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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2017 FrancePublisher:HAL CCSD Authors: Vimeux, Françoise;Reconstruire les variations passées de notre climat permet de mieux appréhender le fonctionnement de notre système climatique.Les carottes de glace issues des calottes polaires et des glaciers montagneux de haute altitude sont de très bonnes archivesclimatiques. Les glaciers présents sur les sommets des Andes sud-américaines sont ainsi exploités depuis les années 80. Une dizainede carottages ont été réalisés depuis l’équateur jusqu’en Patagonie. Ils recouvrent des périodes très différentes allant du derniersiècle, jusqu’à la dernière transition glaciaire-interglaciaire qui débute il y a 21 000 ans. La datation de ces carottes combine unensemble de méthodes : comptage des cycles saisonniers des éléments chimiques et de la composition isotopique de la glace, analysede la concentration des éléments radioactifs issus des tests atmosphériques nucléaires au XXe siècle et modélisation de l’écoulementdu glacier pour la partie la plus profonde. Le présent article illustre deux résultats intéressants apportés par l’étude de la compositionisotopique de ces glaces. Le premier concerne la période du Petit Âge Glaciaire au XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle. L’analyse isotopique de la glacede deux carottes prélevées en Bolivie (Illimani) et au Pérou (Quelccaya), couplée à l’étude de l’extension des glaciers au mêmemoment, montre des conditions climatiques légèrement plus humides et plus froides de 1650 à 1780. Le second résultat est déduitde l’analyse isotopique d’une carotte prélevée en Patagonie du Nord (San Valentin) qui recouvre les 120 dernières années. L’enregistrementisotopique suggère que la température dans cette région a progressivement diminué au cours de cette période d’environ0,2 °C par décennie, venant prolonger une tendance mesurée par les stations météorologiques chiliennes depuis les années 70 malgréun contexte de réchauffement global. The reconstruction of past climate variability offers important information about our climate system. Ice cores extractedfrom polar ice sheets or from mountainous glaciers are among the most popular climate archives. Ice cores from Andean glaciersin South America have been studied since the 1980’s. Almost ten ice cores have been extracted from the equator to Patagonia. Theycover different time periods from the last century to the last glacial-interglacial termination that started 21,000 years ago. Those icecores are usually dated by using a combination of methods: annual layers counting in both isotopic and chemical ice composition,radionuclides concentration analysis to detect atmospheric nuclear tests during the 20th century and ice flow modeling for the deepestpart of those cores. This paper presents two interesting results arising from the isotopic composition of the ice. The first one dealswith the isotopic records of Bolivian (Illimani) and Peruvian (Quelccaya) ice cores in regards to the reconstruction of glacier extentduring the little ice age in the 17th-18th century. Both approaches suggest a slightly moister and cooler period from 1650 to 1780. Thesecond result arises from the 120-year long isotopic record of an ice core drilled in Patagonia (San Valentin). It suggests that at theregional scale, temperature has regularly decreased of about 0.2 °C per decade, extending the temperature decrease shown by Chileanmeteorological data since the 1970’s despite a global warming.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1855 United StatesPublisher:Mons Authors: Bouhy, V.;handle: 2027/nnc1.cu50513354
Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1833 United StatesPublisher:Paris : Imprimerie royale Authors: France. Ministère du commerce.; France. Conseil du commerce et de l'industrie.; Conseil supérieur de commerce (France).;handle: 2027/nyp.33433056974169
Added title page begins: Houilles. Enquête pour la recherche et la constatation des faits . commencée le 13 novembre 1832. ; Cover title. ; At head of title: Ministère du commerce et des travaux publics. Conseil supérieur de commerce. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article United StatesPublisher:Paris : E. Lacroix, 1860. Authors: Williams, Charles Wye, 1779-1866.;handle: 2027/wu.89077813855
Translation of "The combustion of coal, and the prevention of smoke, chemically and practically considered." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article United StatesPublisher:Paris : Impr. Impériale Authors: Dormoy, Émile, 1823-;handle: 2027/uiug.30112026800208
Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article United StatesPublisher:[Lyon Authors: Fournet, J. (Joseph), 1801-1869.;handle: 2027/uiug.30112026800257
Detached from Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon. Classe des sciences, v. 5 (1854). ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Appendice. [Lyon, 1855] (168 p. ; 26 cm.) Bound with the main work. Caption title. Detached from Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon. Classe des sciences, v. 6 (1855) Imperfect: p. 15-16 wanting.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 2020 United StatesPublisher:World Bank, Washington, DC Authors: World Bank;handle: 10986/33932
Le présent rapport, élaboré sous l’égide de la Banque mondiale, est le fruit d’une étude exhaustive sur le Bénin. Il met en relief la situation géographique et économique du pays et se concentre particulièrement sur l’état de l’environnement et les défis auxquels le Bénin doit faire face. La gestion financière globale et le financement des activités prioritaires y sont décrits, ainsi que les allocations aux programmes destinés à l’amélioration de l’environnement et des conditions de vie de la population. Cette étude a été menée en partenariat avec le Bénin et en étroite collaboration avec le Ministère de l’environnement et la protection de la nature, ainsi qu’avec un Comité de pilotage établi par le Directeur général de l’environnement. Cette approche participative a permis plusieurs consultations avec les représentants des différents services et directions liés à l’environnement et avec divers acteurs. Les discussions ont abouti à un accord sur un plan d’action fondé sur les résultats du rapport. L’objectif de l’analyse environnementale du Bénin est d’aider le gouvernement à intégrer l’environnement dans l’élaboration des politiques en procédant à l’analyse des aspects transversaux et des défis que représente une gestion environnementale forte, et de créer une plateforme pour renforcer les capacités du pays afin de permettre la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et de l’environnement. À cette fin, un certain nombre d’actions ont été recommandées, notamment l’établissement de politiques et institutions performantes basées sur une gouvernance forte et un renforcement de l’efficacité, et la mobilisation du financement pour la protection de l’environnement et la gestion des ressources. This report is the product of a comprehensive study on Benin. It highlights the country s geographical and economic situation and concentrates in particular on environmental conditions and the challenges facing Benin. This report covers the financing of priority environmental activities, as well as allocations to programs designed to improve the environment and living conditions of the population. The environmental analysis of Benin seeks to help the Government integrate the environment into policy formulation by analyzing cross-cutting aspects and the challenges of implementing sound environmental management, and creating a platform for strengthening the country s capacities in order to facilitate sustainable natural resource and environmental management. To this end, a number of measures have been recommended, among them the establishment of effective policies and institutions based on sound governance and improved effectiveness, and the mobilization of financing for environmental protection and natural resource management. The study includes the analysis of a case study on three cities: Porto-Novo, Cotonou, and Parakou, and examines the impact of environmental problems and environmental management challenges on these cities.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type 2015Publisher:HAL CCSD Authors: Bouclé, Johann;Au cours de cette synthèse destinée à mon Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches, je dresse dans un premier temps le bilan de mes contributions menées sur la période 2005-2014 et centrées sur l’étude de systèmes hybrides organiques/inorganiques variés pour l’optique non linéaire et l’optoélectronique. En particulier, j’aborderai les spécificités des matériaux inorganiques nanostructurés, puis celles des matériaux organiques -conjugués, avant d’illustrer les phénomènes physiques originaux découlant de leur association. Les développements effectués depuis ma nomination au sein de l’Institut XLIM (UMR 7252, Université de Limoges/CNRS) en 2007 illustreront plus directement mon implication dans le domaine de la conversion photovoltaïque de l’énergie, avec notamment un travail particulier dédié aux cellules solaires hybrides à l’état solide, ainsi qu’aux composites polymères semi-conducteurs / nano-objets. Fort de cette expérience pluridisciplinaire dans le domaine des Nanotechnologies, de la caractérisation physique et optoélectronique, ainsi que des processus photo-physiques associés, je proposerai finalement des contributions à court terme et à plus long terme dans les domaines de la récupération d’énergie et des télécommunications optiques sans fils.
Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Hyper Article en LigneOther literature type . 2015License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Hyper Article en LigneMémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la CommunicationOther literature type . 2015License: CC BY NC NDadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Hyper Article en LigneOther literature type . 2015License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Hyper Article en LigneMémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la CommunicationOther literature type . 2015License: CC BY NC NDadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2000 United States, FrancePublisher:Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering (ENGREF) Authors: Manlay, Raphaël J.;Organic matter (OM) is a multi-purpose tool in smallholder mixed-farming systems of West African savannas (WAS). It provides people and animals with energy, nutrients and construction materials. Its cycling also ensures the biological maintenance of the system, mainly through allowing and manuring. In the WAS, population grows faster than yields of food crops. Since access to industrial inputs will remain low in the coming years, OM availability can be used as an indicator of sustainability of local farming systems. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P; total in plant, available in soil and noted POD) budgets were thus quantified in a tropical mixed-farming system of southern Senegal to assess its viability from the plot to the village levels.The village territory of the study showed a ring-like, compound-centred organisation. Growingintensification of fertilization and cropping practices, from the periphery to the compounds, led to the distinction of (1) a plateau bush ring under semi-permanent cultivation (2) a compound ring under continuous cultivation receiving manure from night corralling and household wastes (3) lowland, seasonally flooded, rice fields. Soils were sandy Lixisols, except in the lowland (Gleysols). Human and livestock densities were respectively 33 inhabitants and 51 tropical livestock units km-2.According to the plot study set at the beginning of the rainy season, stocks in plant and soil (down to 40 cm deep) increased from 27.8 tC, 2.03 tN and 17.3 kgP ha-1 in groundnut crops of the bush ring to 54.7 tC, 2.63 tN and 43.5 kgP ha-1 in fallows aged more than 10 years. Plant biomass accounted for nearly all of the rise. In soil, fast increase within the very first year (+20 %) was followed by stagnation (C, N) or even decrease (POD) of stocks. In six more or less manured cereal fields of the compound ring, stocks were 29.9 tC, 2.30 tN and 83 kgP ha-1. Large increase of soil POD stocks in comparison to cropped bush fields was recorded at all depths and in all plots. Although significant, increases of soil C and N stocks were restricted to the 0-10 cm layer, and occurred mainly in fields adjoining farmyards, which received organic inputs with highest chemical inputs. Highest C, N and P amounts were found in lowland rice fields as a result of soil fine texture. To account for the weak response of local sandy soils to management, a plant-soil conceptual model, reassessing the thermodynamical signification of soil organic carbon cycling was proposed. In these tropical sandy soils, biota strongly controls soil physical properties and nutrient availability to plant. Perennial rooting systems, or manure exogenous inputs, are thus needed to sustain theecosystem structural and functional integrity, since they fuel the soil biota with C-mediated energy and nutrients.Integrative estimates for manageable stocks of the whole village territory were 29.7 tC, 1.52 tN and 28.6 kgP ha-1 (soil stocks: 0-20 cm layer considered only) in 1997. Main C pools were soil (52 %), woody above-ground biomass (22 %) and stumps (8 %). Crop harvest, livestock, and wood and straw collecting were responsible for respectively 27, 59 and 14 % of the C outflows from the area exploited by the village.Livestock accounted for 79-85 % of the C, N and P returns to the soil. As result of these transfers large C inputs were brought to the compound ring (3.8 tC ha-1 y-1). N and P depletion of the system amounted to 4 kgN and 1 kgP ha-1 y-1, suggesting that the system was close to nutrient balance.Under current demographic growth rate, simulated C depletion of the village farming system may reach 0.38 tC ha-1 y-1 during the next three decades; meanwhile C flows related to livestock activity and crop and wood harvest should double. The viability of the system might thus be called into question within the next few years, if practices of cropping and animal husbandry are not intensified. La matière organique (MO) remplit de multiples fonctions dans les systèmes agro-pastoraux ouest-africains. Or l'offre en ressource organique y diminue depuis plusieurs décennies. Afin d'estimer la viabilité d'un terroir agro-pastoral dans le sud du Sénégal, les bilans (stocks et flux) du carbone (C), de l'azote (N) et du phosphore (P ; assimilable seulement dans le sol et noté POD) y ont donc été établis.Le terroir choisi était organisé en auréoles, avec une intensification croissante des pratiques de la périphérie (auréole de brousse) vers le village (champs de case).Les stocks dans le système sol-plante étaient de 54,7 tC, 2,63 tN et 43,5 kgP ha-1 dans les jachères âgées, soit des croîts respectifs de 97, 29 et 251 % par rapport aux cultures de brousse (l'augmentation ayant lieu essentiellement dans la biomasse végétale). Les stocks mesurés dans le sol des champs de case étaient supérieurs à ceux des cultures de brousse, essentiellement dans l'horizon 0-10 cm. Cependant, la faible réponse globale des stocks de carbone des sols sableux à la jachère et à la fumure ne peut être interprétée qu'en réévaluant le rôle bio-thermodynamique joué par le carbone dans l'intégrité des agroécosystèmes locaux.Les stocks moyens sur le terroir contrôlables par l'homme furent estimés à 29,7 tC, 1,52 tN and 28,6 kgP ha-1 en 1997. Le carbone était stocké surtout dans le sol. Elevage, récoltes et collecte de bois ont représenté respectivement 59, 27 et 14 % des prélèvements de carbone dans le terroir. Grâce à eux, des flux importants de carbone ont été établis vers les champs de case (3,8 tC ha-1 an-1), et les pertes minérales globales ont été estimées à 4 kgN et 1 kgP ha-1 an-1. Le terroir était donc proche de l'équilibre minéral.Mais selon la dynamique démographique actuelle, la perte de carbone pourrait atteindre 0,38 tC ha-1 an-1, et la demande en carbone doubler durant les 30 prochaines années. Sans intensification des pratiques, ceci remettrait en cause la viabilité du système.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2021 GermanyAuthors: Neff, Christophe;This blogpost is a personal retrospective on the participation at the « Deuxième Symposium International de l’AGT : « Territoires, Changements globaux et Développement Durable», 12-17 novembre 2018, Hammamet –Tunisie » and furthermore a reflection on the authors research experience in Tunisia.
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2017 FrancePublisher:HAL CCSD Authors: Vimeux, Françoise;Reconstruire les variations passées de notre climat permet de mieux appréhender le fonctionnement de notre système climatique.Les carottes de glace issues des calottes polaires et des glaciers montagneux de haute altitude sont de très bonnes archivesclimatiques. Les glaciers présents sur les sommets des Andes sud-américaines sont ainsi exploités depuis les années 80. Une dizainede carottages ont été réalisés depuis l’équateur jusqu’en Patagonie. Ils recouvrent des périodes très différentes allant du derniersiècle, jusqu’à la dernière transition glaciaire-interglaciaire qui débute il y a 21 000 ans. La datation de ces carottes combine unensemble de méthodes : comptage des cycles saisonniers des éléments chimiques et de la composition isotopique de la glace, analysede la concentration des éléments radioactifs issus des tests atmosphériques nucléaires au XXe siècle et modélisation de l’écoulementdu glacier pour la partie la plus profonde. Le présent article illustre deux résultats intéressants apportés par l’étude de la compositionisotopique de ces glaces. Le premier concerne la période du Petit Âge Glaciaire au XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle. L’analyse isotopique de la glacede deux carottes prélevées en Bolivie (Illimani) et au Pérou (Quelccaya), couplée à l’étude de l’extension des glaciers au mêmemoment, montre des conditions climatiques légèrement plus humides et plus froides de 1650 à 1780. Le second résultat est déduitde l’analyse isotopique d’une carotte prélevée en Patagonie du Nord (San Valentin) qui recouvre les 120 dernières années. L’enregistrementisotopique suggère que la température dans cette région a progressivement diminué au cours de cette période d’environ0,2 °C par décennie, venant prolonger une tendance mesurée par les stations météorologiques chiliennes depuis les années 70 malgréun contexte de réchauffement global. The reconstruction of past climate variability offers important information about our climate system. Ice cores extractedfrom polar ice sheets or from mountainous glaciers are among the most popular climate archives. Ice cores from Andean glaciersin South America have been studied since the 1980’s. Almost ten ice cores have been extracted from the equator to Patagonia. Theycover different time periods from the last century to the last glacial-interglacial termination that started 21,000 years ago. Those icecores are usually dated by using a combination of methods: annual layers counting in both isotopic and chemical ice composition,radionuclides concentration analysis to detect atmospheric nuclear tests during the 20th century and ice flow modeling for the deepestpart of those cores. This paper presents two interesting results arising from the isotopic composition of the ice. The first one dealswith the isotopic records of Bolivian (Illimani) and Peruvian (Quelccaya) ice cores in regards to the reconstruction of glacier extentduring the little ice age in the 17th-18th century. Both approaches suggest a slightly moister and cooler period from 1650 to 1780. Thesecond result arises from the 120-year long isotopic record of an ice core drilled in Patagonia (San Valentin). It suggests that at theregional scale, temperature has regularly decreased of about 0.2 °C per decade, extending the temperature decrease shown by Chileanmeteorological data since the 1970’s despite a global warming.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1855 United StatesPublisher:Mons Authors: Bouhy, V.;handle: 2027/nnc1.cu50513354
Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1833 United StatesPublisher:Paris : Imprimerie royale Authors: France. Ministère du commerce.; France. Conseil du commerce et de l'industrie.; Conseil supérieur de commerce (France).;handle: 2027/nyp.33433056974169
Added title page begins: Houilles. Enquête pour la recherche et la constatation des faits . commencée le 13 novembre 1832. ; Cover title. ; At head of title: Ministère du commerce et des travaux publics. Conseil supérieur de commerce. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article United StatesPublisher:Paris : E. Lacroix, 1860. Authors: Williams, Charles Wye, 1779-1866.;handle: 2027/wu.89077813855
Translation of "The combustion of coal, and the prevention of smoke, chemically and practically considered." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article United StatesPublisher:Paris : Impr. Impériale Authors: Dormoy, Émile, 1823-;handle: 2027/uiug.30112026800208
Mode of access: Internet.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article United StatesPublisher:[Lyon Authors: Fournet, J. (Joseph), 1801-1869.;handle: 2027/uiug.30112026800257
Detached from Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon. Classe des sciences, v. 5 (1854). ; Caption title. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Appendice. [Lyon, 1855] (168 p. ; 26 cm.) Bound with the main work. Caption title. Detached from Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon. Classe des sciences, v. 6 (1855) Imperfect: p. 15-16 wanting.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Report 2020 United StatesPublisher:World Bank, Washington, DC Authors: World Bank;handle: 10986/33932
Le présent rapport, élaboré sous l’égide de la Banque mondiale, est le fruit d’une étude exhaustive sur le Bénin. Il met en relief la situation géographique et économique du pays et se concentre particulièrement sur l’état de l’environnement et les défis auxquels le Bénin doit faire face. La gestion financière globale et le financement des activités prioritaires y sont décrits, ainsi que les allocations aux programmes destinés à l’amélioration de l’environnement et des conditions de vie de la population. Cette étude a été menée en partenariat avec le Bénin et en étroite collaboration avec le Ministère de l’environnement et la protection de la nature, ainsi qu’avec un Comité de pilotage établi par le Directeur général de l’environnement. Cette approche participative a permis plusieurs consultations avec les représentants des différents services et directions liés à l’environnement et avec divers acteurs. Les discussions ont abouti à un accord sur un plan d’action fondé sur les résultats du rapport. L’objectif de l’analyse environnementale du Bénin est d’aider le gouvernement à intégrer l’environnement dans l’élaboration des politiques en procédant à l’analyse des aspects transversaux et des défis que représente une gestion environnementale forte, et de créer une plateforme pour renforcer les capacités du pays afin de permettre la gestion durable des ressources naturelles et de l’environnement. À cette fin, un certain nombre d’actions ont été recommandées, notamment l’établissement de politiques et institutions performantes basées sur une gouvernance forte et un renforcement de l’efficacité, et la mobilisation du financement pour la protection de l’environnement et la gestion des ressources. This report is the product of a comprehensive study on Benin. It highlights the country s geographical and economic situation and concentrates in particular on environmental conditions and the challenges facing Benin. This report covers the financing of priority environmental activities, as well as allocations to programs designed to improve the environment and living conditions of the population. The environmental analysis of Benin seeks to help the Government integrate the environment into policy formulation by analyzing cross-cutting aspects and the challenges of implementing sound environmental management, and creating a platform for strengthening the country s capacities in order to facilitate sustainable natural resource and environmental management. To this end, a number of measures have been recommended, among them the establishment of effective policies and institutions based on sound governance and improved effectiveness, and the mobilization of financing for environmental protection and natural resource management. The study includes the analysis of a case study on three cities: Porto-Novo, Cotonou, and Parakou, and examines the impact of environmental problems and environmental management challenges on these cities.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type 2015Publisher:HAL CCSD Authors: Bouclé, Johann;Au cours de cette synthèse destinée à mon Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches, je dresse dans un premier temps le bilan de mes contributions menées sur la période 2005-2014 et centrées sur l’étude de systèmes hybrides organiques/inorganiques variés pour l’optique non linéaire et l’optoélectronique. En particulier, j’aborderai les spécificités des matériaux inorganiques nanostructurés, puis celles des matériaux organiques -conjugués, avant d’illustrer les phénomènes physiques originaux découlant de leur association. Les développements effectués depuis ma nomination au sein de l’Institut XLIM (UMR 7252, Université de Limoges/CNRS) en 2007 illustreront plus directement mon implication dans le domaine de la conversion photovoltaïque de l’énergie, avec notamment un travail particulier dédié aux cellules solaires hybrides à l’état solide, ainsi qu’aux composites polymères semi-conducteurs / nano-objets. Fort de cette expérience pluridisciplinaire dans le domaine des Nanotechnologies, de la caractérisation physique et optoélectronique, ainsi que des processus photo-physiques associés, je proposerai finalement des contributions à court terme et à plus long terme dans les domaines de la récupération d’énergie et des télécommunications optiques sans fils.
Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Hyper Article en LigneOther literature type . 2015License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Hyper Article en LigneMémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la CommunicationOther literature type . 2015License: CC BY NC NDadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Hyper Article en LigneOther literature type . 2015License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Hyper Article en LigneMémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la CommunicationOther literature type . 2015License: CC BY NC NDadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2000 United States, FrancePublisher:Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering (ENGREF) Authors: Manlay, Raphaël J.;Organic matter (OM) is a multi-purpose tool in smallholder mixed-farming systems of West African savannas (WAS). It provides people and animals with energy, nutrients and construction materials. Its cycling also ensures the biological maintenance of the system, mainly through allowing and manuring. In the WAS, population grows faster than yields of food crops. Since access to industrial inputs will remain low in the coming years, OM availability can be used as an indicator of sustainability of local farming systems. Carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P; total in plant, available in soil and noted POD) budgets were thus quantified in a tropical mixed-farming system of southern Senegal to assess its viability from the plot to the village levels.The village territory of the study showed a ring-like, compound-centred organisation. Growingintensification of fertilization and cropping practices, from the periphery to the compounds, led to the distinction of (1) a plateau bush ring under semi-permanent cultivation (2) a compound ring under continuous cultivation receiving manure from night corralling and household wastes (3) lowland, seasonally flooded, rice fields. Soils were sandy Lixisols, except in the lowland (Gleysols). Human and livestock densities were respectively 33 inhabitants and 51 tropical livestock units km-2.According to the plot study set at the beginning of the rainy season, stocks in plant and soil (down to 40 cm deep) increased from 27.8 tC, 2.03 tN and 17.3 kgP ha-1 in groundnut crops of the bush ring to 54.7 tC, 2.63 tN and 43.5 kgP ha-1 in fallows aged more than 10 years. Plant biomass accounted for nearly all of the rise. In soil, fast increase within the very first year (+20 %) was followed by stagnation (C, N) or even decrease (POD) of stocks. In six more or less manured cereal fields of the compound ring, stocks were 29.9 tC, 2.30 tN and 83 kgP ha-1. Large increase of soil POD stocks in comparison to cropped bush fields was recorded at all depths and in all plots. Although significant, increases of soil C and N stocks were restricted to the 0-10 cm layer, and occurred mainly in fields adjoining farmyards, which received organic inputs with highest chemical inputs. Highest C, N and P amounts were found in lowland rice fields as a result of soil fine texture. To account for the weak response of local sandy soils to management, a plant-soil conceptual model, reassessing the thermodynamical signification of soil organic carbon cycling was proposed. In these tropical sandy soils, biota strongly controls soil physical properties and nutrient availability to plant. Perennial rooting systems, or manure exogenous inputs, are thus needed to sustain theecosystem structural and functional integrity, since they fuel the soil biota with C-mediated energy and nutrients.Integrative estimates for manageable stocks of the whole village territory were 29.7 tC, 1.52 tN and 28.6 kgP ha-1 (soil stocks: 0-20 cm layer considered only) in 1997. Main C pools were soil (52 %), woody above-ground biomass (22 %) and stumps (8 %). Crop harvest, livestock, and wood and straw collecting were responsible for respectively 27, 59 and 14 % of the C outflows from the area exploited by the village.Livestock accounted for 79-85 % of the C, N and P returns to the soil. As result of these transfers large C inputs were brought to the compound ring (3.8 tC ha-1 y-1). N and P depletion of the system amounted to 4 kgN and 1 kgP ha-1 y-1, suggesting that the system was close to nutrient balance.Under current demographic growth rate, simulated C depletion of the village farming system may reach 0.38 tC ha-1 y-1 during the next three decades; meanwhile C flows related to livestock activity and crop and wood harvest should double. The viability of the system might thus be called into question within the next few years, if practices of cropping and animal husbandry are not intensified. La matière organique (MO) remplit de multiples fonctions dans les systèmes agro-pastoraux ouest-africains. Or l'offre en ressource organique y diminue depuis plusieurs décennies. Afin d'estimer la viabilité d'un terroir agro-pastoral dans le sud du Sénégal, les bilans (stocks et flux) du carbone (C), de l'azote (N) et du phosphore (P ; assimilable seulement dans le sol et noté POD) y ont donc été établis.Le terroir choisi était organisé en auréoles, avec une intensification croissante des pratiques de la périphérie (auréole de brousse) vers le village (champs de case).Les stocks dans le système sol-plante étaient de 54,7 tC, 2,63 tN et 43,5 kgP ha-1 dans les jachères âgées, soit des croîts respectifs de 97, 29 et 251 % par rapport aux cultures de brousse (l'augmentation ayant lieu essentiellement dans la biomasse végétale). Les stocks mesurés dans le sol des champs de case étaient supérieurs à ceux des cultures de brousse, essentiellement dans l'horizon 0-10 cm. Cependant, la faible réponse globale des stocks de carbone des sols sableux à la jachère et à la fumure ne peut être interprétée qu'en réévaluant le rôle bio-thermodynamique joué par le carbone dans l'intégrité des agroécosystèmes locaux.Les stocks moyens sur le terroir contrôlables par l'homme furent estimés à 29,7 tC, 1,52 tN and 28,6 kgP ha-1 en 1997. Le carbone était stocké surtout dans le sol. Elevage, récoltes et collecte de bois ont représenté respectivement 59, 27 et 14 % des prélèvements de carbone dans le terroir. Grâce à eux, des flux importants de carbone ont été établis vers les champs de case (3,8 tC ha-1 an-1), et les pertes minérales globales ont été estimées à 4 kgN et 1 kgP ha-1 an-1. Le terroir était donc proche de l'équilibre minéral.Mais selon la dynamique démographique actuelle, la perte de carbone pourrait atteindre 0,38 tC ha-1 an-1, et la demande en carbone doubler durant les 30 prochaines années. Sans intensification des pratiques, ceci remettrait en cause la viabilité du système.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 2021 GermanyAuthors: Neff, Christophe;This blogpost is a personal retrospective on the participation at the « Deuxième Symposium International de l’AGT : « Territoires, Changements globaux et Développement Durable», 12-17 novembre 2018, Hammamet –Tunisie » and furthermore a reflection on the authors research experience in Tunisia.
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