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Two Fe-N-C catalysts comprising only atomically-dispersed FeNx moieties were prepared, differing only in the fact that the second catalyst (Fe0.5-NH3) was obtained by subjecting the first one (Fe0.5-Ar) to a short pyrolysis in ammonia. While the initial ORR activity in acid medium in rotating disk electrode is similar for both catalysts, the activity in alkaline medium is significantly higher for Fe0.5-NH3. Time-resolved Fe dissolution reveals a circa 10 times enhanced Fe leaching rate in acidic electrolyte for Fe0.5-NH3 relative to Fe0.5-Ar. Furthermore, for the former, the leaching rate is strongly enhanced when the electrochemical potential is in the range 0.75–0.3 V vs. RHE. This may explain the reduced stability of ammonia-pyrolyzed Fe-N-C catalysts in operating PEMFCs. In alkaline medium in contrast, Fe0.5-NH3 is more active and more stable, with minimized Fe leaching during electrochemical operation in load-cycling mode. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements in alkaline electrolyte reveals similar trends of the XANES and EXAFS spectra as a function of the electrochemical potential for both catalysts, but the magnitude of change is much less for Fe0.5-NH3, as evidenced by a Δμ analysis. This is interpreted as a lower average oxidation state of FeNx moieties in Fe0.5-NH3 at open circuit potential.

Globally, pollen allergy is a major public health problem, but a fundamental unknown is the likely impact of climate change. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify the consequences of climate change upon pollen allergy in humans.We produced quantitative estimates of the potential impact of climate change upon pollen allergy in humans, focusing upon common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in Europe.A process-based model estimated the change in ragweed's range under climate change. A second model simulated current and future ragweed pollen levels. These findings were translated into health burdens using a dose-response curve generated from a systematic review and from current and future population data. Models considered two different suites of regional climate/pollen models, two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios [Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5], and three different plant invasion scenarios.Our primary estimates indicated that sensitization to ragweed will more than double in Europe, from 33 to 77 million people, by 2041-2060. According to our projections, sensitization will increase in countries with an existing ragweed problem (e.g., Hungary, the Balkans), but the greatest proportional increases will occur where sensitization is uncommon (e.g., Germany, Poland, France). Higher pollen concentrations and a longer pollen season may also increase the severity of symptoms. Our model projections were driven predominantly by changes in climate (66%) but were also influenced by current trends in the spread of this invasive plant species. Assumptions about the rate at which ragweed spreads throughout Europe had a large influence upon the results.Our quantitative estimates indicate that ragweed pollen allergy will become a common health problem across Europe, expanding into areas where it is currently uncommon. Control of ragweed spread may be an important adaptation strategy in response to climate change. Citation: Lake IR, Jones NR, Agnew M, Goodess CM, Giorgi F, Hamaoui-Laguel L, Semenov MA, Solomon F, Storkey J, Vautard R, Epstein MM. 2017. Climate change and future pollen allergy in Europe. Environ Health Perspect 125:385-391; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP173.

Understanding ion adsorption in nanoporous carbon electrodes is of great importance for designing the next-generation of high energy density electrical double-layer capacitors. In this work, X-ray scattering is used for investigating the impregnation of nanoporous carbons with electrolytes in the absence of applied potential. We are able to show that interactions between the carbon surface and electrolytes allow adsorption to take place in sub-nanopores, thus confirming experimentally for the first time the results predicted by molecular dynamic simulations.

Avec le mouvement actuel de « glocalisation » imposé par l'ouverture à la sphère globale et l'ancrage nécessaire au local, les systèmes productifs - d'ici et d'ailleurs - ne peuvent plus être non territoriaux ou autarciques.Alors qu'une grande ouverture ouvre la perspective de la compétitivité, autant le territoire local assure une sorte de « filet de secours » et de refuge en cas de crises globales devenues fréquentes.Que ce soit le paradigme du mouvement social ou la toile du système productif local « glocalisation » est justifiée par le potentiel de richesse que cachent les territoires de toute nation cherchant sa compétitivité sur la scène internationale. Pour identifier, saisir, comprendre et valoriser une telle ressource territoriale, le diagnostic de l'existant est nécessaire. Les disparités socio-spatiales sont au cœur des problèmes de développement régional confrontés au double malaise de la pauvreté et de la dégradation de l'environnement. Avec la certitude que la richesse est créée au sein des entreprises et qu'elles sont les acteurs clés du développement territorial, l'analyse de l'anatomie spatiale des systèmes productifs fournit des informations sur la symbiose entre le productif et le spatial. Sans prétendre reproduire l'évolution des systèmes productifs et leurs expressions spatiales dans leur intégralité, cet article propose d'explorer les principales formes territorialisées que les Con el actual movimiento de "glocalización" impuesto por la apertura a la esfera global y el necesario anclaje a lo local, los sistemas productivos -de aquí y de otros lugares- ya no pueden ser no territoriales ni autárquicos. A medida que mucha apertura abre la perspectiva de la competitividad, tanto el territorio local asegura una especie de "red de rescate" y refugio en caso de crisis globales que se han vuelto frecuentes. Ya sea el paradigma del movimiento social o el lienzo del sistema de producción local "glocalización" se justifica por el potencial de riqueza que ocultan los territorios de cualquier nación que busca su competitividad en el escenario internacional. Para identificar, captar, comprender y valorar tal recurso territorial, es necesario el diagnóstico de lo existente. Las disparidades socioespaciales están en el corazón de los problemas de desarrollo regional enfrentados al doble malestar de la pobreza y la degradación ambiental. Con la certeza de que la riqueza se crea dentro de las empresas y que son los actores clave en el desarrollo territorial, el análisis de la anatomía espacial de los sistemas productivos proporciona información sobre la simbiosis entre lo productivo y lo espacial. Sin pretender reproducir la evolución de los sistemas productivos y sus expresiones espaciales en su integridad, este trabajo propone explorar las principales formas territorializadas que el With the current movement of "glocalization" imposed by openness to the global sphere and the necessary anchoring to the local, the productive systems -from here and elsewhere -can no longer be non-territorial or autarkic.As much openness opens up the prospect of competitiveness, as much the local territory ensures a kind of "rescue net" and refuge in the event of global crises that have become frequent.Whether it is the social movement paradigm or the local production system canvas "glocalization" is justified by the wealth potential that territories of any nation seeking its competitiveness on the international scene conceal.To identify, grasp, understand and value such a territorial resource, the diagnosis of the existing is necessary.Socio-spatial disparities are at the heart of the problems of regional development confronted with the double malaise of poverty and environmental degradation.With the certainty that wealth is created within companies and that they are the key players in territorial development, the analysis of the spatial anatomy of productive systems provides information on the symbiosis between the productive and the spatial.Without claiming to reproduce the evolution of productive systems and their spatial expressions in its completeness, this paper proposes to explore the major territorialized forms that the مع حركة "التوطين" الحالية التي يفرضها الانفتاح على المجال العالمي والارتكاز الضروري على المحلي، لم تعد الأنظمة الإنتاجية - من هنا وفي أي مكان آخر - غير إقليمية أو ذاتية الاكتفاء. كما أن الكثير من الانفتاح يفتح آفاق التنافسية، حيث أن الأراضي المحلية تضمن نوعًا من "شبكة الإنقاذ" والملجأ في حالة الأزمات العالمية التي أصبحت متكررة. سواء كان نموذج الحركة الاجتماعية أو قماش نظام الإنتاج المحلي "التوطين" له ما يبرره من خلال إمكانات الثروة التي تخفيها أراضي أي دولة تسعى إلى قدرتها التنافسية على الساحة الدولية. لتحديد مثل هذا المورد الإقليمي وفهمه وفهمه وتقييمه، فإن تشخيص الموجود ضروري. التفاوتات الاجتماعية المكانية هي في صميم مشاكل التنمية الإقليمية التي تواجه التوعك المزدوج للفقر والتدهور البيئي. مع اليقين من أن الثروة يتم إنشاؤها داخل الشركات وأنهم اللاعبون الرئيسيون في التنمية الإقليمية، فإن تحليل التشريح المكاني للأنظمة الإنتاجية يوفر معلومات عن التكافل بين الإنتاجية و المكانية. دون الادعاء بإعادة إنتاج تطور الأنظمة الإنتاجية وتعبيراتهم المكانية في اكتمالها، تقترح هذه الورقة استكشاف الأشكال الإقليمية الرئيسية التي

Protein transport across the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells is mediated by either the general secretion (Sec) system or the twin-arginine translocase (Tat). The Tat machinery exports folded and cofactor-containing proteins from the cytoplasm to the periplasm by using the transmembrane proton motive force as a source of energy. The Tat apparatus apparently senses the folded state of its protein substrates, a quality-control mechanism that prevents premature export of nascent unfolded or misfolded polypeptides, but its mechanistic basis has not yet been determined. Here, we investigated the innate ability of the model Escherichia coli Tat system to recognize and translocate de novo-designed protein substrates with experimentally determined differences in the extent of folding. Water-soluble, four-helix bundle maquette proteins were engineered to bind two, one, or no heme b cofactors, resulting in a concomitant reduction in the extent of their folding, assessed with temperature-dependent CD spectroscopy and one-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy. Fusion of the archetypal N-terminal Tat signal peptide of the E. coli trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) reductase (TorA) to the N terminus of the protein maquettes was sufficient for the Tat system to recognize them as substrates. The clear correlation between the level of Tat-dependent export and the degree of heme b-induced folding of the maquette protein suggested that the membrane-bound Tat machinery can sense the extent of folding and conformational flexibility of its substrates. We propose that these artificial proteins are ideal substrates for future investigations of the Tat system's quality-control mechanism.

AbstractPrecipitation extremes are among the most serious consequences of climate change around the world. The observed and projected frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation in some regions will greatly influence the social economy. The frequency of extreme precipitation and the population and economic exposure were quantified for a base period (1986–2005) and future periods (2016–2035 and 2046–2065) based on bias corrected projections of daily precipitation from five global climatic models forced with three representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and projections of population and gross domestic product (GDP) in the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). The RCP8.5‐SSP3 scenario produces the highest global population exposure for 2046–2065, with nearly 30% of the global population (2.97 × 109 persons) exposed to precipitation extremes >10 days/a. The RCP2.6‐SSP1 scenario produces the highest global GDP exposure for 2046–2065, with a 5.56‐fold increase relative to the base period, of up to (2.29 ± 0.20) × 1015 purchasing power parity $‐days. Socioeconomic effects are the primary contributor to the exposure changes at the global and continental scales. Population and GDP effects account for 64–77% and 78–91% of the total exposure change, respectively. The inequality of exposure indicates that more attention should be given to Asia and Africa due to their rapid increases in population and GDP. However, due to their dense populations and high GDPs, European countries, that is, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands, should also commit to effective adaptation measures.