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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Nurettin Cetinkaya;

    Load forecasting is very important to manage the electrical power systems. Load forecasting can be analyzed in three different ways as short-term, medium-term and long-term. Long-term load forecasting (LTLF) is in need to plan and carry on future energy demand and investment such as size of energy plant. LTLF is affected by energy consumption, national incoming per year, rates of civilization, increasing population rates and moreover economical parameters. Some of the forecasting models use mathematical formulas and statistical models such as correlation and regression analysis. In this study, a new effective expert-supported dynamic programming algorithm (ESDP) has been improved. Additionally, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and mathematical modeling (MM) are used to forecast long term energy demand. ANFIS is one of the famous artificial intelligence and has widely used to solve forecasting problems in literature. In addition to numerical inputs, ANFIS has linguistics inputs. The results obtained from ESDP, ANFIS and MM are compared to show availability. In order to show error levels mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and (MAE) are used. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithms are available.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    Bu çalışma, 1990-2016 döneminde koordineli piyasa ekonomileri için tarımsal katma değerin, orman alanlarının, ekonomik büyümenin ve yenilenebilir ve yenilenemez enerji tüketiminin çevresel kalite üzerindeki etkisini panel Common Corelated Effects (CCE) modelini kullanarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Panel CCE modelinden elde edilen uzun dönem katsayılara göre orman alanlarının çevre kalitesini arttırdığı, başka bir ifadeyle karbondioksit emisyonunu azalttığı, yenilenemez enerji tüketiminin ve ekonomik büyümenin ise çevre kalitesi üzerinde negatif bir etki oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, incelenen dönemde tarımsal katma değerin ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin çevre kalitesi üzerinde bir etki oluşturmadığı görülmüştür. Son olarak değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi Dumitrescu–Hurlin testi ile araştırılmıştır. Uygulanan nedensellik testi ile tarım ile karbondioksit emisyonları, tarım ile yenilenemez enerji tüketimi, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile yenilenemez enerji tüketimi arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi elde edilmiştir.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Mehmet Akif Ersoy Ün...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/q5...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Mehmet Akif Ersoy Ün...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/q5...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/xr...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/

    The major goal of this research paper is to determine the long-run linkage among variables and the impact of civil aviation, energy productivity (efficiency), economic growth (GDP), on ecological footprint through conducting the multivariate regression method, Phillips‑Ouliaris and Engle‑Granger, Jarque – Bera Normality, and Cusum tests from 1970 to 2020. According to results of multivariate regression method, civil aviation, energy efficiency, and economic growth affect the ecological footprint from 1970 to 2020 in France which is coincide with Phillips‑Ouliaris and Engle‑Granger tests. On the contrary, there is no effect of independent variables on dependent variable (ecological footprint) in Finland which is consistent with Phillips‑Ouliaris and Engle‑Granger tests. In this respect, The long-run relation of the model is verified by the cointegration test of Engle-Granger and Phillips-Ouliaris for France. However, there is no long-run co-integration among variables for Finland from 1970-2020. To sum up, empirical results of France is verified EKC hypothesis. However, EKC hypothesis is not verified for Finland.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pc...
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/dh...
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ International Journa...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
      Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/pc...
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/dh...
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kırtepe, Erhan;

    In this thesis, the design, installation and experimental analysis of the Heat Pump-Photovoltaic/Thermal (HP-PV/T) integrated system were carried out. This system can perform many functions such as electricity generation, space heating, space cooling and hot water storage for use. In addition, this system can be used all year round in different seasons and modes (heating mode and cooling mode). The main components used in the system are heat pump, PV/T collectors, balancing tanks, hot water tank, chiller, pumps and measuring instruments.In the first section of this thesis, an introduction has been made about the subject examined and in the second section, the studies on the subject in the literature have been mentioned. In the third section, detailed information about the calculation steps of the developed mathematical model of PV/T collectors used in the system is given. In the fourth section, information is given about the experimental setup and each component used in the experimental setup. In the fifth section, energy analysis has been carried out in detail for each component calculated in the experimental setup. In the sixth section, uncertainty analysis is performed on the results obtained from experimental analysis. In the seventh section, the results and evaluations obtained from the experimental study are mentioned. The results of the experimental study conducted in this section were analyzed in detail and the utilization rate of the system was found hourly for each experiment. In addition, in this section, the results obtained from the mathematical model developed for PV/T collectors and the results obtained from the experimental study were compared using Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Correlation Coefficient (CC) and Mean Percentage Error (MPE) statistical methods. In the last section, which is the eighth, a general evaluation of the results has been made and suggestions have been made for similar studies to be carried out in the future.In the uncertainty analysis performed for the results obtained from the experimental analysis, it was found that the values found experimentally had an uncertainty value of 2.83% to 7.72%. Since the temperature of the panel surface is kept low with the use of PV/T collectors, It has been determined that the efficiency losses that occur as the temperature rises in the PV panels are prevented to produce more electrical energy at rates ranging from 3.23% to 17.18% per hour. As a result of the hourly analysis, it has been determined that the coefficient of performance obtained by using the heat pump integrated with PV/T collectors is more than 2.83% to 22.02% compared to the heating coefficient of performance of the heat pump. Experimental analysis of the HP-PV/T integrated system on different days and in different modes was carried out and it was observed that the utilization rate of the system ranged from 1.151 to 2.581 as a result of hourly evaluations. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında, Isı Pompalı-Fotovoltaik/Termal (IP-PV/T) bütünleşik sistemin tasarımı, kurulumu ve deneysel analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu sistem elektrik üretimi, hacim ısıtma, hacim soğutma ve kullanım amaçlı sıcak su depolama gibi birçok işlevi yapabilmektedir. Ayrıca bu sistem tüm yıl boyunca farklı mevsimlerde ve modlarda (ısıtma modu ve soğutma modu) çalıştırılarak kullanılabilmektedir. Sistemde kullanılan en temel bileşenler ısı pompası, PV/T kolektörler, dengeleme tankları, sıcak su deposu, su soğutma grubu, pompalar ve ölçüm aletleridir. Bu tez çalışmasının ilk bölümünde incelenen konu hakkında bir giriş yapılmış ve ikinci bölümde bu konu ile ilgili literatürde yapılan çalışmalara değinilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde sistemde kullanılan PV/T kolektörlere ait geliştirilen matematiksel modelin hesaplama adımları ile ilgili ayrıntılı bilgiler verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde kurulan deney düzeneği ve deney düzeneğinde kullanılan her bir bileşen hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde deney düzeneğinde hesaplama yapılan her bir bileşen için ayrıntılı olarak enerji analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Altıncı bölümde deneysel analizlerden elde edilen sonuçlara dair hata analizi yapılmıştır. Yedinci bölümde yapılan deneysel çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara ve değerlendirmelere değinilmiştir. Bu bölümde yapılan deneysel çalışma sonuçları ayrıntılı bir şekilde analiz edilmiş ve sistemin faydalanma oranı her bir deney için saatlik olarak bulunmuştur. Bunlara ek olarak bu bölümde PV/T kolektörlerle ilgili geliştirilen matematiksel modelden elde edilen sonuçlar ile deneysel çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar ortalama sistematik hata (OSH), hataların ortalama karekökü (HOK), korelasyon katsayısı (KK) ve ortalama yüzde hata (OYH) istatistiksel yöntemleri kullanılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Sekizinci olan son bölümde ise sonuçların genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılmış ve sonraki yapılacak benzer çalışmalar için öneriler getirilmiştir. Deneysel analizlerden elde edilen sonuçlar için yapılan hata analizinde deneysel olarak bulunan değerlerin %2,83 ila %7,72 belirsizlik değerine sahip oldukları görülmüştür. PV/T kolektörlerin kullanılması ile panel yüzeyinin sıcaklığı düşük tutulduğu için, PV panellerdeki sıcaklık yükseldikçe ortaya çıkan verim kayıplarının önüne geçilerek saatlik olarak %3,23 ila %17,18 arasında değişen oranlarda daha fazla elektrik enerjisi ürettiği tespit edilmiştir. Saatlik olarak yapılan analizler sonucunda ısı pompasının PV/T kolektörler ile entegre bir şekilde kullanılması ile elde edilen etkinlik katsayısının, ısı pompasının ısıtma etkinlik katsayısına göre %2,83 ila %22,02 arasında değişen oranlarda daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. IP-PV/T bütünleşik sistemin farklı günlerde ve farklı modlarda deneysel analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve yapılan saatlik değerlendirmeler neticesinde sistemden elde edilen faydalanma oranının 1,151 ila 2,581 arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. 161

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ YÖK Açık Bilim - CoH...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Erdem Uzunsoy;

    Tasit dinamigi modellemelerinde kullanilan lastik modelleri genellikle tasitlarin ozel olarak insa edilmis ve tutunmaya yonelik ozellikleri tanimlanmis yollar uzerindeki davranislarina dayali gelistirilmis modellerdir. Yol ve yol disi surulebilen tasitlarin her iki farkli yuzey uzerindeki davranislari ise degiskendir. Bu calismada; hem yol hem de yol disi olarak uyarlanabilen bir lastik modeli temelinde standart tasit dinamigi manevralari uzerinden simulatif karsilastirmalarla gercekte olan ya da karsilasilabilen durumlara bir yaklasim gosterilmektedir. Modelleme ve simulasyon ortami olarak Matlab/Simulink kullanilmistir.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Sakarya University J...arrow_drop_down
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    Sakarya University Journal of Science
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Sakarya University Journal of Science
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Usta, Nazım; Can, Özer; Öztürk, Erkan;

    Biodiesel and ethanol are alternative renewable diesel engine fuels and their mixtures with diesel fuel No. 2 at different proportions can be used in diesel engines. Although ethanol is unique chemical molecule and has certain specifications, specifications of biodiesel may vary depending on type of the oil used in the production and esterification technique. In this study, the specifications of ethanol and two different biodiesels were compared with those of diesel fuel No. 2. Effects of ethanol and the biodiesels on performance and emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine were investigated. The alternative fuels used in the experiments caused increase in NOx emission, while they reduced CO, soot and SO2 emissions. Although ethanol addition caused some power reduction, the biodiesel addition resulted in slightly higher power with respect to the diesel fuel. Biyodizel ve etanol, dizel motorlar için yenilenebilir alternatif yakıtlardır ve farklı oranlarda No. 2 dizel yakıta karıştırılarak dizel motorlarda kullanılabilirler. Etanol tek bir kimyasal yapıya ve belli özelliklere sahip yakıt olmasına rağmen, biyodizellerin özellikleri elde edildikleri yağın cinsine ve esterleştirme metodlarına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Bu çalışmada etanol ve iki farklı biyodizelin özellikleri No. 2 dizel yakıt ile karşılaştırılmış, etanol ve biyodizellerin ön yanma odalı turbo dizel bir motorun performans ve emisyonlarına etkileri incelenmiştir. Kullanılan alternatif yakıtlar CO, is ve SO2 emisyonlarının azalmasını sağlarken, NOx emisyonunda artışa sebep olmuştur. Etanol ilavesi güçte bir miktar düşmeye sebep olurken, biyodizel ilavesi dizel yakıta göre çok az oranda güç artışı sağlamıştır.

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    Authors: Begüm Yurteri Kösedağlı; Gül Huyugüzel Kışla; A. Nazif Çatık;

    AbstractThis study analyzes oil price exposure of the oil–gas sector stock returns for the fragile five countries based on a multi-factor asset pricing model using daily data from 29 May 1996 to 27 January 2020. The endogenous structural break test suggests the presence of serious parameter instabilities due to fluctuations in the oil and stock markets over the period under study. Moreover, the time-varying estimates indicate that the oil–gas sectors of these countries are riskier than the overall stock market. The results further suggest that, except for Indonesia, oil prices have a positive impact on the sectoral returns of all markets, whereas the impact of the exchange rates on the oil–gas sector returns varies across time and countries.

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    Financial Innovation
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Financial Innovation
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    Financial Innovation
    Article . 2021
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    EconStor
    Article . 2021
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      Financial Innovation
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    Authors: Dominic Matte; Dominic Matte; Tugba Ozturk; Tugba Ozturk; +4 Authors

    AbstractEuropean climate is associated with variability and changes in the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation. In this study, we aim to investigate potential future change in circulation over Europe by using the EURO-CORDEX regional climate projections at 0.11° grid mesh. In particular, we analyze future change in 500-hPa geopotential height (Gph), 500-hPa wind speed and mean sea level pressure (MSLP) addressing different warming levels of 1 °C, 2 °C and 3 °C, respectively. Simple scaling with the global mean temperature change is applied to the regional climate projections for monthly mean 500-hPa Gph and 500-hPa wind speed. Results from the ensemble mean of individual models show a robust increase in 500-hPa Gph and MSLP in winter over Mediterranean and Central Europe, indicating an intensification of anticyclonic circulation. This circulation change emerges robustly in most simulations within the coming decade. There are also enhanced westerlies which transport warm and moist air to the Mediterranean and Central Europe in winter and spring. It is also clear that, models showing different responses to circulation depend very much on the global climate model ensemble member in which they are nested. For all seasons, particularly autumn, the ensemble mean is much more correlated with the end of the century than most of the individual models. In general, the emergence of a scaled pattern appears rather quickly.

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    Climate Dynamics
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    NORCE Research Archive
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Aperta - TÜBİTAK Açık Arşivi
    Other literature type . 2021
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    Geophysical Research Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Climate Dynamics
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      NORCE Research Archive
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Aperta - TÜBİTAK Açık Arşivi
      Other literature type . 2021
      License: CC BY
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      Geophysical Research Letters
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sevinç KARAYEL; Ali AKYAR;

    После завоевания Крыма и Черноморского побережья Россия начинает экспансию на Кавказ. Покорение кавказских народов было доверено генералу А. Ермолову, жестокому, деспотичному, часто сравниваемому с Кромвелем. С 1830 по 1859 гг. местные народы оказывали стойкое сопротивление царской армии, однако в конце концов Шейх Шамиль сложил оружие. Наступил один из самых мрачных периодов российского империализма, многие оказались в изгнании и эмиграции в Турции. Цель нашего исследования заключается в изучении поливариантности кавказского текста русской литературы на примере рассказа А. Бестужева-Марлинского “Аммалат-бек”. Задачи статьи предполагают раскрытие мотивной структуры произведения, демонстрацию его антиколониальной направленности. В статье рассмотрен чрезвычайно знаковый рассказ А. Бестужева-Марлинского “Аммалат-бек” с точки зрения национальных стереотипов, имагологии, образов колонизации на Кавказе, местной экзотики и колорита. Анализ этнических стереотипов и имиджей способствует более глубокому пониманию сюжета, композиционной структуры повествования, символического пласта текста. Немаловажное значение принадлежит батальным сценам, их роли в формировании традиции дальнейшей русской литературы. Жанровая специфика произведения также проливает свет на особенности художественного синтеза в рассказе Бестужева-Марлинского. Романтизация повествования свидетельствует о том повышенном авторском внимании, которое автор придавал изображению азиатских народов. Подчеркнута связь кавказских мотивов в данном рассказе с историческим процессом, личной судьбой, биографическими перипетиями самого писателя. Интерпретация учитывает теоретические достижения постколониальной критики, возможность амбивалентной оценки географических и ментальных границ, стереотипов, образов и концептов национальной картины мира. Особое внимание уделено этническим стереотипам, антропологическим кодам, национальной специфике предмета отображения. Выявлены различия между западным и восточным мировосприятием, имперским и колониальным, историей государства и локальной историей. Акцентированы индивидуальные особенности психологии героя, его поведения, связи с этническим коллективом, нацией. Прослежена художественная динамика характера, трансформация его внутреннего мира, диалектика связей с другими персонажами.

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    RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi
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    Authors: Semra ATEŞ; Gülay KAÇAR;

    Bu çalışma Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yer alan Sakarya ili fındık bahçelerinde Fındık kurdu Curculio nucum L. (Colepotera: Curculionidae) ve Fındık yeşil kokarcası Palomena prasina L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)’nın zarar oranlarını belirlemek amacıyla 2017-2018 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın ilk yılı, Fındık kurdu’nun zararı nedeniyle oluşan delikli meyve %0.8-1.8 ve boş iç %8.2-11.5, ikinci yıl ise delikli meyve %0.0-0.2 ve boş iç %7.4-10 olarak bulunmuştur. İlk yıl, Fındık yeşil kokarcası zararı olan şekilsiz iç oluşumu %0.7-1.4 ve lekeli iç %0.5-1.1, ikinci yıl şekilsiz iç oluşumu %1.2-1.9 ve lekeli iç %0.7-1.3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu iki türün ortak zararı olan sarı karamuk ve kara karamuk yıllara göre sırasıyla %1.8-3.2 ve %13.5-21.9 olarak belirlenmiştir.

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    Authors: Nurettin Cetinkaya;

    Load forecasting is very important to manage the electrical power systems. Load forecasting can be analyzed in three different ways as short-term, medium-term and long-term. Long-term load forecasting (LTLF) is in need to plan and carry on future energy demand and investment such as size of energy plant. LTLF is affected by energy consumption, national incoming per year, rates of civilization, increasing population rates and moreover economical parameters. Some of the forecasting models use mathematical formulas and statistical models such as correlation and regression analysis. In this study, a new effective expert-supported dynamic programming algorithm (ESDP) has been improved. Additionally, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and mathematical modeling (MM) are used to forecast long term energy demand. ANFIS is one of the famous artificial intelligence and has widely used to solve forecasting problems in literature. In addition to numerical inputs, ANFIS has linguistics inputs. The results obtained from ESDP, ANFIS and MM are compared to show availability. In order to show error levels mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and (MAE) are used. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithms are available.

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    Bu çalışma, 1990-2016 döneminde koordineli piyasa ekonomileri için tarımsal katma değerin, orman alanlarının, ekonomik büyümenin ve yenilenebilir ve yenilenemez enerji tüketiminin çevresel kalite üzerindeki etkisini panel Common Corelated Effects (CCE) modelini kullanarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Panel CCE modelinden elde edilen uzun dönem katsayılara göre orman alanlarının çevre kalitesini arttırdığı, başka bir ifadeyle karbondioksit emisyonunu azalttığı, yenilenemez enerji tüketiminin ve ekonomik büyümenin ise çevre kalitesi üzerinde negatif bir etki oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, incelenen dönemde tarımsal katma değerin ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin çevre kalitesi üzerinde bir etki oluşturmadığı görülmüştür. Son olarak değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi Dumitrescu–Hurlin testi ile araştırılmıştır. Uygulanan nedensellik testi ile tarım ile karbondioksit emisyonları, tarım ile yenilenemez enerji tüketimi, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile yenilenemez enerji tüketimi arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi elde edilmiştir.

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    The major goal of this research paper is to determine the long-run linkage among variables and the impact of civil aviation, energy productivity (efficiency), economic growth (GDP), on ecological footprint through conducting the multivariate regression method, Phillips‑Ouliaris and Engle‑Granger, Jarque – Bera Normality, and Cusum tests from 1970 to 2020. According to results of multivariate regression method, civil aviation, energy efficiency, and economic growth affect the ecological footprint from 1970 to 2020 in France which is coincide with Phillips‑Ouliaris and Engle‑Granger tests. On the contrary, there is no effect of independent variables on dependent variable (ecological footprint) in Finland which is consistent with Phillips‑Ouliaris and Engle‑Granger tests. In this respect, The long-run relation of the model is verified by the cointegration test of Engle-Granger and Phillips-Ouliaris for France. However, there is no long-run co-integration among variables for Finland from 1970-2020. To sum up, empirical results of France is verified EKC hypothesis. However, EKC hypothesis is not verified for Finland.

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    International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
    Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
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    Authors: Kırtepe, Erhan;

    In this thesis, the design, installation and experimental analysis of the Heat Pump-Photovoltaic/Thermal (HP-PV/T) integrated system were carried out. This system can perform many functions such as electricity generation, space heating, space cooling and hot water storage for use. In addition, this system can be used all year round in different seasons and modes (heating mode and cooling mode). The main components used in the system are heat pump, PV/T collectors, balancing tanks, hot water tank, chiller, pumps and measuring instruments.In the first section of this thesis, an introduction has been made about the subject examined and in the second section, the studies on the subject in the literature have been mentioned. In the third section, detailed information about the calculation steps of the developed mathematical model of PV/T collectors used in the system is given. In the fourth section, information is given about the experimental setup and each component used in the experimental setup. In the fifth section, energy analysis has been carried out in detail for each component calculated in the experimental setup. In the sixth section, uncertainty analysis is performed on the results obtained from experimental analysis. In the seventh section, the results and evaluations obtained from the experimental study are mentioned. The results of the experimental study conducted in this section were analyzed in detail and the utilization rate of the system was found hourly for each experiment. In addition, in this section, the results obtained from the mathematical model developed for PV/T collectors and the results obtained from the experimental study were compared using Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Correlation Coefficient (CC) and Mean Percentage Error (MPE) statistical methods. In the last section, which is the eighth, a general evaluation of the results has been made and suggestions have been made for similar studies to be carried out in the future.In the uncertainty analysis performed for the results obtained from the experimental analysis, it was found that the values found experimentally had an uncertainty value of 2.83% to 7.72%. Since the temperature of the panel surface is kept low with the use of PV/T collectors, It has been determined that the efficiency losses that occur as the temperature rises in the PV panels are prevented to produce more electrical energy at rates ranging from 3.23% to 17.18% per hour. As a result of the hourly analysis, it has been determined that the coefficient of performance obtained by using the heat pump integrated with PV/T collectors is more than 2.83% to 22.02% compared to the heating coefficient of performance of the heat pump. Experimental analysis of the HP-PV/T integrated system on different days and in different modes was carried out and it was observed that the utilization rate of the system ranged from 1.151 to 2.581 as a result of hourly evaluations. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında, Isı Pompalı-Fotovoltaik/Termal (IP-PV/T) bütünleşik sistemin tasarımı, kurulumu ve deneysel analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu sistem elektrik üretimi, hacim ısıtma, hacim soğutma ve kullanım amaçlı sıcak su depolama gibi birçok işlevi yapabilmektedir. Ayrıca bu sistem tüm yıl boyunca farklı mevsimlerde ve modlarda (ısıtma modu ve soğutma modu) çalıştırılarak kullanılabilmektedir. Sistemde kullanılan en temel bileşenler ısı pompası, PV/T kolektörler, dengeleme tankları, sıcak su deposu, su soğutma grubu, pompalar ve ölçüm aletleridir. Bu tez çalışmasının ilk bölümünde incelenen konu hakkında bir giriş yapılmış ve ikinci bölümde bu konu ile ilgili literatürde yapılan çalışmalara değinilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde sistemde kullanılan PV/T kolektörlere ait geliştirilen matematiksel modelin hesaplama adımları ile ilgili ayrıntılı bilgiler verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde kurulan deney düzeneği ve deney düzeneğinde kullanılan her bir bileşen hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde deney düzeneğinde hesaplama yapılan her bir bileşen için ayrıntılı olarak enerji analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Altıncı bölümde deneysel analizlerden elde edilen sonuçlara dair hata analizi yapılmıştır. Yedinci bölümde yapılan deneysel çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara ve değerlendirmelere değinilmiştir. Bu bölümde yapılan deneysel çalışma sonuçları ayrıntılı bir şekilde analiz edilmiş ve sistemin faydalanma oranı her bir deney için saatlik olarak bulunmuştur. Bunlara ek olarak bu bölümde PV/T kolektörlerle ilgili geliştirilen matematiksel modelden elde edilen sonuçlar ile deneysel çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar ortalama sistematik hata (OSH), hataların ortalama karekökü (HOK), korelasyon katsayısı (KK) ve ortalama yüzde hata (OYH) istatistiksel yöntemleri kullanılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Sekizinci olan son bölümde ise sonuçların genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılmış ve sonraki yapılacak benzer çalışmalar için öneriler getirilmiştir. Deneysel analizlerden elde edilen sonuçlar için yapılan hata analizinde deneysel olarak bulunan değerlerin %2,83 ila %7,72 belirsizlik değerine sahip oldukları görülmüştür. PV/T kolektörlerin kullanılması ile panel yüzeyinin sıcaklığı düşük tutulduğu için, PV panellerdeki sıcaklık yükseldikçe ortaya çıkan verim kayıplarının önüne geçilerek saatlik olarak %3,23 ila %17,18 arasında değişen oranlarda daha fazla elektrik enerjisi ürettiği tespit edilmiştir. Saatlik olarak yapılan analizler sonucunda ısı pompasının PV/T kolektörler ile entegre bir şekilde kullanılması ile elde edilen etkinlik katsayısının, ısı pompasının ısıtma etkinlik katsayısına göre %2,83 ila %22,02 arasında değişen oranlarda daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. IP-PV/T bütünleşik sistemin farklı günlerde ve farklı modlarda deneysel analizleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve yapılan saatlik değerlendirmeler neticesinde sistemden elde edilen faydalanma oranının 1,151 ila 2,581 arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. 161

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    Authors: Erdem Uzunsoy;

    Tasit dinamigi modellemelerinde kullanilan lastik modelleri genellikle tasitlarin ozel olarak insa edilmis ve tutunmaya yonelik ozellikleri tanimlanmis yollar uzerindeki davranislarina dayali gelistirilmis modellerdir. Yol ve yol disi surulebilen tasitlarin her iki farkli yuzey uzerindeki davranislari ise degiskendir. Bu calismada; hem yol hem de yol disi olarak uyarlanabilen bir lastik modeli temelinde standart tasit dinamigi manevralari uzerinden simulatif karsilastirmalarla gercekte olan ya da karsilasilabilen durumlara bir yaklasim gosterilmektedir. Modelleme ve simulasyon ortami olarak Matlab/Simulink kullanilmistir.

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    Sakarya University Journal of Science
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Sakarya University Journal of Science
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Usta, Nazım; Can, Özer; Öztürk, Erkan;

    Biodiesel and ethanol are alternative renewable diesel engine fuels and their mixtures with diesel fuel No. 2 at different proportions can be used in diesel engines. Although ethanol is unique chemical molecule and has certain specifications, specifications of biodiesel may vary depending on type of the oil used in the production and esterification technique. In this study, the specifications of ethanol and two different biodiesels were compared with those of diesel fuel No. 2. Effects of ethanol and the biodiesels on performance and emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine were investigated. The alternative fuels used in the experiments caused increase in NOx emission, while they reduced CO, soot and SO2 emissions. Although ethanol addition caused some power reduction, the biodiesel addition resulted in slightly higher power with respect to the diesel fuel. Biyodizel ve etanol, dizel motorlar için yenilenebilir alternatif yakıtlardır ve farklı oranlarda No. 2 dizel yakıta karıştırılarak dizel motorlarda kullanılabilirler. Etanol tek bir kimyasal yapıya ve belli özelliklere sahip yakıt olmasına rağmen, biyodizellerin özellikleri elde edildikleri yağın cinsine ve esterleştirme metodlarına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Bu çalışmada etanol ve iki farklı biyodizelin özellikleri No. 2 dizel yakıt ile karşılaştırılmış, etanol ve biyodizellerin ön yanma odalı turbo dizel bir motorun performans ve emisyonlarına etkileri incelenmiştir. Kullanılan alternatif yakıtlar CO, is ve SO2 emisyonlarının azalmasını sağlarken, NOx emisyonunda artışa sebep olmuştur. Etanol ilavesi güçte bir miktar düşmeye sebep olurken, biyodizel ilavesi dizel yakıta göre çok az oranda güç artışı sağlamıştır.

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    Authors: Begüm Yurteri Kösedağlı; Gül Huyugüzel Kışla; A. Nazif Çatık;

    AbstractThis study analyzes oil price exposure of the oil–gas sector stock returns for the fragile five countries based on a multi-factor asset pricing model using daily data from 29 May 1996 to 27 January 2020. The endogenous structural break test suggests the presence of serious parameter instabilities due to fluctuations in the oil and stock markets over the period under study. Moreover, the time-varying estimates indicate that the oil–gas sectors of these countries are riskier than the overall stock market. The results further suggest that, except for Indonesia, oil prices have a positive impact on the sectoral returns of all markets, whereas the impact of the exchange rates on the oil–gas sector returns varies across time and countries.

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    Financial Innovation
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Financial Innovation
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    Financial Innovation
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      Financial Innovation
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      EconStor
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    Authors: Dominic Matte; Dominic Matte; Tugba Ozturk; Tugba Ozturk; +4 Authors

    AbstractEuropean climate is associated with variability and changes in the mid-latitude atmospheric circulation. In this study, we aim to investigate potential future change in circulation over Europe by using the EURO-CORDEX regional climate projections at 0.11° grid mesh. In particular, we analyze future change in 500-hPa geopotential height (Gph), 500-hPa wind speed and mean sea level pressure (MSLP) addressing different warming levels of 1 °C, 2 °C and 3 °C, respectively. Simple scaling with the global mean temperature change is applied to the regional climate projections for monthly mean 500-hPa Gph and 500-hPa wind speed. Results from the ensemble mean of individual models show a robust increase in 500-hPa Gph and MSLP in winter over Mediterranean and Central Europe, indicating an intensification of anticyclonic circulation. This circulation change emerges robustly in most simulations within the coming decade. There are also enhanced westerlies which transport warm and moist air to the Mediterranean and Central Europe in winter and spring. It is also clear that, models showing different responses to circulation depend very much on the global climate model ensemble member in which they are nested. For all seasons, particularly autumn, the ensemble mean is much more correlated with the end of the century than most of the individual models. In general, the emergence of a scaled pattern appears rather quickly.

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    Climate Dynamics
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Climate Dynamics
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    NORCE Research Archive
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Aperta - TÜBİTAK Açık Arşivi
    Other literature type . 2021
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    Geophysical Research Letters
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Climate Dynamics
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      NORCE Research Archive
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      Aperta - TÜBİTAK Açık Arşivi
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      Geophysical Research Letters
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Sevinç KARAYEL; Ali AKYAR;

    После завоевания Крыма и Черноморского побережья Россия начинает экспансию на Кавказ. Покорение кавказских народов было доверено генералу А. Ермолову, жестокому, деспотичному, часто сравниваемому с Кромвелем. С 1830 по 1859 гг. местные народы оказывали стойкое сопротивление царской армии, однако в конце концов Шейх Шамиль сложил оружие. Наступил один из самых мрачных периодов российского империализма, многие оказались в изгнании и эмиграции в Турции. Цель нашего исследования заключается в изучении поливариантности кавказского текста русской литературы на примере рассказа А. Бестужева-Марлинского “Аммалат-бек”. Задачи статьи предполагают раскрытие мотивной структуры произведения, демонстрацию его антиколониальной направленности. В статье рассмотрен чрезвычайно знаковый рассказ А. Бестужева-Марлинского “Аммалат-бек” с точки зрения национальных стереотипов, имагологии, образов колонизации на Кавказе, местной экзотики и колорита. Анализ этнических стереотипов и имиджей способствует более глубокому пониманию сюжета, композиционной структуры повествования, символического пласта текста. Немаловажное значение принадлежит батальным сценам, их роли в формировании традиции дальнейшей русской литературы. Жанровая специфика произведения также проливает свет на особенности художественного синтеза в рассказе Бестужева-Марлинского. Романтизация повествования свидетельствует о том повышенном авторском внимании, которое автор придавал изображению азиатских народов. Подчеркнута связь кавказских мотивов в данном рассказе с историческим процессом, личной судьбой, биографическими перипетиями самого писателя. Интерпретация учитывает теоретические достижения постколониальной критики, возможность амбивалентной оценки географических и ментальных границ, стереотипов, образов и концептов национальной картины мира. Особое внимание уделено этническим стереотипам, антропологическим кодам, национальной специфике предмета отображения. Выявлены различия между западным и восточным мировосприятием, имперским и колониальным, историей государства и локальной историей. Акцентированы индивидуальные особенности психологии героя, его поведения, связи с этническим коллективом, нацией. Прослежена художественная динамика характера, трансформация его внутреннего мира, диалектика связей с другими персонажами.

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    RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi
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    Authors: Semra ATEŞ; Gülay KAÇAR;

    Bu çalışma Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yer alan Sakarya ili fındık bahçelerinde Fındık kurdu Curculio nucum L. (Colepotera: Curculionidae) ve Fındık yeşil kokarcası Palomena prasina L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)’nın zarar oranlarını belirlemek amacıyla 2017-2018 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın ilk yılı, Fındık kurdu’nun zararı nedeniyle oluşan delikli meyve %0.8-1.8 ve boş iç %8.2-11.5, ikinci yıl ise delikli meyve %0.0-0.2 ve boş iç %7.4-10 olarak bulunmuştur. İlk yıl, Fındık yeşil kokarcası zararı olan şekilsiz iç oluşumu %0.7-1.4 ve lekeli iç %0.5-1.1, ikinci yıl şekilsiz iç oluşumu %1.2-1.9 ve lekeli iç %0.7-1.3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu iki türün ortak zararı olan sarı karamuk ve kara karamuk yıllara göre sırasıyla %1.8-3.2 ve %13.5-21.9 olarak belirlenmiştir.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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