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Abstract The increase of atmospheric CO2 concentrations changes the atmospheric temperature distribution, which in turn affects the circulation. A robust circulation response to CO2 forcing is the strengthening of the stratospheric Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC), with associated consequences for transport of trace gases such as ozone. Ozone is further affected by the CO2-induced stratospheric cooling via the temperature dependency of ozone chemistry. These ozone changes in turn influence stratospheric temperatures and thereby modify the CO2-induced circulation changes. In this study, we perform dedicated model simulations to quantify the modification of the circulation response to CO2 forcing by stratospheric ozone. Specifically, we compare simulations of the atmosphere with preindustrial and with quadrupled CO2 climate conditions, in which stratospheric ozone is held fixed or is adapted to the new climate state. The results of the residual circulation and mean age of air show that ozone changes damp the CO2-induced BDC increase by up to 20%. This damping of the BDC strengthening is linked to an ozone-induced relative enhancement of the meridional temperature gradient in the lower stratosphere in summer, thereby leading to stronger stratospheric easterlies that suppress wave propagation. Additionally, we find a systematic weakening of the polar vortices in winter and spring. In the Southern Hemisphere, ozone reduces the CO2-induced delay of the final warming date by 50%. Significance Statement A robust circulation response to enhanced CO2 is the strengthening of the equator-to-pole circulation in the stratosphere, the so-called Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC), which affects the ozone layer by tracer transport. This in turn alters stratospheric temperatures and thereby modifies the stratospheric circulation. In the present study, we perform model experiments to quantify the ozone-induced circulation changes caused by quadrupled CO2 concentrations. The results show that ozone changes damp the CO2-induced BDC strengthening due to radiative effects of the redistributed ozone layer by enhanced CO2. These ozone modifications lead to strengthened stratospheric easterlies in summer and decelerated westerlies in winter and spring. Moreover, the ozone changes reduce the CO2-induced delay of the polar vortex break down date in the Southern Hemisphere.

This Position Paper gathers the work carry out by the Multi-Actor Platform Pays Pyrénées Méditerranée in France. The document proposes public policy recommendations concerning the implementation of a territorial food project (TFP) as a smart tool for territorial transition within the framework of the EU's Long-Term Vision for Rural Areas and the regional programming of European funds, in a context marked in particular by (a) climate crisis, (b) new societal demands, and (c) the effects of the pandemic and the war in Ukraine.

This article presents the outcomes of a collaborative activity across four EU funded projects, under DT-FOF-09-2020 - Energy-efficient manufacturing system manage- ment, focused on establishing innovative ways and best practice for leveraging dig- ital technologies to implement more energy efficient manufacturing systems. The outcome of this work is the definition of a pathway towards energy efficiency that allows industry to understand their current situation and to stimulate the definition of a strategic road map to incorporate energy efficiency as a key criteria in operational and organisational decision making. This research presents the findings and the design of such a pathway.

Thin film photovoltaic (PV) devices are multi-component and multi-layer complex structures composed of an elevated number of micro- and nano-layers of different materials. As such, their performance is controlled by a large number of complexly intertwined variables associated to the characteristics of each layer and interface. Nevertheless, the main techniques for monitoring such complex systems remain to be limited to compositional and/or J-V analysis. The limitations of these techniques are one of the main bottlenecks for high-throughput development of novel materials and devices. Spectroscopic characterization techniques, such as Raman and photoluminescence (PL), are becoming widespread for advanced material characterization due to their easy application and highly informative output about different materials properties in a fast and non-destructive manner. Furthermore, the application of Artificial Intelligence for the analysis of spectroscopic data represents a powerful step forward that allows dealing with the high-dimensionality data generated from the combinatorial analysis of highly complex systems like thin film PV devices. However, in order to implement this type of advanced analyses effectively, appropriate methodologies need to be developed. In this work, we present a methodology based on the combination of spectroscopic techniques and Machine Learning (ML) for the fine monitoring of the quality of complex absorber layers as well as for the accurate prediction of optoelectronic parameters of thin film solar cells.

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : The EU is one of the three largest economies in the world. But its economy, which is still suffering from the cCOVID-19 pandemic and the negative effects of the Russian war in Ukraine, faces a bleak outlook. Inflation, or even stagflation, is a major concern as it reflects cost pressures from disrupted supply chains and tight labor markets. The war in Ukraine could also lead to a sustained stop in European gas supplies from Russia. Fitch Ratings therefore forecast the likelihood of a technical recession in the euro zone due to ongoing gas rationing. Apparently the EU is at the mercy of two unpredictable powers, Putin and the weather. China is also affected by global imbalances, and when China coughs, Europe catches the flu. However, the risks are greatest in sub-Saharan Africa. Its global growth spillovers come mainly from the EU and the BRICS countries. In addition to its strong demographic growth, the continent is already suffering from climate change, including prolonged droughts, and political destabilization, particularly in the Sahel, Horn of Africa and East Africa. The two major African powers, Nigeria and South Africa, are currently going through major socioeconomic crises. Many sub-Saharan African countries are heavily dependent on energy and food imports, particularly wheat from Russia and Ukraine. For the approximately 30 million African poor, this means an increase in inequality. A recession in Europe would amplify external pressures and growth challenges. In addition, the emerging sub-Saharan markets bear the greatest export risk to the EU. The debt problem is also looming again, because lower global commodity prices slowed down economic growth. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RÉSUMÉ : : [L'impact d'une récession européenne induite par l'énergie sur l'Afrique subsaharienne]. L'UE est l'une des trois plus grandes économies du monde. Mais leur économie, qui souffre toujours de la pandémie de COVID-19 et des effets négatifs de la guerre russe en Ukraine, fait face à de sombres perspectives. L'inflation, voire la stagflation, est une préoccupation majeure, car elle reflète les pressions sur les coûts des chaînes d'approvisionnement perturbées et des marchés du travail tendus. La guerre en Ukraine pourrait également entraîner un arrêt durable des approvisionnements européens en gaz depuis la Russie. Fitch Ratings prévoit donc une récession technique dans la zone euro en raison de la poursuite du rationnement du gaz. Apparemment, l'UE est à la merci de deux puissances imprévisibles, Poutine et de la météo. La Chine est également touchée par les déséquilibres mondiaux, et quand la Chine tousse, l'Europe attrape la grippe. Cependant, les risques sont les plus grands en Afrique subsaharienne. Ses retombées sur la croissance mondiale proviennent principalement de l'UE et des pays BRICS. Outre sa forte croissance démographique, le continent souffre déjà du changement climatique, notamment de sécheresses prolongées, et de déstabilisation politique, notamment au Sahel, dans la Corne de l'Afrique et en Afrique de l'Est. Les deux grandes puissances africaines, le Nigeria et l'Afrique du Sud, traversent actuellement des crises socio-économiques majeures. De nombreux pays d'Afrique subsaharienne sont fortement dépendants des importations d'énergie et de denrées alimentaires, en particulier du blé en provenance de Russie et d'Ukraine. Pour les quelque 30 millions d'Africains pauvres, cela signifie une augmentation des inégalités. Une récession en Europe amplifierait les pressions externes et les défis de la croissance. En outre, les marchés subsahariens émergents supportent le plus grand risque d'exportation vers l'UE. Le problème de la dette se profile également à nouveau, car la baisse des prix mondiaux des matières premières a ralenti la croissance économique. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ZUSAMMENFASSUNG : [Die Auswirkungen einer energiebedingten EU-Rezession auf Subsahara-Afrika]. Die EU gehört zu den drei größten Volkswirtschaften der Welt. Doch ihre Wirtschaft, die immer noch unter der Corona-Pandemie und den negativen Auswirkungen des russischen Krieges in der Ukraine leidet, sieht sich düsteren Aussichten gegenüber. Inflation oder sogar Stagflation geben Anlass zu großer Sorge, da sie den Kostendruck durch unterbrochene Lieferketten und angespannte Arbeitsmärkte widerspiegeln. Der Krieg in der Ukraine könnte zudem zu einem anhaltenden Stopp der europäischen Gaslieferungen aus Russland führen. Fitch Ratings prognostizierte daher eine technischen Rezession in der Eurozone aufgrund der anhaltenden Gasrationierung. Offenbar ist die EU der Gnade zweier schwer einzuschätzender Mächte ausgesetzt, Putin und dem Wetter. Auch China ist von globalen Ungleichgewichten betroffen, und wenn China hustet, bekommt Europa die Grippe. In Subsahara-Afrika sind die Risiken jedoch am größten. Seine globalen Wachstums-Spillover-Effekte kommen hauptsächlich aus der EU und den BRICS-Staaten. Neben seinem starken demografischen Wachstum leidet der Kontinent bereits unter dem Klimawandel, einschließlich anhaltender Dürren, sowie politischer Destabilisierung, insbesondere in der Sahelzone, am Horn von Afrika und in Ostafrika. Die beiden afrikanischen Großmächte, Nigeria und Südafrika, durchleben derzeit große sozioökonomische Krisen. Viele afrikanische Länder südlich der Sahara sind stark abhängig von Energie- und Lebensmittelimporten, insbesondere von Weizen aus Russland und der Ukraine. Für die rund 30 Millionen afrikanischen Armen bedeutet dies eine Verschärfung der Ungleichheit. Eine Rezession in Europa würde externe Belastungen und Wachstumsherausforderungen verstärken. Darüber hinaus tragen die aufstrebenden Subsahara-Märkte das größte Exportrisiko in die EU. Auch die Schuldenproblematik droht erneut, denn niedrigere globale Rohstoffpreise bremsten das Wirtschaftswachstum.

Conference paper on 5th annual conference of the European Social Simulation Association ESSA

The information bundled in this e-book is that of a 4-day course, formatted as a training school open to researchers, practicing engineers, etc., in fact, for all those who want to obtain profound starting knowledge on the structural application of alkali-activated concrete, also in the wider framework of circular concrete solutions.

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In this present work, mathematical investigation of different parameters affecting the precision of the output beam is carried out. These parameters include: Deflection in sun-facing lens and its holding arm, delay in updating the solar tracking system, and the flat mirror surface flatness. Moreover, relationships that describe the power lost due to the effect of each parameter are derived in this study.