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The third edition of this text on electric machinery has reference-frame theory at its core, the reviewer states, and is recommended for "those with a need for electric machinery modeling and simulation." Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems, Third Edition by Paul Krause, Oleg Wasynczuk, Scott Sudhoff, and Steven Pekarek. Analysis is a word that means a scrutiny, enquiry, explanation, or dissection. Analysis is the perfect word to describe this book. This work gets to the details of modeling electric machines, motors and generators, and drives systems. As stated in the preface, "...reference-frame theory is at the core of this book."

Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are playing an increasingly important role in long-run sustainability analysis. At their core is a set of global economic and environmental accounts which capture a complete set of inter-industry and inter-regional relationships in the global economy in a consistent manner. While much attention is focused on the raw data and parameterization required to expand or add sectoral detail to IAMs, only rarely is there discussion of how different matrix balancing methods (i.e. translating disparate raw data sources into the consistent database) affect modeling results. This article offers an in-depth look into the database–modeling nexus in IAMs, focusing on the electric power sector which is both a major source of CO2 emissions and a critical vehicle for climate change mitigation. Comparisons of the prevailing matrix balancing algorithms show how the choice of database reconciliation methodology affects modeling results using policy-relevant simulations in the context of the electric power sector. The resulting insights can be applied to the disaggregation of other, technology rich sectors in the economy. We conclude that appropriate selection of database reconciliation methodologies can reduce the deviation between bottom-up and top-down modeling.

Abstract Specification by central government of the heating levels which are to be maintained in British school buildings has recently been altered. This paper is concerned with examining the nature of changes that have been made by comparing present requirements with their counterparts during the preceding one hundred years. Attention is focused on the apparently contradictory implications of these changes for those charged with responsibility for maintaining heating levels in school buildings while, at the same time, conserving fuel. It is suggested that the new statutory requirements present those who are responsible with a duty which may, in practical terms, prove difficult or costly to discharge. Although discussion is specifically restricted to British school buildings, issues are raised which are pertinent to attempts to integrate regulation of heating with control of fuel consumption in other types of non-domestic buildings both in Britain and abroad.

Abstract Real-world vehicle operating mode data (2.5 million 1 Hz records), collected by instrumenting the vehicles of 82 volunteer drivers with OBD datalogger and GPS while they drove their routine travel routes, were analyzed to quantify vehicle emissions estimate errors due to road grade and driving style in rural, hilly Vermont. Data were collected in winter and summer for MY 1996 and newer passenger cars and trucks only. EPA MOVES2010b was used to estimate running exhaust emissions associated with measured vehicle activity. Changes in vehicle specific power (VSP) and MOVES operating mode (OpMode) due to proper accounting for real-world road grade indicated emission rate errors between 10% and 48%, depending on pollutant, chiefly because grade-related changes in VSP could shift activity by as many as six OpModes, depending on road type. The correct MOVES OpMode assignment was made only 33–55% of the time when road grade was not included in the VSP calculation. Driving style of individual drivers was difficult to assess due to unknown traffic operations data, but the largest differences between individual drivers were observed on rural restricted roads, where traffic conditions and control have minimal impact. The results suggest the importance of (1) measuring and incorporating real-world road grade in order to correctly assign MOVES emission rates; and (2) developing a driving style typology to account for differences in the MOVES emissions estimates due to driver variability.

Abstract Process heaters are typically located outside and subject to the weather. Although heaters are typically tuned at a given set of conditions, actual operating conditions vary significantly from season to season and sometimes even within a given day. Unfortunately, most heaters are not properly adjusted for actual operating conditions. Ambient air temperature, pressure and humidity all significantly impact process heater efficiency. This paper shows how changing ambient conditions can reduce efficiency if proper adjustments are not made. Combustion efficiency is related to air:fuel ratio and to air–fuel mixing. A general industry rule-of-thumb is that operating at 2–3% excess O 2 (dry basis) results in the best combination of efficiency and flexibility. At higher O 2 levels, efficiency is reduced because the additional O 2 and N 2 absorb heat, much of which exits the exhaust stack. At lower O 2 levels, efficiency can be substantially reduced because some fuel is uncombusted. Low O 2 levels can also lead to soot and coke buildup on process tubes reducing heat transfer to the process fluid and reducing efficiency. Several examples demonstrate how ambient conditions affect heater efficiency. Calculations and graphs for a wide range of operating conditions demonstrate how efficiency can be affected by changes in ambient conditions for process heaters.

The bone inducing factor derived from BF osteosarcoma was purified in the following manner. Step 1. The sarcoma, grown in CBA mice, was excised and lyophilized. Step 2. The powder was washed with chilled acetone. Step 3. The acetone-treated powder was then homogenized with chilled distilled water. Step 4. Washing with 0.15M KCl. Step 5. The precipitate was incubated in in 0.2 N NH2OH, pH7.0, for 48 H at 25 degrees. After Step 5, the bone-forming activity showed a slight increase; however, the factor remained insoluble. The properties of the factor were as follows. The factor is relatively relatively heat stable; the osteogenic activity survived the treatment at 75 degrees for 15 min or at 55 degrees for 19 h. The activity was easily lost by mechanical shaking. Incubation with DNase, RNase, neuraminidase, chondroitinase ABC and beta-galactosidase left the osteogenic activity intact, but treatment with either pronase or collagnease destroyed this activity. The results suggest that the factor may be a protein. The activity was seen with the lyophilized BF osteosarcoma cells (without matrix), and it is probable that the factor was exclusively synthesized in the cells. The bone formation, observed across a millipore filter when living BF osteosarcoma enclosed in a millipore chamber was implanted in mice, suggests the synthesis and secretion of the factor from the cells.

Abstract Analytical solutions for superadiabatic filtration combustion of lean methane-air mixtures in a monolithic porous burner are sought. The one-dimensional, local volume-averaged equations of energy and species conservation that assume a non-thermal equilibrium (i.e., the two-medium treatment), are converted by a coordinate transformation using a combustion wave speed and solved to obtain close-form solutions. A parametric examination varying inlet gas velocity, fuel equivalence ratio, porosity, and thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the solid phase of the porous burner proves the validity of the analytical solutions which are in an excellent agreement with the numerical benchmark. The analytical solutions depict the key features of the filtration combustion such as non-thermal equilibrium between the solid and gas phases, superadiabatic flame temperature, and internal heat recirculation between solid and gas phases of the porous burner.