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The article presents the results of research conducted during 2018-2021 in a field experiment on sod-podzolic soils on studying the efficiency of different fertilization variants on the productivity of Camelina sativa L. and, accordingly, the economic and energy efficiency of growing this crop.The dependence of productivity and yielding capacity elements on the application of mineral fertilizers has been revealed. It was found that the application of mineral fertilizers had a significant impact on the productivity of Camelina sativa L. seeds and the index of prime cost and profitability of Camelina sativa L. seeds accordingly. Depending on the studied elements in the technology of growing little-known in Ukraine crop of Camelina sativa L., the main indices of economic and energy efficiency were determined. It was found that optimization of plant nutrition, regardless of cultivation cost increase, provided an increase of conditionally net profit and profitability level. This was facilitated by foliar fertilization with modern regulators of growth and complex micro-fertilizers in critical periods of the crop vegetation. Depending on the variant of the experiment, conditionally net profit on average for the years of cultivation ranged from 14.899 UAH to 21.719 UAH/ha, and the level of profitability-from 172.8% to 197.4%. Under influence of the studied factors, the energy consumption of the yield, on the contrary, decreased compared to the control, which indicates expediency of different fertilization of plants in main periods of vegetation with the studied fertilizers and micro-fertilizers.

Modern requirements of agriculture stand in need of new approaches to provide the region with high-quality fodders and develop new methods of their production. Therefore, solving the problem of providing animals with cheap full value grass fodder, the production of which is based on modern technologies with taking into account existing trends of climatic change, and in our region, is undoubtedly relevant. Calculations of economic and energy efficiency showed that cultivation of perennial legume grasses without application of mineral fertilizers under conditions of Precarpathians provided net profit of 11.1-15.8 thousand UAH/ha, profitability level of 160%- 183%, prime cost per 1 ton of fodder units 1.7-1.9 thousand UAH- cost, 2.8-3.3 recoupment of energy costs by the outcome of exchange energy per 1 ha (BEC) and output of gross energy (CEE) 6.4-7.6 at energy costs per 1t of fodder units 3.6-4.3 GJ. Among the types of perennial legume grasses on all backgrounds of fertilizers on average for the first three years of grasslands use the best indices of economic and energy efficiency were obtained when growing Lotus corniculatus, and the worst-Medicago sativa. Other studied species, namely Trifolium pratense and Trifolium hybridum, occupied an intermediate place by these indices. Among fertilizer variants, the best indices of economic efficiency are provided by the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of Р60К60.

Analysis of energy efficiency problems has revealed growth of world's energy consumption while the use of petroleum products decreases suggesting that petroleum products are replaced with other energy sources and global economic crises. World’s energy consumption grows constant growth and according to the forecast it will continue grow in future. The use of coal, natural gas, biofuels and waste in the world will increase, as well as energy from wind, solar and other energy sources, including in agriculture and forestry. The use of fuel and electricity on farms is as critical for sustainable development and energy saving as the use of soil and water. Energy efficiency is an integral part of sustainable agriculture. Progress in energy efficiency, which is already lagging behind, faces further setbacks due to Covid-19 pandemic. Energy consumption in agriculture is only a small share of total final energy consumption in Europe. Moreover, energy consumption in agriculture has declined rapidly over the last 20 years. However, there is a significant difference among EU member states. There is no single solution to increase energy efficiency in agriculture. In Ukraine, the consumption of renewable energy sources and biofuels in agriculture and forestry shows increase. Ukraine is reducing agricultural production slowly and unevenly while switching to biofuels and almost not switching to alternative energy sources and replacing it with anthracite or biofuels due to the rising cost of natural gas. Significant potential for reducing the energy intensity of Ukraine's GDP lies in improving the energy efficiency of agricultural industry, but the realization of this potential is complicated by industry-specific shortcomings: high energy consumption of prosecution, which reduces competitiveness of products in the market; low energy efficiency of labor, which does not correspond to the current level of development of agricultural technologies and equipment.

Objective – to reveal the direction of the shift in the timing of the beginning of flowering of tree species in the conditions of the dendropark under the influence of changes in climatic conditions in the period 2008–2017 vs 1960–1969 as well as to conduct a comparative analysis of different methods of selecting of temperature indexes during recalculating of positive temperatures into effective ones and to determine the effect of individual winterspring months on the phenodata of the onset of the flowering of the species. Material and methods. The subject of the researches – three groups of species of woody plants that differ in terms of flowering: with the beginning of flowering in March–April, May and June. To characterize the thermal regime of the periods studied were used the air temperature parameters of Prilukskoy meteorological station. Data processing was carried out using the computer program “Excel”. Observation of the phenological phases of development of woody plants in the period 2008–2017 were conducted as per method of L.S. Plotnikova (1972). The statistical data processing of these phenological observations was carried out according to the method of G.N. Zaitsev (1981) in the modification of V.I. Ivlev (2014). Results. The conducted researches established that over the past 10 years in Chernigov region the annual air temperature has changed towards warming: the average annual air temperature increased by 1.8 °C, in winter – by 2.7 °C, in spring – by 2.4 °C, in summer – by 1, 6 °C, in autumn – by 0.7 °C. The greatest warming was observed in March – by 3.9 °C. The increasing in air temperature leads to the movement of the beginning of flowering in the direction of acceleration, which in the dendropark conditions varies within 2–15 days. The optimal option for recalculation of positive temperatures into effective ones is the formation of the sum of effective temperatures by a smooth mathematical function. A close inverse correlation was found between the sums of the effective temperatures in some months and their combinations and the phenodata of the beginning of the flowering of tree species. Conclusions. An analysis of the results shows that the formation of the sum of the effective temperatures necessary for the blooming of the species occurs from the beginning of the year. The greatest influence is manifested in the month preceding the month of flowering of the species.

On the way to the development of intelligent rural electricity networks, there are problems associated with changing the structure of generation and consumption of electricity, which can be solved only by the transition to digital energy. The analysis of the development of intelligent networks in the world and the main practical achievements of digitalization are carried out in the work. The strategic ways of development of rural electric networks and stages of complex modernization of electric network infrastructure with application of the modern electrotechnical equipment and digital technologies are analyzed. The directions of development of electric networks on the way of their modernization and the program of gradual introduction of digital substations with use of the modernized electrotechnical equipment, development of power systems with introduction of alternative power and system of local power networks are offered. The paper considers the ways of development of modern smart energy systems with the introduction of alternative energy and the development of the system of local energy networks (LEN). It is proposed to develop the Smart Grid system in stages, one of which should be implemented by combining such electric local and centralized networks as agro-industrial enterprises, industrial enterprises and individual consumers working on a single base of intelligent technologies, district and city networks. To accelerate the digital transformation in rural electrical networks, it is proposed to carry out intensive implementation of intelligent sensors, sensor devices and robotics in energy, the use of mobile applications and the full range of cloud computing capabilities; to ensure the creation of a modern infrastructure for processing, storage and transmission, to provide the necessary guidelines through forward forecasting, the desire to think and act for the benefit of future generations. To create an international scientific center "intelligent network" in real time to discuss analytical data and standards of digital solutions, forecasts and scenarios of future technologies, exchange of information and experience; to provide stimulation of innovations, creation of attractive conditions which with high probability will involve intellectual resources.

In this article, energetic and technical paradoxes in food nanotechnologies and traditional approaches to evaluation of energy recourses using are considered. Hypotheses of improvement of food production energy technologies are formulated. Classification of principles of address delivery of energy to food raw materials elements is given. We had substantiated the perspective objectives for heat-pumps installations and biphasic heat-transfer systems. The energy efficiency of new technolo-gies is compared on base of the number of energy impact. Principles of mass transfer modeling in ex-traction, dehydration and pasteurization combined processes are considered by food production exam-ple. The objectives of mathematical modeling of combined hydrodynamic and heat and mass transfer processes in modern energy technologies are set. The fuel energy conversion diagrams for drying, in-novative installations on the base of thermal siphons, heat pumps and electromagnetic energy genera-tors are represented. In this article, we illustrate how electromagnetic field, biphasic heat-transfer sys-tems and heat pumps can be effective tools for energy efficiency technologies.

This repository contains the data associated with the paper Tedersoo et al. (2022) Global patterns in endemicity and vulnerability of soil fungi // Global Change Biology. DOI:10.1111/gcb.16398 Fungi are highly diverse organisms and provide a wealth of ecosystem functions. However, distribution patterns and conservation needs of fungi have been very little explored compared to charismatic animals and plants. Here we assess endemicity patterns, global change vulnerability and conservation priority areas for functional groups of soil fungi based on six global surveys using a high-resolution, long-read metabarcoding approach. Endemicity of all fungi and most functional groups peaks in tropical habitats, including Amazonia, Yucatan, West-Central Africa, Sri Lanka and New Caledonia, with a negligible island effect compared with plants and animals. We also found that fungi are vulnerable mostly to drought, heat and land cover change, particularly in dry tropical regions with high human population density. Fungal conservation areas of highest priority include herbaceous wetlands, tropical forests and woodlands. We suggest that there should be more attention focused on the conservation of fungi, especially tropical root symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi, unicellular early-diverging groups and macrofungi in general. Given the low overlap between endemicity of fungi and macroorganisms, but high matching in conservation needs, detailed analyses on distribution and conservation requirements are warranted for other microorganisms and soil organisms in general. This repository contains the following data associated with the publication: Supplementary tables S1 - S6 (`Tables_S1-S6.xlsx`): - Table S1. Definition of ecoregions and assignment of samples to ecoregions - Table S2. GSMc dataset used for endemicity analyses - Table S3. Dataset used for modeling endemicity values - Table S4. Dataset used for calculating and mapping vulnerability scores - Table S5. Dataset used for calculating and mapping conservation value - Table S6. Additional funding sources by authors OTU distribution by samples and ecoregions (`Data_taxon_assignment_to ecoregions.xlsx`) Gridded maps: Conservation priorities for all fungi and fungal groups - ConservationPriority_AllFungi.tif - ConservationPriority_AM.tif - ConservationPriority_EcM.tif - ConservationPriority_Moulds.tif - ConservationPriority_NonEcMAgaricomycetes.tif - ConservationPriority_OHPs.tif - ConservationPriority_Pathogens.tif - ConservationPriority_Unicellular.tif - ConservationPriority_Yeasts.tif The average vulnerability of all fungi and fungal groups and the model uncertainty estimates - AverageVulnerability_AllFungi.tif - AverageVulnerability_AM.tif - AverageVulnerability_EcM.tif - AverageVulnerability_Moulds.tif - AverageVulnerability_NonEcMAgaricomycetes.tif - AverageVulnerability_OHPs.tif - AverageVulnerability_Pathogens.tif - AverageVulnerabilityUncertainty_AllFungi.tif - AverageVulnerabilityUncertainty_AM.tif - AverageVulnerabilityUncertainty_EcM.tif - AverageVulnerabilityUncertainty_Moulds.tif - AverageVulnerabilityUncertainty_NonEcMAgaricomycetes.tif - AverageVulnerabilityUncertainty_OHPs.tif - AverageVulnerabilityUncertainty_Pathogens.tif - AverageVulnerabilityUncertainty_Unicellular.tif - AverageVulnerabilityUncertainty_Yeasts.tif - AverageVulnerability_Unicellular.tif - AverageVulnerability_Yeasts.tif The relative importance of predicted vulnerability of all fungi - RelativeImportanceOfVulnerability_AllFungi.tif Vulnerability to drought, heat, and land cover change for all fungi - Vulnerability_AllFungi_Heat-Drought-LandCoverChange.tif - VulnerabilityUncertainty_AllFungi_Heat-Drought-LandCoverChange.tif Human footprint index based on the Land-Use Harmonisation (LUH2; Hurtt et al., 2020, doi:10.5194/gmd-13-5425-2020) - `LandCoverChange_1960-2015.tif` MD5 checksums for all files (`MD5.md5`) Fungal groups: - AM, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (including all Glomeromycota but excluding all Endogonomycetes) - EcM, ectomycorrhizal fungi (excluding dubious lineages) - NonEcMAgaricomycetes, non-EcM Agaricomycetes (mostly saprotrophic fungi with usually macroscopic fruiting bodies) - Moulds (including Mortierellales, Mucorales, Umbelopsidales and Aspergillaceae and Trichocomaceae of Eurotiales and Trichoderma of Hypocreales) - Putative pathogens (including plant, animal and fungal pathogens as primary or secondary lifestyles) - OHPs, opportunistic human parasites (excluding Mortierellales) - Yeasts (excluding dimorphic yeasts) - Unicellular, other unicellular (non-yeast) fungi (including chytrids, aphids, rozellids and other early-diverging fungal lineages) Detailed processing steps can be found here: https://github.com/Mycology-Microbiology-Center/Fungal_Endemicity_and_Vulnerability This repository contains the data associated with the paper Tedersoo et al. (2022) Global patterns in endemicity and vulnerability of soil fungi // Global Change Biology. DOI:10.1111/gcb.16398 Fungi are highly diverse organisms and provide a wealth of ecosystem functions. However, distribution patterns and conservation needs of fungi have been very little explored compared to charismatic animals and plants. Here we assess endemicity patterns, global change vulnerability and conservation priority areas for functional groups of soil fungi based on six global surveys using a high-resolution, long-read metabarcoding approach. Endemicity of all fungi and most functional groups peaks in tropical habitats, including Amazonia, Yucatan, West-Central Africa, Sri Lanka and New Caledonia, with a negligible island effect compared with plants and animals. We also found that fungi are vulnerable mostly to drought, heat and land cover change, particularly in dry tropical regions with high human population density. Fungal conservation areas of highest priority include herbaceous wetlands, tropical forests and woodlands. We suggest that there should be more attention focused on the conservation of fungi, especially tropical root symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal fungi, unicellular early-diverging groups and macrofungi in general. Given the low overlap between endemicity of fungi and macroorganisms, but high matching in conservation needs, detailed analyses on distribution and conservation requirements are warranted for other microorganisms and soil organisms in general.

Laccases (benzodiol: oxygen oxidoreductases, EC 1.10.3.2) belong to the so-called blue-copper oxidase family and are coppercontaining enzymes that are involved in oxidative processes by catalyzing the oxidation of various compounds with molecular oxygen, including o- and w-diphenols, aminophenols, polyphenols, polyamines, aryl diamines, phenolic substructures of lignin, and also some inorganic ions. The physiological functions of laccases are diverse: participation in the formation of pigments and the formation of fruiting bodies of fungi, detoxification of phenols, catalysis of the oxidation of non-phenolic lignin units (C4-esterified) to radicals. Laccase activity increases due to the introduction of Cu2+, Mg2+ and Na+, but is strongly inhibited by Fe2+, Ag+, l-cysteine, dithiothreitol and NaN3. In the lower soil layers, the activity of laccase shows a significant increase when supplied with mineral N, the addition of compost leads to increased activity in the surface layer. The prospects for the practical use of oxidases increased after the discovery of the possibility of enhancing their action using redox mediators, which are substrates of these enzymes, during the oxidation of which highly redox potential and chemically active products are formed. Biocatalytic systems created by nano-technologies (bacterial nanocellulose, carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoflowers etc.) increase the reaction efficiency by increasing the surface area and loading capacity, and reducing the mass transfer resistance. The effectiveness of immobilization is highly dependent on the process conditions, the properties of the enzyme and the material of the carrier. In particular, a clear correlation was established between the redox potential of the substrate and the efficiency of homogeneous catalysis. Of particular note is the effect of laccase on soil emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Participating in the polymerization of soluble phenols, they thereby contribute to humification, forming stable humic fractions that bind soil carbon. The data presented indicate that soil laccase is an important factor in the functionality of soil, but they need to be studied in more detail in order to understand the mechanisms that regulate their activity.