednost izbranega kosila, ki ga je posamezni študent zaužil v času vodenja svojega prehranskega dnevnika, ter rezultate med seboj primerjali. Kemijska analiza je obsegala analizo vsebnosti vode, pepela, beljakovin, maščob in prehranske vlaknine. Iz analitskih podatkov smo izračunali vsebnost ogljikovih hidratov, energijsko vrednost, energijske deleže hranljivih snovi in energijsko gostoto v analiziranih kosilih. Pri primerjavi rezultatov glede na vir podatkov (kemijska analiza, OPKP) smo ugotovili, da so bile s kemijsko analizo določene povprečne vsebnosti hranljivih snovi v kosilih in energijska vrednost kosil manjše kot vsebnosti, določene s spletnim orodjem OPKP. S statistično analizo nismo ugotovili razlik glede na uporabljeno metodo, ampak le razlike v vsebnosti nekaterih hranil med ženskami in moškimi. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the nutrient intakes of 20 students (12 female, 8 male) involved in master study program Nutrition and to compare the results with the recommendations, provided by the Guidelines of healthy nutrition for students. In the first part of the study the nutritional value of consumed meals was evaluated by means of 7-days dietary records, managed by students with the web tool OPEN. It was found out, that student's diet is not balanced as the students rarely included foods from all food groups, especially fruits, vegetables and fish, and they did not consume enough fluids. Among meals, students most often ate lunch and dinner, followed by snack and breakfast. The average daily energy intake was too low and did not meet the recommendations. The average energy ratios of nutrients (protein 18 %, fat 34 %, and total carbohydrates 48 % of the daily energy intake) were not in accordance with the guidelines. The intake of simple sugars was too high, and accounted for 15 % of the daily energy intake, instead of the recommended 10 %. In the second part of the study the nutritional value of the selected lunch of each student was determined with chemical analysis as well as by using the web tool OPEN and the results obtained through both methods were compared. The chemical analysis of lunches comprised the analysis of water, ash, protein, fat and dietary fibre content. From the analytical data the content of carbohydrates, energy value, nutrients energy ratios and energy density were calculated. When comparing the results regarding the source of data (chemical analysis, OPEN) it was found out that the nutrient contents in lunches, determined with chemical analysis were generally lower than values obtained with the web tool OPEN. With statistical analysis no significant differences regarding the method used were found, only the differences between the intake of some nutrients between male and female students were observed.

The purpose of the master's thesis was to determine the differences in energy expenditure in sports activities of pre-school children by means of the energy expenditure meter, depending on the different learning forms (polygon, training by stations). We were also interested in the reasons why there are deviations in energy expenditure and the difference in energy expenditure by gender. To get data we helped with using the BodyMedia SenseWear energy meters. The sample included 12 children aged 4–6 who attend the kindergarten in Ljubljana. We performed the measurments twice. The data were processed using the SPSS statistical program. To verify the hypothesis, a t-test for dependent samples was used. The research showed that there are no significant differences in any of the energy expenditure indicators between different learning forms. The tendency for the existence of characteristic differences was recorded only in the number of steps (t = 2,060, p = 0,064). Here we found out that there were made 184 steps more on the polygon than in the course of training by stations. In contrast, we found 24 kJ and 0,52 MET higher energy expenditure in the course of training by stations. Nevertheless, these differences were too small to achieve statistical significance. We also found that there are no significant differences between boys and girls in energy expenditure, number of steps and the metabolic equivalent, but in the case of metabolic equivalence (t = 2,027 Namen magistrskega dela je bil s pomočjo merilnika porabe energije ugotoviti razlike v porabi energije pri športni dejavnosti predšolskih otrok glede na različne učne oblike (poligon, vadba po postajah). Zanimali so nas tudi razlogi, zaradi katerih prihaja do odstopanj pri porabi energije ter razlike v porabi energije glede na spol. Za pridobivanje podatkov smo si pomagali z uporabo merilnikov porabe energije BodyMedia SenseWear. V vzorec je bilo vključenih 12 otrok, starih 4–6 let, ki obiskujejo ljubljanski vrtec. Podatki so bili obdelani s pomočjo statističnega programa SPSS. Za preverjanje hipotez je bil uporabljen t-test za odvisne vzorce. Raziskava je pokazala, da pri nobeni izmed pokazateljev porabe energije ne prihaja do značilnih razlik. Tendenco po obstoju značilnih razlik smo zabeležili le pri številu korakov (t = 2,060 p = 0,064). Ugotovili smo, da se je na poligonu izvedlo 184 korakov več kot pri vadbi po postajah. V nasprotju smo ugotovili za 24 kJ in za 0,52 MET višjo porabo energije pri vadbi po postajah. Kljub temu so bile te razlike premajhne, da bi dosegle statistično značilnost. Ugotovili smo tudi, da med dečki in deklicami v porabi energije, številu korakov in metaboličnem ekvivalentu ne prihaja do značilnih razlik, vendar se v primeru vrednosti metaboličnega ekvivalenta (t = 2,027 p = 0,070) pri vadbi po postajah kaže zmerna tendenca po obstoju značilnih razlik med spoloma, v prid dečkov. Ugotovili smo tudi, da tako z učno obliko poligon kot tudi z učno obliko vadba po postajah dosegamo ali celo presegamo priporočila o intenzivnosti vadbene ure. p = 0,070), training by stations shows a moderate tendency for the existence of distinctive gender differences in favor of boys. We also found that both learning forms achieve or even exceed the recommendation on the intensity of exercise.

The theme of my diploma thesis is the isolated operation of single-family house with solar power plant. In the introduction, we learn something about the self-sufficiency with electric energy and the proper functioning of smaller solar power station. In the main part of diploma thesis is first, with the help of layout plans os single-family home, described the daily consumption of electric energy. In the calculation of solar radiation for our solar system I take into account the specific parameters and helped myself with the data of meteorological stations. The result is daily values of solar radiation on the inclined receiving surface for year 2012. When analyzing the stable electric supply, I compared different types of photovoltaic modules and batteries. I found out that the use of high quality photovoltaic modules installed on the roof of a small house already sufficient battery capacity of 30 kWh. Tema moje diplomske naloge je otočno delovanje sončne elektrarne enodružinske hiše. V uvodu izvemo nekaj o samooskrbi z električno energijo ter o samem delovanju manjše sončne elektrarne. V glavnem delu naloge je najprej, s pomočjo tlorisnih načrtov enodružinske hiše, opisana dnevna poraba električne energije. V nadaljevanju sem pri izračunu sončnega obsevanja za naš solarni sistem upošteval konkretne parametre, pomagal pa sem si s podatki meteoroloških postaj. Rezultat so dnevne vrednosti sončnega obsevanja na nagnjeno sprejemno površino za leto 2012. Pri analizi nemotene oskrbe z električno energijo sem primerjal različne tipe fotonapetostnih modulov in akumulatorskih baterij. Ugotovil sem, da bi z uporabo kakovostnih modulov nameščenih na strehi manjše hiše zadoščal že akumulator kapacitete 30 kWh.

The Master’s thesis analyzes energy consumption of WiFi modules, which serve to connect devices pertaining to the Internet of Things with the internet. In the context of the thesis, I have reviewed over 200 WiFi modules online and reduced the number of modules to 28 according to certain criteria outlined beforehand. Of the remaining 28 WiFi modules, I selected 4 that I have thoroughly examined and used for various measurements. For measurement purposes, I connected the modules with a test environment via an SPI interface and implemented the necessary software drivers on the microcontroller with ARM architecture. To measure energy consumption, I used a digital flow meter with a sampling frequency up to 20 kHz and an accuracy of the 300 μA order, for which I implemented a library in the Python programming language. I concentrated on the energy consumption using WPA2 encryption, since data security is always of utmost importance. The results of the measurements have shown that despite having comparable specifications, WiFi modules differ greatly between different manufacturers in terms of actual energy consumption. Additionally, the complexity of controlling WiFi modules also varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, which affects costs and development time. Magistrska naloga obravnava problematiko energijske porabe modulov WiFi, ki služijo za povezavo z internetom pri napravah interneta stvari. V sklopu naloge sem preko spleta pregledal preko 200 modulov WiFi, nato sem seznam po v naprej določenih grobih kriterijih skrčil na 28 modulov. Od preostalih 28 modulov WiFi sem izbral 4, ki sem jih nato temeljito preučil ter uporabil v meritvah. Za potrebe meritev sem module priklopil na testno okolje preko vmesnika SPI in implementiral potrebne programske gonilnike na mikro krmilniku z arhitekturo ARM. Za meritev porabe sem uporabil digitalni tokovni merilnik s frekvenco vzorčenja do 20 kHz in natančnostjo reda 300 μA, za katerega sem implementiral knjižnico v skriptnem jeziku python. Osredotočil sem se na porabo energije pri uporabi enkripcije WPA2, ker je varnost podatkov vedno zahtevana. Rezultati meritve so pokazali, da se kljub primerljivim specifikacijam porabe modulov WiFi med različnimi proizvajalci, dejanska poraba energije zelo razlikuje. Poleg tega pa se od proizvajalca do proizvajalca razlikuje tudi zapletenost krmiljenja modulov WiFi, kar vpliva na stroške in čas razvoja.

V magistrskem delu obravnavamo celostno energijsko sanacijo stavbe Srednje šole Veno Pilon Ajdovščina. Obstoječa stavba ni energetsko učinkovita, zato ob upoštevanju načel stavbarstva načrtujemo celostno sanacijo, s katero zagotovimo ustrezno toplotno izolacijo, hidroizolacijo in zvočno izolacijo stavbe ter preverimo osvetljenost izbranih prostorov z dnevno svetlobo. Najprej smo objekt temeljito pregledali in ocenili obstoječe stanje samega objekta, kot tudi stanje vgrajenih elementov in materialov. Potem smo preverili njihovo ustreznost glede na trenutno veljavno zakonodajo in identificirali kritične elemente, ki so potrebni sanacije. Podatke o geometriji in materialih v stavbi smo pridobili iz dokumentacije projekta za pridobitev gradbenega dovoljenja, dodatnih načrtov in na podlagi pregleda objekta, za analizo posameznih elementov pa smo uporabili programa KI Energija 2014 in Hrup'13. Izvedli smo analizo akustike notranjega okolja dveh prostorov s programom ARTIE. V nadaljevanju smo izvedli analizo klimatskih danosti lokacije, naredili smo parametrično analizo toplotne prehodnosti toplotnega ovoja in nato zasnovali zaščitne konstrukcije ter konstrukcijske sklope, ki sedaj izpolnjujejo vse zahteve. Pri zasnovi transparentnih površin na strehi smo s programom Velux Daylight Visualizer analizirali vpliv teh površin na osvetljenost izbranih prostorov z dnevno svetlobo. V zadnjem delu smo izvedli še analizo gradbene fizike načrtovanega stanja v programu KI Energija 2014 in preverili kazalce energetske učinkovitosti stavbe. Na koncu smo rezultate komentirali in predlagali dodatne ukrepe, ki bi energetsko učinkovitost stavbe še izboljšali. The subject of this master thesis is a holistic energy rehabilitation of the building of the Veno Pilon Ajdovščina Secondary School. In accordance with the key principles of building, our renovation plan proposes a sufficient thermal and sound insulation, waterproofing of the building and daylight illumination inspection of some of the chosen areas. The first step was a thorough examination of the building and the evaluation of the current state of the building and its inbuilt elements and materials. Furthermore, we checked their relevance according to the current legislation and identified the critical elements that had to be rehabilitated or upgraded. The KI Energija 2014 and the Hrup'13 programs were used for the analysis of the individual elements. An analysis of the reverberation time of indoor environment was calculated for two spaces with the ARTIE software. Afterward, we analysed the climate conditions of the location and also performed a parametric study of the heat transfer coefficient of the building envelope. Appropriate structural assemblies that now meet the requirements were designed as well. Designing the transparent surfaces of the roof, we used the Velux Daylight Visualizer software to analyse the effect these surfaces have on the internal illumination of the selected spaces. Lastly, we performed an analysis of the energy efficiency and the energy consumption with the use of the KI Energija 2014 software. At the end, we presented the results, commented on them and added some additional propositions to further improve the energy efficiency of the building.

The number of children enrolled in the pre-school education system is growing every year. In order to protect children as vulnerable groups, it is necessary that the environment in educational institutions is healthy, comfortable, and the health risk factors are fully prevented. Such an environment is stimulating for both children and employees. When designing energy efficient facilities, it is often forgotten about users and the quality of the internal environment. The purpose of the thesis will be to prepare a proposal for the renovation of the selected facility for the needs of the educational institution in terms of the indoor environmental quality and energy use. The methodology will include a baseline analysis with measurements of selected parameters of the indoor environment quality and survey of users of the facility. In the field of energy use and building physics we will perform calculations with the URSA and U-wert software. The measured values will be compared with the calculated and statutory ones. We will link the results of the measurements, calculations and user reviews. Based on the conclusions, we will prepare proposals for measures. The results of measurements, surveys and calculations have shown that the building needs to be completely renovated. Measurements showed that the surface temperature on the inner side of the constructional complexes often deviated from the legal requirements and / or recommendations, which affected the operative temperatures Število otrok, vključenih v sistem predšolske vzgoje z leta v leto narašča. Z namenom varovanja otrok kot ranljive skupine je potrebno, da je okolje v vzgojnovarstvenih ustanovah zdravo, udobno, dejavniki tveganja za zdravje pa so preprečeni. Takšno okolje je stimulirajoče tako za otroke kot zaposlene. Pri načrtovanju energetsko učinkovitih objektov se pogosto pozabi na uporabnike in kakovost notranjega okolja. Namen diplomske naloge bo izdelati predlog prenove izbranega objekta za potrebe vzgojnovarstvene ustanove z vidika kakovosti notranjega okolja in rabe energije. Metodologija bo vključevala analizo začetnega stanja z meritvami izbranih parametrov kakovosti notranjega okolja in anketiranjem uporabnikov objekta. Na področju rabe energije in gradbene fizike bomo izvedli izračune s programsko opremo URSA in U-wert. Izmerjene vrednosti bomo primerjali z izračunanimi in zakonsko določenimi. Povezali bomo rezultate meritev, izračunov in mnenja uporabnikov. Na podlagi zaključkov bomo pripravili predloge ukrepov. Rezultati meritev, anket in izračunov so pokazali, da je objekt potrebno celovito sanirati. Meritve so pokazale, da je od zakonskih zahtev in/ali priporočil pogosto odstopala površinska temperatura na notranji strani konstrukcijskih sklopov, kar je vplivalo na občuteno temperaturo poor air quality and insufficient level of illumination. Similar results were obtained with the results of the surveys. Users warned us about poorer indoor air quality, drafts, and an inadequate thermal environment in playrooms. Surveys showed that users did not detect inappropriate levels of illumination (despite the insufficient measured levels of illumination), but they often used an artificial lighting. The results of the calculations are comparable with the findings of measurements and surveys and indicate a high U-factor, a phenomenon of condensation and a low surface temperature, and excessive energy use. For the selected building, comprehensive measures are proposed to achieve a quality of internal environment with the minimum possible use of energy, which should be carried out with the cooperation of the professions, supported by the opinions of the users of the facility. pojavila se je slaba kakovost zraka in nezadostna raven osvetljenosti. Do podobnih zaključkov smo prišli tudi z rezultati anket. Uporabniki so nas opozorili na slabšo kakovost zraka, prepih, zaznali so tudi neustrezno toplotno okolje v igralnicah. Ankete so pokazale, da nezadostne ravni osvetljenosti uporabniki sicer niso zaznali (kljub prenizko izmerjenim vrednostim), vendar so se pogosto posluževali ukrepa po umetni razsvetljavi. Rezultati izračunov so primerljivi z ugotovitvami meritev in anket ter kažejo na previsok U-faktor, pojav kondenzacije, prenizke površinske temperature ter prekomerno rabo energije. Za izbrani objekt so predlagani celoviti ukrepi za dosego kakovostnega notranjega okolja ob minimalni možni rabi energije, ki naj se jih izvede ob sodelovanju stroke ter ob podpori mnenj uporabnikov objekta.