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Reconstruire les variations passées de notre climat permet de mieux appréhender le fonctionnement de notre système climatique.Les carottes de glace issues des calottes polaires et des glaciers montagneux de haute altitude sont de très bonnes archivesclimatiques. Les glaciers présents sur les sommets des Andes sud-américaines sont ainsi exploités depuis les années 80. Une dizainede carottages ont été réalisés depuis l’équateur jusqu’en Patagonie. Ils recouvrent des périodes très différentes allant du derniersiècle, jusqu’à la dernière transition glaciaire-interglaciaire qui débute il y a 21 000 ans. La datation de ces carottes combine unensemble de méthodes : comptage des cycles saisonniers des éléments chimiques et de la composition isotopique de la glace, analysede la concentration des éléments radioactifs issus des tests atmosphériques nucléaires au XXe siècle et modélisation de l’écoulementdu glacier pour la partie la plus profonde. Le présent article illustre deux résultats intéressants apportés par l’étude de la compositionisotopique de ces glaces. Le premier concerne la période du Petit Âge Glaciaire au XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle. L’analyse isotopique de la glacede deux carottes prélevées en Bolivie (Illimani) et au Pérou (Quelccaya), couplée à l’étude de l’extension des glaciers au mêmemoment, montre des conditions climatiques légèrement plus humides et plus froides de 1650 à 1780. Le second résultat est déduitde l’analyse isotopique d’une carotte prélevée en Patagonie du Nord (San Valentin) qui recouvre les 120 dernières années. L’enregistrementisotopique suggère que la température dans cette région a progressivement diminué au cours de cette période d’environ0,2 °C par décennie, venant prolonger une tendance mesurée par les stations météorologiques chiliennes depuis les années 70 malgréun contexte de réchauffement global. The reconstruction of past climate variability offers important information about our climate system. Ice cores extractedfrom polar ice sheets or from mountainous glaciers are among the most popular climate archives. Ice cores from Andean glaciersin South America have been studied since the 1980’s. Almost ten ice cores have been extracted from the equator to Patagonia. Theycover different time periods from the last century to the last glacial-interglacial termination that started 21,000 years ago. Those icecores are usually dated by using a combination of methods: annual layers counting in both isotopic and chemical ice composition,radionuclides concentration analysis to detect atmospheric nuclear tests during the 20th century and ice flow modeling for the deepestpart of those cores. This paper presents two interesting results arising from the isotopic composition of the ice. The first one dealswith the isotopic records of Bolivian (Illimani) and Peruvian (Quelccaya) ice cores in regards to the reconstruction of glacier extentduring the little ice age in the 17th-18th century. Both approaches suggest a slightly moister and cooler period from 1650 to 1780. Thesecond result arises from the 120-year long isotopic record of an ice core drilled in Patagonia (San Valentin). It suggests that at theregional scale, temperature has regularly decreased of about 0.2 °C per decade, extending the temperature decrease shown by Chileanmeteorological data since the 1970’s despite a global warming.

Reconstruire les variations passées de notre climat permet de mieux appréhender le fonctionnement de notre système climatique.Les carottes de glace issues des calottes polaires et des glaciers montagneux de haute altitude sont de très bonnes archivesclimatiques. Les glaciers présents sur les sommets des Andes sud-américaines sont ainsi exploités depuis les années 80. Une dizainede carottages ont été réalisés depuis l’équateur jusqu’en Patagonie. Ils recouvrent des périodes très différentes allant du derniersiècle, jusqu’à la dernière transition glaciaire-interglaciaire qui débute il y a 21 000 ans. La datation de ces carottes combine unensemble de méthodes : comptage des cycles saisonniers des éléments chimiques et de la composition isotopique de la glace, analysede la concentration des éléments radioactifs issus des tests atmosphériques nucléaires au XXe siècle et modélisation de l’écoulementdu glacier pour la partie la plus profonde. Le présent article illustre deux résultats intéressants apportés par l’étude de la compositionisotopique de ces glaces. Le premier concerne la période du Petit Âge Glaciaire au XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle. L’analyse isotopique de la glacede deux carottes prélevées en Bolivie (Illimani) et au Pérou (Quelccaya), couplée à l’étude de l’extension des glaciers au mêmemoment, montre des conditions climatiques légèrement plus humides et plus froides de 1650 à 1780. Le second résultat est déduitde l’analyse isotopique d’une carotte prélevée en Patagonie du Nord (San Valentin) qui recouvre les 120 dernières années. L’enregistrementisotopique suggère que la température dans cette région a progressivement diminué au cours de cette période d’environ0,2 °C par décennie, venant prolonger une tendance mesurée par les stations météorologiques chiliennes depuis les années 70 malgréun contexte de réchauffement global. The reconstruction of past climate variability offers important information about our climate system. Ice cores extractedfrom polar ice sheets or from mountainous glaciers are among the most popular climate archives. Ice cores from Andean glaciersin South America have been studied since the 1980’s. Almost ten ice cores have been extracted from the equator to Patagonia. Theycover different time periods from the last century to the last glacial-interglacial termination that started 21,000 years ago. Those icecores are usually dated by using a combination of methods: annual layers counting in both isotopic and chemical ice composition,radionuclides concentration analysis to detect atmospheric nuclear tests during the 20th century and ice flow modeling for the deepestpart of those cores. This paper presents two interesting results arising from the isotopic composition of the ice. The first one dealswith the isotopic records of Bolivian (Illimani) and Peruvian (Quelccaya) ice cores in regards to the reconstruction of glacier extentduring the little ice age in the 17th-18th century. Both approaches suggest a slightly moister and cooler period from 1650 to 1780. Thesecond result arises from the 120-year long isotopic record of an ice core drilled in Patagonia (San Valentin). It suggests that at theregional scale, temperature has regularly decreased of about 0.2 °C per decade, extending the temperature decrease shown by Chileanmeteorological data since the 1970’s despite a global warming.

The new 'Grenelle II' laws are presented in the French Parliament. The Grenelle II (2010) follows the Grenelle I (2007) and a second public consultation round with representatives of large companies. Detailed plans are presented for building, transport and energy sector. Local authorities are asked to play a more important and facilitating role. The new law package contains six pillars and contains the 'outlines' and 'logistics' of the application on regional and local level: - 1. Improving the Energetic Performance of Buildings. Among the measures are : insisting on 'Batiments a Basse Consommation' (BBC, < 50 KW/H/m2 per year) for new buildings and to reduce the consumption of existing buildings by 38% untill 2020. - 2. Creating a change in Transport Use. Among the measures presented are : speeding up the process of public transport infrastructure, insisting local public authorities on offering 'lease-bikes' and car-sharing programs, and subvention of electric and hybrid car development. - 3. Reducing significantly Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions. Measurements foreseen are : Obligation of all enterprises with over 500 employees and municipalities with more than 500.000 inhabitants to calculate CO2 emissions on a yearly bases. -4. Preserving Biodiversity. Pharmaceutical and hospital products will be more restricted and reported. -5. Risks, health and waste. Various measurements are proposed, such as the Protection of Electrical and Telephone Network workers. -6. A new Ecological Governance Model. Introduction of Five 'Colleges' of Stakeholders: ONG, Entreprises, Unions, Public Authorities and Public Administration. Regions with over 50 000 inhabitants will be obliged to create a Sustainable Development report. Each product should carry CO2 emission information, related to the CO2 emissions created by transport of people and goods.

The new 'Grenelle II' laws are presented in the French Parliament. The Grenelle II (2010) follows the Grenelle I (2007) and a second public consultation round with representatives of large companies. Detailed plans are presented for building, transport and energy sector. Local authorities are asked to play a more important and facilitating role. The new law package contains six pillars and contains the 'outlines' and 'logistics' of the application on regional and local level: - 1. Improving the Energetic Performance of Buildings. Among the measures are : insisting on 'Batiments a Basse Consommation' (BBC, < 50 KW/H/m2 per year) for new buildings and to reduce the consumption of existing buildings by 38% untill 2020. - 2. Creating a change in Transport Use. Among the measures presented are : speeding up the process of public transport infrastructure, insisting local public authorities on offering 'lease-bikes' and car-sharing programs, and subvention of electric and hybrid car development. - 3. Reducing significantly Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions. Measurements foreseen are : Obligation of all enterprises with over 500 employees and municipalities with more than 500.000 inhabitants to calculate CO2 emissions on a yearly bases. -4. Preserving Biodiversity. Pharmaceutical and hospital products will be more restricted and reported. -5. Risks, health and waste. Various measurements are proposed, such as the Protection of Electrical and Telephone Network workers. -6. A new Ecological Governance Model. Introduction of Five 'Colleges' of Stakeholders: ONG, Entreprises, Unions, Public Authorities and Public Administration. Regions with over 50 000 inhabitants will be obliged to create a Sustainable Development report. Each product should carry CO2 emission information, related to the CO2 emissions created by transport of people and goods.

Mode of access: Internet.

Mode of access: Internet.

Added title page begins: Houilles. Enquête pour la recherche et la constatation des faits . commencée le 13 novembre 1832. ; Cover title. ; At head of title: Ministère du commerce et des travaux publics. Conseil supérieur de commerce. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Added title page begins: Houilles. Enquête pour la recherche et la constatation des faits . commencée le 13 novembre 1832. ; Cover title. ; At head of title: Ministère du commerce et des travaux publics. Conseil supérieur de commerce. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Translation of "The combustion of coal, and the prevention of smoke, chemically and practically considered." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Translation of "The combustion of coal, and the prevention of smoke, chemically and practically considered." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Mode of access: Internet.