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Abstract In many visions and roadmaps, there is a broad agreement that fuel cells – both for stationary and mobile applications – are the key technology to allow the development of a hydrogen infrastructure. Furthermore, this development is generally thought to be based on a gradual, decentralised evolution. Nevertheless, in this paper it is argued that, taking into account the entire hydrogen chain (production, transport, storage, distribution and end-use), this decentralised fuel-cell based philosophy shows some serious flaws. Therefore, a new hydrogen-transition approach was pushed forward: mixing in of hydrogen into the natural-gas bulk. Using Flanders – the Northern part of Belgium – as a case study, the development of a transitory hydrogen infrastructure has been studied, taking into account the entire hydrogen chain and its dynamics, from production to end use. In a next step, this transition is being quantified. An optimisation model has been developed using Matlab and the commercial solvers GAMS and CPLEX. Following a mixed-integer linear-programming approach, this model is able to determine the economically optimal hydrogen-production mix and operational behaviour of each hydrogen-production plant separately. The model then allows gaining valuable insights in the importance of storage and the influence of fuel prices and carbon taxes with regard to the development of an early hydrogen economy.

The growing interest for in situ sensing in nanoliter droplets warrants a deeper study of the sensing capabilities and wetting principal of very small electrochemical sensing electrodes in contact with microfluidic droplets. For this study, a device consisting of a droplet generator followed by a 100 μm wide channel with a three-electrode set-up with a 10 μm wide working electrode is used. For measurements 5 mM ferri-/ferrocyanide was used as standard redox couple. It was experimentally found that a thin layer of the droplet phase was left behind on the electrodes, suggesting that the droplets do not need to wet the electrodes but rather merge with the water layer present on the electrodes. With this device, it was possible to detect the redox couple inside the microfluidic droplets and the currents reached a well-defined plateau almost immediately. However, the currents measured inside the droplets deviated from the expected trends for currents measured in flow. Also, a linear concentration curve could be obtained indicating that electrochemical quantitative sensing remains possible.

Biomass is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the ‘greening’ of energy supply. Nevertheless, concerns are rising about the sustainability of large-scale energy crop production. Impacts must be assessed carefully before deciding whether and how this industry should be developed, and what technologies, policies and investment strategies should be pursued. There is need for a comprehensive and reliable sustainability assessment tool to evaluate the environmental, social and economic performance of biomass energy production. This paper paves the way for such a tool by analysing and comparing the performance and applicability of a selection of existing tools that are potentially useful for sustainability assessment of bioenergy systems. The selected tools are: Criteria And Indicators (C&I), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), Exergy Analysis (EA) and System Perturbation Analysis (SPA). To evaluate the tools, a framework was constructed that consists of four evaluation levels: sustainability issues, tool attributes, model structure, area of application. The tools were then evaluated using literature data and with the help of a Delphi panel of experts. Finally, a statistical analysis was performed on the resulting data matrix to detect significant differences between tools. It becomes clear that none of the selected tools is able to perform a comprehensive sustainability assessment of bioenergy systems. Every tool has its particular advantages and disadvantages, which means that trade-offs are inevitable and a balance must be found between scientific accuracy and pragmatic decision making. A good definition of the assessment objective is therefore crucial. It seems an interesting option to create a toolbox that combines procedural parts of C&I and EIA, supplemented with calculation algorithms of LCA and CBA for respectively environmental and economic sustainability indicators. Nevertheless, this would require a more comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to align the different tool characteristics and focuses.

This study applied EMG analysis methods to identify muscle group activity profiles and potential overload risks in powered wheelchair use.We quantified muscle effort and fatigue using EMG analysis methods during powered wheelchair manoeuvres by 10 multiple sclerosis patients. Video recordings of the different sub-tasks were related to information on surface EMG amplitude (rectified EMG) and spectral information (Median frequency) from M. trapezius, M. deltoideus (pars medius), M. deltoideus (pars anterior), M. pectoralis, M. biceps, M. triceps, wrist extensors and flexors, using Joint Analysis of EMG Spectrum and Amplitude (JASA analysis).Task durations and subjective data indicated that tasks requiring finer motor control took longer and were perceived as more difficult. Kinesiological functions of all muscle groups identified forward steering to be associated with activation of M. deltoideus (pars anterior), M. pectoralis, M. trapezius and M. deltoideus (pars medius); backwards steering with predominant activation of M. deltoideus (pars medius), M. biceps brachii and wrist flexors; left steering with maximal activation of M. biceps and wrist flexors, and right steering with maximal activation of M. triceps and wrist extensors. These profiles were confirmed in analysis of the functional tasks. JASA analysis documented muscle fatigue in the wrist extensors, whereas increased activation was found in M. trapezius, M. deltoideus (pars anterior) and wrist flexors.EMG based kinesiological analysis gives insight in muscle activity and fatigue during powered wheelchair manoeuvres.

The European Union is currently in the process of transformation toward a circular economy model in which different areas of activity should be integrated for more efficient management of raw materials and waste. The wastewater sector has a great potential in this regard and therefore is an important element of the transformation process to the circular economy model. The targets of the circular economy policy framework such as resource recovery are tightly connected with the wastewater treatment processes and sewage sludge management. With this in view, the present study aims to review existing indicators on resource recovery that can enable efficient monitoring of the sustainable and circular solutions implemented in the wastewater sector. Within the reviewed indicators, most of them were focused on technological aspects of resource recovery processes such as nutrient removal efficiency, sewage sludge processing methods and environmental aspects as the pollutant share in the sewage sludge or its ashes. Moreover, other wide-scope indicators such as the wastewater service coverage or the production of bio-based fertilizers and hydrochar within the wastewater sector were analyzed. The results were used for the development of recommendations for improving the resources recovery monitoring framework in the wastewater sector and a proposal of a circularity indicator for a wastewater treatment plant highlighting new challenges for further researches and wastewater professionals.

This paper presents an approach to model the transfer function of a four-conductor power-line cable for power-line communications. The model is derived from multiconductor transmission-line theory by taking into account all couplings between the conductors. The model allows one not only to determine the transfer function, but also the interference characteristics of that transmission medium. The transfer function for a straight line without branches is obtained first, and then crosstalk is derived. Finally, an N-branch network is simplified based on a generalization of the transmission matrix method. The transfer characteristics of the equivalent network are derived in a similar way as for a straight line.

Abstract The overlapping impact of the Emission Trading System (ETS) and renewable energy (RE) deployment targets creates a classic case of interaction effects. Whereas the price interaction is widely recognized and has been thoroughly discussed, the effect of an overlapping instrument on the abatement attributable to an instrument has gained little attention. This paper estimates the actual reduction in demand for European Union Allowances that has occurred due to RE deployment focusing on the German electricity sector, for the five years 2006 through 2010. Based on a unit commitment model we estimate that CO 2 emissions from the German electricity sector are reduced by 35 to 60 Mtons, or 10% to 18% of what estimated emissions would have been without any RE policy but with the CO 2 price remaining in place at the observed level. Furthermore, we find that the abatement attributable to RE injections is greater in the presence of an allowance price than otherwise. The same holds for the ETS effect in presence of RE injection. This interaction effect is consistently positive for the German electricity system, at least for the considered years, and on the order of 0.5% to 1.5% of emissions.

Liquid phase hydrocarbon oxidation is one of the principal routes towards industrial organic chemicals. However, low product selectivity and associated by-product formation are major problems in several oxidation processes. As a result of the increasingly stringent environmental regulations, the development of oxidation catalysts has been a major challenge in the last decade. An overview of novel selective and clean oxidation catalysts and processes is presented.

Abstract Energy communities will play a central role in the sustainable energy transition by helping inform and engage end users to become more responsible consumers of energy. However, the true potential of energy communities can only be unlocked at scale. This scalability requires data-driven solutions that model not just the behavior of building occupants but also of energy flexible resources in buildings, distributed generation and grid conditions in general. This understanding can then be utilized to improve the design and operation of energy communities in a variety of real-world settings. However, in practice, collecting and analyzing the data necessary to realize these objectives forms a large part of such projects, and is often seen as a prohibitive stumbling block. Furthermore, without a proper understanding of the local context, these projects are often at risk of failure due to misplaced expectations. However, this process can be considerably accelerated by utilizing open source datasets and models from related projects, which have been carried out in the past. Likewise, a number of open source, general-purpose tools exist that can help practitioners design and operate LECs in a near-optimal manner. These resources are important because they not only help ground expectations, they also provide LECs and other relevant stakeholders, including utilities and distribution system operators, with much-needed visibility on future energy and cash flows. This review provides a detailed overview of these open-source datasets, models and tools, and the many ways they can be utilized in optimally designing and operating real-world energy communities. It also highlights some of the most important limitations in currently available open source resources, and points to future research directions.