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This research study highlights two different existing and modified landslide risk algorithms for the development of landslide susceptibility models. The modified algorithm based landslide risk susceptibility model has highlighted such slope failures which possess the rate of very high velocity of the triggering at the local scale. The case study of this research is Balakot, one of the ruined city by the terrible earthquake induced landslide fissuring there in 2005. One of the previous landslide risk algorithm, developed by Varnes in 1984, was selected was modified by introducing additional parameters and criteria along with the modified landslide risk algorithm. The both algorithms entitled as mathematical models were incorporated in GIS (Geographical Information Systems) and were tested, compared and validated by the previous landslide occurred data, called as landslide inventory data. The statistical tests were applied to quantify various predicted regions in accordance of the verification of the predicted models. This comparison portrayed the significant difference in both models due to the notable difference due to significant control event parameters. It is assured that this research will help the decision makers by applying the modified algorithm based landslide susceptibility models in the field to avoid the landslide hazards for the future.

This study examines how the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale became, through various mutations, an innovation policy tool of the European Union (EU), and summarizes the risks and opportunities created along the way. The paper presents a comparative study about the evolution of two innovation-related policies that share a common concept. This document-centric study relies on position papers, white papers, government documents, policy documents and research program descriptions. The paper establishes that the concreteness and sophistication of the TRL scale gradually diminished as its usage spread outside its original context (space programs). A discipline-specific tailoring of the scale is essential in every area before application. Yet for a number of disciplines this has not happened, while in some other areas the available customizations and handbooks are not used in EU context. This uncritical usage of the scale in the current EU framework program seems to carry more risks than advantages. In the absence of discipline-specific guides, TRLs will predictably become a source of confusion and a subject of abuse in efforts to obtain EU funding.

{"references": ["[1] Srinivasan, A.V., (1997), Flutter and resonant vibration characteristics of engine blades. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. Transactions of the ASME, vol 119(4), p. 742 - 775. doi:10.1115/1.2817053.", "[2] Schoenenborn, H ., (2017), Analysis of the effect of multi - row and multi - passage aerodynamic interaction on the forced response variation in a compressor configuration - Part 1 - Aerodynamic excitation . Proceedings of the A SME Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, Volume 7B: Structures and Dynamics . doi :10.1115/GT2017 - 63018", "[3] Gross, J., Krack M., Schoenenborn, H ., (2017), Analysis of the effect of multi - row and multi - passage aerodynamic interaction on the forced response variation in a compressor configuration - Part 2 - Effect of additional Structural Mistuning. Proceedings of the A SME Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, 2017 . Volume 7B: Structures and Dynamics . doi:10.1115/GT2017 - 63019.", "[4] Vilmin S . S ., Lorrain E . E ., Hirsch C .H ., (2009), Application of a Nonlinear Harmonic Method to the Simulation of Clocking Effects . Proceedings of the A SME Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, vol 7 Pt A and B . doi:10.1115/GT2009 - 59475.", "[5] Besem F.M., Kielb R.E., Galpin, P., Zori, L ., Key, N.L., (2016), Mistuned Forced Response Predictions of an Embedded Rotor in a Multistage Compressor . Journal of Turbomachinery - Transactions of the ASME . vol 1 3 8 (6 ), pp. 106 - 115 . doi:10.1115/1.4032164", "[6] Besem F . M ., Kielb R . E ., Key N . L ., (2015), Forced Response Sensitivity of a Mistuned Rotor from an Embedded Compressor Stage. Journal of Turbomachinery - Transactions of the A SME, vol 138(3 ). Pp, 103 - 113. doi:10.1115/1.4031866", "[7] L i, J., and Kielb. R., (2017), Forcing Superposition and Decomposition of an Embedded Compressor Rotor, Proceedings of the A SME Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, 2017, Vol 7 B . doi:10.1115/GT2017 - 64657", "[8] Owczarek J . A., (2011), On the Phenomenon of Pressure Pulses Reflecting Between Adjacent Blade Rows of Turbomachines. ASME Journal of turbomachinery, vol 133, pp 162 - 171 . doi:10.1115/1.4001185", "[9] Owczarek J . A ., (1984), Analysis of an Axial Compressor Blade Vibration Based on Wave Reflection Theory . ASME. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, vol 106(1), pp 57 - 64. doi:10.1115/1.3239551.", "[10] Kielb R. and Kaza, K. (1983), Aeroelastic characteristics of a cascade of mistuned blades in subsonic and supersonic flows, J. Vibration Acoustics ., vol 105, pp 425 - 433. doi:10.1115/1.3269124", "[11] Joshua J Waite. (2016), Physical effects, Steady Aerodynamic effects and a design tool for low pressure turbine flutter, Duke University", "[12] Hall, K.C., and Hall, S. R., ( 2016 ), Private communication", "[13] Giles, M., ( 1988 ), Calculation of Unsteady Wake/Rotor Interaction . Journal of Propulsion & Power, pp. 356 - 362", "[14] ANSYS CFX R18.0 (2017), Help manual, ANSYS Inc", "[15] Qizar, M ., Mansour, M ., Goswami, S ., ( 2013 ), Study of Steady State and Transient Blade Row CFD Methods in a Moderately Loaded NASA Transonic High - Speed Axial Compressor Stage. Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo, 2013/ GT2013 - 94739", "[16] Zori, L., Galpin, P., Campregher, R., Morales, J.C., ( 2 0 1 5 ), Time - Transformation Simulation of a 1.5 Stage Transonic Compressor, Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol 139, no. 7, pp. 1139 - 115 2"]} The forced response behaviour of a rotor in a 3.5 - stage compressor rig is studied in this paper. Previous study indicates that the unsteady wave reflection level can highly influence forced response prediction results. Though traditional non - reflecting boundary conditions or mesh treatments can reduce the reflecting waves in the calculation efficiently, in physics the waves will reflect when interacting with the up - and downstream unstimulated bladed rows and non - reflecting is still an approximation. The downstream reflection was identified to have significant influence on the unsteady pressure of the simulated domains. Thus, the aim of this paper is to investigate the potential reflection effect and the consequent influence of forced response due to bladed rows. As an extension of our 3 - row stator - rotor - stator (S1 - R2 - S2) forced response simulation, a 4 - row (S1 - R2 - S2 - R3) simulation is conducted to test the influence of 1T - 44EO wave reflected from R3 back to R2 domain . Difference is seen compared with the case without the R3 domain, and a destructive interference is observed on forced response behaviours. Two conclusions are drawn from this study: 1) Wave excitation created by downstream stator s can reflect upstream due to the existence of the rotor row further downstream. The excitation interacts with the two traditional excitation sources, wake and potential field. In this case, the interaction is destructive and leads to a lower modal force prediction. 2) This reflection from down - stream row has a significant influence on the prediction of forced response, whereas upstream reflection is not significant. 3) The cut - on nature of the wave in this case also contributes to the reflection, as the wav e propagates without deterioration. This research also provides a guidance of forced response multi - row modeling.

Understanding fracture morphology in terms of a porous media is necessary for accurate simulation of multiphase transport in fractured rocks. Although ambient- stress methods for obtaining fracture morphology exist, previous research lacks the ability to map fracture closure as a function of stress or the distribution of immiscible phases in the fracture. A twenty-five-millimeter cylindrical sandstone sample was artificially fractured in tension and placed under confining stress in an x-ray transparent vessel. The fracture morphology was characterized under dry conditions using high-resolution x- ray computed tomography. Multi-phase fluid distributions in the fracture were mapped between limits of the mobile saturation range using controlled fractional flows. These distributions were correlated with flow rate and pressure drop measurements. We observed order of magnitude differences in effective permeabilities under conditions of nearly constant overall fracture saturations. These differences in permeability are associated with re-arrangement of the physical distribution of the phases. Distributions associated with low permeability are unstable on a time frame of several hours, much longer of the time frame associated with snap-off phenomena. This phenomenon may be responsible for similar field observations reported in the literature.

Este artículo presenta un esquema general de micro-simulación que captura importantes relaciones dinámicas y procesos de toma de decisiones entre agentes que afectan el espacio urbano. El artículo muestra cómo, a partir de formulaciones económicas y de la interacción de agentes, se logran simular patrones globales de comportamiento y dinámicas de ocupación del suelo urbano.

{"references": ["EPA, \"User-s Guide to MOBILE6.0. Mobile Source Emission Factor\nModel\". EPA-420-R-02-001. United States Environmental Protection\nAgency, 2001.", "CARB, \"EMFAC User-s Guide\".U.S. California: California Air Resource\nBoard, 2002.", "C. Kouridis, L. Ntziachristos, and Z. Samaras, \"COPERT III Computer\nprogramme to calculate emissions from road transport\". European\nEnvironment Agency, 2000.", "M. Keller, and N. Kljun, \"ARTEMIS Road Emission Model User Guide\".\nEU Commission, 2007.", "EPA, \"Draft Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) 2009\".\nEPA-420-B-09-008. United States Environmental Protection Agency,\n2009.", "M. Barth, F. An, T. Younglove, G. Scora, C. Levine, M. Ross, and T.\nWenzel, \"Comprehensive Modal Emission Model (CMEM), version 2.0,\nUser-s Guide\". University of California, Riverside, 2000.", "H. Kuhns, C. Mazzoleni, H. Moosmuller, D. Nikolc, R. Keislar, P. Barber,\nL. Zheng, V. Etyemezian, and J.Watson, \"Remote sensing of PM, NO, CO\nand HC emission factors for on-road gasoline and diesel engine vehicles\nin Las Vegas, NV\". Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 322, No. 1-3,\npp. 123-137, 2004.", "N. Rogak, U. Pott, T. Dann, and D. Wang, \"Gaseous emissions from\nvehicles in a traffic tunnel in Vancouver, British Columbia\". Air & Waste\nManage. Assoc, Vol. 48, No.7, pp.604-615, 1998.", "C. John, R. Friedrich, J. Staehelin, K. Schl\u251c\u00f1pfer, and W.A. Stahel,\n\"Comparison of emission factors for road traffic from a tunnel study\n(Gubrist tunnel, Switzerland) and from emission modeling\". Atmospheric\nEnvironment, Vol. 33, No. 20, pp. 3367-3376, 1999.\n[10] F. Yang, and L.Yu, \"A Microscopic Emission Model for the Light-Duty\nVehicles Based on PEMS Data\". In Proceedings of International\nConference of Transportation Engineering 2007 (ICTE 2007), Chengdu,\nChina, 2007.\n[11] D.A.M.M. Elst, R.T.M. Smokers, and J.W.De Koning, \"Evaluation of the\nCapabilities of On-Board Emission Measurement System for the Purpose\nof Generating Real-Life Emission Factors\". TNO Report\n04.OR.VM.039.1/DE, 2004.\n[12] G. Song, , L. Yu, and X. Zhang, \"Emission Analysis at Toll Station Area\nin Beijing with Portable Emission Measurement System\". Transportation\nResearch Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2058,\npp.106-114, 2008.\n[13] X. Li, G. Li, S. Pang, X. Yang, and J. Tian, \"Signal timing of intersections\nusing integrated optimization of traffic quality, emissions and fuel\nconsumption: a note\". Transportation Research Part D 9, Vol. 9, pp.\n401-407, 2004.\n[14] H. Liu, M. Barth, G. Scora, N. Davis, and J. Lents, \"Using Portable\nEmission Measurement System for Transportation Emissions Studies:\nComparison with Laboratory Methods\". In Proceedings of 89th\nTransportation Research Board Annual Meeting. USA, Washingtong\nD.C., 2010.\n[15] H. Rakha, K. Ahn, and A. Trani, \"Development of VT-Micro model for\nestimating hot stabilized light duty vehicle and truck emission\".\nTransportation Research Part D, Vol.9, pp.49-74, 2004.\n[16] H. Teng, L. Yu, and Y. Qi, \"Statistical micro-scale emission models\nincorporating acceleration and deceleration\". In Proceedings of 81th\nTransportation Research Board Annual Meeting. USA , Washington D.C.,\n2002.\n[17] HORIBA, \"On Board Emission Measurement System OBS-2200\nInstruction Manual\". HORIBA Ltd, 2005.\n[18] Y. Kamarianakis, and H.O. Gao, \"Accounting for exhaust gas transport\ndynamics in instantaneous emission models via Smooth Transition\nRegression\". In Proceedings of 89th Transportation Research Board\nAnnual Meeting. USA Washington D.C., 2010.\n[19] R.K. Jr, \"Data smoothing using a least squares fit C++ class\". ISA\nTransactions, 37, pp.3-19, 1998.\n[20] M. Barth, F. An, J. Norbeck, and M. Ross, \"Modal Emissions Modeling:\nA Physical Approach\". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the\nTransportation Research Board, 1520, pp.81-88, 1996.\n[21] H. Guo, J. Zeng, and Y. Hu, \"Neural Network Modeling of Vehicle Gross\nEmitter Prediction Based on Remote Sensing Data\". In Proceedings of the\n2006 IEEE International Conference. Taipei, Taiwan, 2006"]} Microscopic emission and fuel consumption models have been widely recognized as an effective method to quantify real traffic emission and energy consumption when they are applied with microscopic traffic simulation models. This paper presents a framework for developing the Microscopic Emission (HC, CO, NOx, and CO2) and Fuel consumption (MEF) models for light-duty vehicles. The variable of composite acceleration is introduced into the MEF model with the purpose of capturing the effects of historical accelerations interacting with current speed on emission and fuel consumption. The MEF model is calibrated by multivariate least-squares method for two types of light-duty vehicle using on-board data collected in Beijing, China by a Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS). The instantaneous validation results shows the MEF model performs better with lower Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) compared to other two models. Moreover, the aggregate validation results tells the MEF model produces reasonable estimations compared to actual measurements with prediction errors within 12%, 10%, 19%, and 9% for HC, CO, NOx emissions and fuel consumption, respectively.

The growing use of green building certificates within the construction industry reflects a societal shift towards environmentally sensitive practices. However, role of technology in providing sustainable commodities can be considered contradictory: while green building certificates neither incentivize, nor disincentivize new construction building in favor of refurbishing, they pose an implicit claim that new construction buildings can be, at the least, as sustainable as retrofitting ones. This paper adds to the rhetorical analysis of sustainability’s discourse by analyzing the gap existing among knowledge and discourse, in public policy arguments made regarding to the choice between building refurbishing and demolition. In the light of the analysis of main indicators of the “three pillars of sustainability” and follows a current policy debate at Bajos de Mena (Chile) where the discussion between opting for refurbishing and new building construction of social housing takes place. In doing so, the paper addresses the quantitative-bias leveraging a developmentalist approach towards urbanization, and highlights the underlying epistemological conflict eroding the notion of sustainability. UPLanD - Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & environmental Design, Vol 2, No 3: BLUE