• Energy Research
• US close
• AU close
• IN close
• English close

"This report is distributed in accordance with the category 'Chemistry', as given in the 'Distribution Lists for United States Atomic Energy Commission Non-classified Research and Development Reports', TID-4500, January 15, 1956 (11th Edition)." ; "Date of Issue: Jul 17 1956 ; Report Number: KY-173 ; Subject Category: Chemistry." ; Mode of access: Internet.

In a high wind penetration future, transmission must be designed to integrate groups of new wind farms with a high capacity inter-regional ``backbone" transmission system. A design process is described which begins by identifying feasible sites for future wind farms, identifies an optimal set of those wind farms for a specified future, and designs a reliable low-cost ``resource to backbone" collector transmission network to connect each individual wind farm to the backbone transmission network. A model of the transmission and generation system in the state of Iowa is used to test these methods, and to make observations about the nature of these resource to backbone networks.

This paper describes reasons that lifetime measurments may be irreproducible using iodine-in-ethanol (I-E) passivation. Possible factors include the strength of the iodine in ethanol solution, wafer cleaning procedures, influence of wafer container during lifetime measurement, and stability of I-E.

Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) experience high ambient concentrations of health-damaging fine particulate air pollution in Europe. This report is one in a series of three reports on air quality management in BiH, Kosovo, and North Macedonia. This report examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in BiH. It provides estimates of the health burden, and economic cost associated with the health impacts, of AAP, that is, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in BiH. It also provides an analysis of the impacts of various sources of PM2.5 emissions on ambient air quality in BiH at a country level. The institutional and policy framework for air quality management (AQM) in the country is examined, including contributions of other development institutions in supporting BiH's efforts to address air pollution. Furthermore, this report presents experiences of selected countries that have applied different policy, investment, and technical interventions for air pollution, prevention, reduction, and abatement. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing air pollution in BiH. Cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) experience high ambient concentrations of health-damaging fine particulate air pollution in Europe. This report is one in a series of three reports on air quality management in BiH, Kosovo, and North Macedonia. This report examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in BiH. It provides estimates of the health burden, and economic cost associated with the health impacts, of AAP, that is, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in BiH. It also provides an analysis of the impacts of various sources of PM2.5 emissions on ambient air quality in BiH at a country level. The institutional and policy framework for air quality management (AQM) in the country is examined, including contributions of other development institutions in supporting BiH's efforts to address air pollution. Furthermore, this report presents experiences of selected countries that have applied different policy, investment, and technical interventions for air pollution, prevention, reduction, and abatement. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing air pollution in BiH.

A quantum mechanical theory of collisional recombination (within the Lindemann mechanism, A + B {leftrightarrow} AB*, AB* + M {yields} AB + M) is presented which provides a proper quantum description of the A + B collision dynamics and treats the M + AB* inelastic scattering within the impact approximation (the quantum analog of a classical master equation treatment). The most rigorous version of the theory is similar in structure to the impact theory of spectral line broadening and involves generalized (4-index) rate constants for describing M + AB* collisions. A simplified version is also presented which involves only the normal (2-index) inelastic rate constants for M + AB* scattering but which also retains a proper quantum description of the A + B dynamics.

Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Climate change is a significant public health danger, with a disproportionate impact on low-income and communities of color that threatens to increase health inequities. Many important social determinants of health are at stake in California climate change policy-making and planning, and the distribution of these will further impact health inequities. Not only are these communities the most vulnerable to future health impacts due to the cumulative impacts of unequal environmental exposures and social stressors, they are also least likely to be represented in climate change decision-making processes. Therefore, it is imperative that public health and social equity advocates participate in climate change policy-making that protects and enhances the health and well-being of vulnerable communities. Regions have emerged as important policy-making arenas for both climate change and public health in California, because many drivers of climate change are also social determinants of health (e.g. land use, housing, and transportation planning); these play out regionally and are under regional governmental authority. However, the public health sector is not engaged adequately with climate change planning given the magnitude of risks and opportunities inherent for health. Examination of where public health and equity partners have engaged in regional climate change planning and policy-making may offer lessons for how to change the drivers of health inequities and climate change through this work.This dissertation examines why the public health sector in California is not more engaged with climate change work and regional scale planning given current threats to and opportunities for health, and whether and how public health and social equity stakeholders’ participation in climate change solutions and regional scale planning can improve health and inequities outcomes and decision-making processes. The overarching goal of this research was to inform efforts to increase public health work on climate change and regional-scale planning, strengthen partnerships between public health, social equity, and climate change stakeholders, and formulate strategies that address climate change and health equity. The first chapter of this dissertation was conducted in conjunction with a study at the Center for Climate Change and Health at the Public Health Institute, where we conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews (n=113) with public health and climate change professionals and advocates. I performed structured coding and conducted inductive-deductive thematic analysis within and across respondent groups. I found that individual-level barriers to public health engagement with climate change include perceptions that climate change is not urgent, immediate, or solvable, and insufficient understanding of public health impacts, connections, and roles. Institutional barriers include a lack of public health capacity, authority, and leadership due to risk aversion and politicization of climate change; a narrow framework for public health practice; and professional compartmentalization. Opportunities include integrating climate change into current public health practice; providing support for climate solutions with health co-benefits; and communicating, engaging and mobilizing impacted communities and public health professionals.In the second chapter, I conducted two case studies of Sustainable Communities Strategies planning to achieve greenhouse gas reduction targets through integrated regional land use and transportation planning under California Senate Bill 375 (San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California). I used in-depth interviews (n=50) with SCS planning participants, public document review, and participant observation. I analyzed interviews using thematic analysis in an iterative inductive-deductive process. In both regions, climate change planning was a major lever for increasing the language, consideration, funding, and measurement of health impacts into the SCS plans. Public health’s analytic skills and social determinants of health conceptual framework were valuable for both regional planning agencies and equity groups. Political context influenced the priority concerns, framing, and outcomes. Desire to improve public health was influential in both of these environments. In the Bay Area, a health equity frame promoted regional solutions that can improve health, equity, and climate change. In SCAG, a public health frame increased awareness, language, and future funding for active transportation. Public health was a less contested and commonly held value across diverse political jurisdictions that may be an entry point for future discussions of equity and climate change. In both regions, reform of regional governance processes was pursued to sustain institutionalization of health and equity concerns and improve regional democracy. I discuss implications and recommendations for engaging in multi-system integrated regional planning that can simultaneously improve climate change, health, and equity.In the third chapter, I analyze the same data as a case for understanding regional-scale public health, social equity, and regional planning staff efforts to slow climate change and improve social determinants of health and social equity. In both regions multi-year SCS planning processes, public health and equity stakeholder engagement was instrumental in getting health goals, targets, and indicators into plans. In the Bay Area, advocacy efforts yielded health and equity language in policies and implementation funding guidelines and changes to the basic governance structure. In SCAG, advocacy efforts yielded significant future funding for active transportation and more metrics to monitor the health and equity impacts of planning. Participants in the SCS planning process described their motivations for engaging at the regional level, the barriers to effective regional planning, the achievements of their engagement, and recommendations for improving future efforts. In the interviews, three main themes emerged related to the opportunities and challenges of working at the regional scale: (1) Building regional identity as a foundation for advancing health and equity; (2) The importance of governance structures for health and equity, and the need for regional governance reform; (3) The prospects and barriers of building regional coalitions both within public health networks and with regional equity partners. I discuss implications and recommendations for public health’s engagement with regional planning agencies, creation of coalitions, and reforming of regional governance structures to sustain better consideration of climate change, health, and equity.

We study the performance of CdS/CdTe thin-film devices contacted with ZnTe:Cu/Ti of various thickness at a higher-than-optimum temperature of {approx}360 C. At this temperature, optimum device performance requires the same thickness of ZnTe:Cu as for similar contacts formed at a lower temperature of 320 C. C-V analysis indicates that a ZnTe:Cu layer thickness of {approx}< 0.5 mu m does not yield the degree of CdTe net acceptor concentration necessary to reduce space charge width to its optimum value for n-p device operation. The thickest ZnTe:Cu layer investigated (1 mu m) yields the highest CdTe net acceptor concentration, lowest value of Jo, and highest Voc. However, performance is limited for this device by poor fill factor. We suggest poor fill factor is due to Cu-related acceptors compensating donors in CdS.

The warming temperatures and increased drought predicted to occur over the course of the next century have the potential to profoundly impact the composition and structure of global plant communities. Because of the relevance of forest ecosystems in storing a large amount of the planet’s carbon and thus in regulating the earth’s climate, there is a major effort to forecast forest composition, structure, and functioning. Accurate predictions will require the application of studies that identify how climate drivers (and interactions between multiple drivers) affect physiological processes that underlie patterns of demography and assembly. In forest systems, community composition is strongly shaped by bottleneck effects that occur during recruitment at small size classes, size classes that are highly vulnerable to climate change. In this dissertation, I investigated how climate change will affect the seedling demography of two temperate tree species that commonly co-occur across eastern North America: Acer saccharum (sugar maple) and Quercus rubra (northern red oak). In chapter 2 I investigated how potential climate-driven shifts in seedling foliar phenology (in relation to shifts in canopy phenology) could affect the ability of seedlings to maintain positive net carbon assimilation over the growing season, a dynamic that is commonly referred to as phenological escape. I also modeled how environmental conditions drive photosynthetic rates and used that information to estimate the relative proportion of carbon that is assimilated in different seasons. In my third chapter I used the same photosynthesis models to estimate annual carbon assimilation for individual tree seedlings and then modeled the relationship between carbon assimilation and demographic performance (growth and survival). I used results from both chapters to project how climate change in my study region could affect seedling demography directly (e.g., via changes in respiration rates associated with higher temperatures) and indirectly (e.g., via ...