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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2015Publisher:Elsevier BV Leslie Prufert-Bebout; Carley Corrado; Katie L. Hellier; Cécile E. Mioni; Jordan J. Allen; Erich E. Fleming; Brad M. Bebout; Angela M. Detweiler; Sue A. Carter;Abstract Large-scale cultivation of microalgal biomass in open systems can benefit from the low cost of using natural sunlight, as opposed to artificial light, but may encounter problems with photoinhibition, high evaporation rates, potential contamination and high energy demand. Wavelength selective luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) panels can solve some of these problems when incorporated into low-cost sheltered structures for algal biomass production that concurrently produce their own electricity by harnessing select portions of solar energy, not used for algal growth. The LSC panels in this study contained a fluorescent dye, Lumogen Red 305, which transmits blue and red wavelengths used for photosynthesis with high efficiency, while absorbing the green wavelengths and re-emitting them as red wavelengths. The fluorescently generated red wavelengths are either transmitted to boost algal growth, or waveguided and captured by photovoltaic cells to be converted into electricity. We found that different strains of microalgae (currently used commercially) grew equally well under the altered spectral conditions created by the luminescent panels, compared to growth under the full solar spectrum. Thus this technology presents a new approach wherein algae can be grown under protected, controlled conditions, while the cost of operations is offset by the structure's internal electrical production, without any loss to algal growth rate or achievable biomass density.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.algal.2015.03.003&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu55 citations 55 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
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You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.algal.2015.03.003&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 1984Publisher:Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Authors: R.B. Chen; E.Y. Chen;doi: 10.2118/11509-pa
Summary Monitoring of microbial corrosion is always difficult because of the sessile nature of bacteria and the lack of meaningful correlation between routine bacteria counts and bacterial activity. This problem is further aggravated in a large oilfield water system because of size and sampling difficulties. This paper discusses some monitoring techniques currently used in the oil industry, their limitations, and possible areas for improvement. These improved techniques are in use or will be implemented in the Aramco systems. Introduction Microbial corrosion has caused some failures in seawater injection systems. Whether or not microbial corrosion represents a major corrosion mechanism in the oilfield water system is a controversial question. However, it has certainly become a major concern in recent years. There are two approaches in dealing with microbial corrosion problems in a large oilfield water system. One approach is to start treating the system with bactericide in conjunction with regular scraping when the system is commissioned. The other is to treat the system only when an impending microbial-related problem is clearly defined. in either case, monitoring of microbial corrosion is essential. The first approach is more or less a precautionary measure. The treatment and selection of bactericides is usually based on past experience and laboratory evaluation tests. While the treatment is being implemented, a reliable monitoring program could assess the effectiveness of the current program of microbial corrosion control. In the second case, monitoring of microbial corrosion is even more important. it would provide timely information toward implementation of a treatment program before the system could get out of control. The industry's awareness of microbial corrosion has been indicated by the number of papers published in recent years on this subject. These articles cover a wide spectrum of interest from fundamental corrosion mechanisms to case studies, detection methods, control measures, etc. Although it is not clear to what extent microorganisms are responsible for the observed field corrosion failures, the general consensus still favors early establishment of a routine microbial corrosion monitoring program. The best approach seems to he the establishment of solid baseline data for the system after which any significant future deviation can be interpreted as a sign of a potential problem. The following sections describe the current methods used for routine monitoring, specifically for Aramco's large oilfield water systems. The limitations of these methods, the difficulties encountered, and some suggested studies for modification and improvement are discussed also. Current Monitoring Methods The methods currently used by Aramco can be categorized as (l) cell counts in water, (2) metal surface examination, (3) scraping solids analysis, (4) water quality analysis, and (5) evaluation of current bactericide treatment. Cell Counts in Water. These are used to detect bacterial organisms and their concentrations. it is recognized that confirmation of free-flowing bacteria in the water does not automatically mean trouble. However, if bacteria counts demonstrate a definite increase across the system, or over a period of time, the odds are that bacteria are active and working on the metal somewhere in the system. Cell counts routinely monitored include sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), general aerobic bacteria (OAB), iron bacteria, and others. SRB are widely recognized to he primarily responsible for bacteria-induced corrosion in an anaerobic environment. Depending on the nature of the sample to be tested and the types of problems encountered (or expected) in the field, one or several different enumeration techniques are employed. For field work, the method generally used by Aramco is culturing of samples in liquid growth media specifically designed for detecting a certain group of organisms. These laboratory media are prepared using the appropriate field water as a base, with addition of general growth nutrients for the organisms. The use of field water to prepare the media provides a water composition similar to that in which the bacteria originated. The media are supplemented with other ingredients to create an environment conducive to growth of certain bacteria (e.g., certain reducing agents have to he added into the SRB media). The media then are dispensed into serum vials at exactly 9 mL [9 cm3] each and sealed with rubber stoppers and aluminum seals. JPT P. 1171
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu7 citations 7 popularity Average influence Top 10% impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.2118/11509-pa&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 1999Publisher:Elsevier BV Authors: G. P. Mercier; Yogesh Jaluria;An experimental study on the flow and heat transfer in open vertical enclosures, representing elevator shafts, warehouses, and atriums, due to a building fire is carried out, using a scale model. Smoke and hot gases are injected into the enclosure at a lower opening and the resulting downstream flow and temperature fields are studied. The inlet temperature and flow rate of the hot gases are varied over wide ranges to simulate the flow due to fire in multi-leveled buildings with vertical open shafts or atriums under natural ventilation. The conditions at the outlet, which is located on the same wall as the inlet, are also monitored to determine the effects of entrainment into the flow and heat transfer to the walls. Typical values of the operating conditions have been investigated, ranging from high buoyancy levels, for which the flow stays close to the vertical wall of the enclosure, to much lower levels, at which the flow enters the enclosure with a significant flow velocity and spreads outward very quickly. With increasing temperature at the inlet, the buoyancy effect is larger, resulting in higher velocities and shorter time to reach the top. The measured temperature at the outlet depends on heat transfer to the walls as well as on the flow velocity. Detailed measurements of the velocity and temperature fields have also been taken. It is found that a wall plume is generated which conveys the hot fluid rapidly along the vertical wall containing the inlet and the outlet. A recirculating flow arises away from this wall and this flow affects the heat transfer and flow in the wall plume. This feature, in turn, affects the entrainment into the flow, decay of the temperature level and the evolution of mean flow. Therefore, horizontally uniform conditions cannot be assumed here, as employed in several studies of tall enclosures. The wall plume has to be modeled in this case, considering the entrainment into the boundary layer flow and the effect of the recirculating flow.
Experimental Thermal... arrow_drop_down Experimental Thermal and Fluid ScienceArticle . 1999 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/s0894-1777(99)00012-6&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu36 citations 36 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Experimental Thermal... arrow_drop_down Experimental Thermal and Fluid ScienceArticle . 1999 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/s0894-1777(99)00012-6&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2019 Italy, SwitzerlandPublisher:Elsevier BV Lobaccaro G.; Croce S.; Lindkvist C.; Munari Probst M. C.; Scognamiglio A.; Dahlberg J.; Lundgren M.; Wall M.;handle: 11250/2635473 , 11577/3371722
Abstract This work, framed in the IEA SHC Task 51 “Solar Energy in Urban Planning”, presents an illustrative perspective of solar energy in urban planning through the analysis of 34 international case studies conducted in 10 countries. The aim here is to examine challenges, barriers and opportunities for active solar systems and passive solar strategies by taking into consideration interrelated technical and non-technical aspects in ongoing and completed projects. It focuses on exposing potential pitfalls and illustrating lessons learned in case studies divided into three categories: (i) existing urban areas, (ii) new urban areas, and (iii) solar landscapes. The analysis has yielded insights into the solar energy strategy adoption, the evaluation of solar energy production, solar irradiation and daylighting, and the architectural quality, sensitivity and visibility of the solar systems for urban planning. The outcomes have implications to stimulate successful practices in implementing solar strategies in urban planning and facilitating their replicability worldwide by avoiding common mistakes.
Renewable and Sustai... arrow_drop_down Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.041&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 93 citations 93 popularity Top 1% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Renewable and Sustai... arrow_drop_down Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.041&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2017 ItalyPublisher:Elsevier BV Funded by:EC | MefCO2EC| MefCO2Authors: Bellotti, D.; Rivarolo, M.; Magistri, L.; Massardo, A. F.;handle: 11567/893436
Abstract This paper aims to present a feasibility study of the innovative plant for methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide-sequestered by fossil fuel power plant and hydrogen, which is produced by water electrolyzer employing the over-production on the electrical grid. The thermo-economic analysis is performed in the framework of the MefCO2 H2020 EU project and it is referred to the German economic scenario, properly taking into account the real market costs and cost functions for different components of the plant. Three different plant capacities for methanol production (4000 10,000 and 50,000 ton/year) have been investigated, assuming an average cost for electrical energy to feed electrolysers and analyzing the influence of the most significant parameters (oxygen selling option, methanol selling price and electrolysers’ capital cost) on the profitability of the plant. The analysis has been performed in W-ECoMP, software for the thermo-economic analysis and plant optimization developed by the University of Genoa.
Journal of CO2 Utili... arrow_drop_down Journal of CO2 UtilizationArticle . 2017 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jcou.2017.07.001&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu181 citations 181 popularity Top 1% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Journal of CO2 Utili... arrow_drop_down Journal of CO2 UtilizationArticle . 2017 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jcou.2017.07.001&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2020 GermanyPublisher:Elsevier BV Keles, Dogan; Dehler-Holland, Joris; Densing, Martin; Panos, Evangelos; Hack, Felix;Abstract Electricity markets in Europe become increasingly interconnected due to new grid connections and market coupling regulations. This paper examines the interdependencies between the Swiss electricity market and those of neighbouring countries. The Swiss market serves as a good example for a smaller electricity market which is increasingly affected by developments in the large neighbouring countries. To study these cross-border effects, especially those on Swiss electricity prices, we apply two different methodologies, an econometric and a Nash-Cournot equilibrium model. The analyses show that the Swiss electricity price correlates strongly with the German electricity price in the summer, but tends to follow the French electricity price in the winter. Another finding is that gas prices and the electricity load of neighbouring countries have a significant influence on prices. In particular, the load of France and Italy is driving up Swiss prices in the winter, while the German electricity demand and renewable energy generation have a larger influence on Swiss prices in the summer.
KITopen (Karlsruhe I... arrow_drop_down KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie)Article . 2020License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104802&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 28 citations 28 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert KITopen (Karlsruhe I... arrow_drop_down KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie)Article . 2020License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104802&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Research , Preprint 2004Publisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Snorre Kverndokk; Knut Einar Rosendahl; Knut Einar Rosendahl; Thomas F. Rutherford;doi: 10.2139/ssrn.519344
We study the role of technology subsidies in climate policies, using a simple dynamic equilibrium model with learning-by-doing. The optimal subsidy rate of a carbon-free technology is high when the technology is first adopted, but falls significantly over the next decades. However, the efficiency costs of uniform instead of optimal subsidies, may be low if there are introduction or expansion constraints for a new technology. Finally, supporting existing energy technologies only, may lead to technology lock-in, and the impacts of lock-in increase with the learning potential of new technologies as well as the possibilities for early entry and thight carbon constraints.
Research Papers in E... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.2139/ssrn.519344&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesbronze 5 citations 5 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Research Papers in E... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.2139/ssrn.519344&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2014 United StatesPublisher:Elsevier BV Martha Campbell; John B. Casterline; Federico Castillo; Alisha Graves; Thomas L. Hall; John F. May; Daniel Perlman; Malcolm Potts; J. Joseph Speidel; Julia Walsh; Michael Wehner; Eliya M. Zulu;Pour de nombreux pays en développement, les investissements dans la santé ont été un grand succès. The Lancet Commission « Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation »1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Sommaire Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar et la lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates2 Lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates de Bill et Melinda Gates. 3 mythes qui bloquent le progrès pour les pauvres.http ://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar envisage la possibilité d'une « grande convergence » par laquelle plus de pays auront un taux de mortalité infantile aussi bas que 15 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes dans 20 ans. Nous souhaitons attirer l'attention sur le cas particulier des pays les moins avancés, qui, selon les données actuelles, sont susceptibles d'être exclus d'une telle convergence. Pour commencer une discussion, nous nous concentrerons sur le Sahel (la zone semi-aride d'un million de milles carrés de l'Afrique s'étendant de l'Atlantique à la mer Rouge) où le choc de la croissance démographique particulièrement rapide et certains des effets les plus sévères du changement climatique sont susceptibles d'avoir les effets globaux les plus importants sur la santé. Les projections démographiques présentées dans la figure sont la variante moyenne de la Division de la population des Nations Unies. Ces projections pourraient être dépassées à moins qu'une plus grande importance ne soit accordée à la planification familiale. Même en supposant une diminution rapide de la taille des familles par rapport à la moyenne actuelle de 7,6, la population du Niger passera à elle seule de 16 millions aujourd'hui à 58 millions d'ici 2050. Cette augmentation est révélatrice de la formidable dynamique démographique au Sahel. Plus de 40 % de la population a moins de 15 ans. En l'absence de réductions substantielles des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par les pays développés, le Sahel (parce qu'il est déjà si sec) est susceptible de subir certains des pires effets du changement climatique, avec des augmentations de température allant jusqu'à 5-8 ° C d'ici 2100 (figure) .3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in : Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Royaume-Uni2013Google Scholar Les événements météorologiques extrêmes deviendront plus fréquents et l'effet du réchauffement climatique se fera probablement sentir dans de nombreux secteurs, de la santé à l'agriculture. Les maladies à transmission vectorielle sont susceptibles d'augmenter. Le changement climatique pourrait réduire les rendements des cultures en Afrique subsaharienne de 22 % pour le maïs et de 8 % pour le manioc.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Impacts négatifs robustes du changement climatique sur l'agriculture africaine.Environ Res Lett. 2010 ; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, l'Université de Californie, Berkeley, CA, États-Unis, et l'Institut africain pour la politique de développement, Nairobi, Kenya, ont organisé une réunion internationale multidisciplinaire sur le Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel : possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Bien que reconnaissant la grave menace que représentent la croissance démographique rapide et la désertification dans cette région, la réunion a également identifié des solutions fondées sur des preuves, y compris trois interventions clés. Tout d'abord, les agriculteurs de subsistance et les éleveurs ont besoin d'aide pour s'adapter au changement climatique. L'adaptation nécessitera le développement de cultures résistantes à la sécheresse, des méthodes pour faire face à l'évolution des infestations de ravageurs, un meilleur stockage des cultures et une capture et un stockage plus efficaces de l'eau. Une approche multidisciplinaire et une vision à long terme sont indispensables - actuellement, de nombreuses interventions ne sont pas adoptées tant que des pénuries d'eau visibles ne se produisent pas. Deuxièmement, une plus grande priorité doit être accordée à la planification familiale. Il faut mobiliser la volonté politique pour inciter les donateurs internationaux à investir dans la planification familiale, et les gouvernements sahéliens doivent être plus proactifs. Il existe un besoin non satisfait bien documenté de planification familiale allant de 16 % à 35 % des femmes mariées, calculé avec le STATcompiler des enquêtes démographiques et de santé, mais dans ces sociétés à fécondité élevée, une création accrue de la demande est également cruciale. Là où la planification familiale a été apportée aux femmes dans leurs propres communautés, comme au Bangladesh, l'utilisation de contraceptifs a augmenté rapidement, même chez les femmes pauvres.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M L'impact de la liberté sur le déclin de la fécondité.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh : success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011 ; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar et l'accent accru sur la stérilisation chirurgicale, les dispositifs intra-utérins et les implants, ainsi que l'accès à des soins complets en matière d'avortement, sont essentiels. Troisièmement, les donateurs et les gouvernements doivent investir massivement dans l'autonomisation des femmes. Le statut des femmes au Sahel est faible. Le mariage des enfants reste courant, ce qui augmente la probabilité d'une grossesse précoce pour une femme et diminue ses chances de mener une vie autonome. La grossesse chez les adolescentes immatures est une cause majeure de mortalité et de morbidité maternelles, telles que la fistule obstétricale.9Nour NM Conséquences sanitaires du mariage des enfants en Afrique.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 ; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promotion de l'éducation est une stratégie clé pour réduire le mariage des enfants et reporter la première naissance. Les programmes de renforcement des capacités par l'éducation et la microfinance parmi les communautés pastorales ont transformé les femmes illettrées pauvres en leaders qui ont aidé à adapter leurs communautés à la sécheresse.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Le renforcement des capacités aide les femmes pastorales à transformer les communautés appauvries en Éthiopie.Science. 2011 ; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar Dans une société Haoussa polygame du nord-ouest du Nigeria, avec un âge médian de mariage de 14·6 ans et où les parents considéraient généralement les démarches ménagères comme un signe de préparation au mariage, de nombreux parents sont maintenant prêts à retarder le mariage de leurs filles si on leur propose de l'aide pour les frais de scolarité et les livres. Ces trois interventions clés sont considérées comme se renforçant mutuellement. Bien qu'elles impliquent des considérations à long terme, certaines, telles que l'amélioration des pratiques agricoles, ont des retombées immédiates. Les programmes doivent être intégrés de manière à exploiter les effets multiplicateurs intrinsèques. Par exemple, l'éducation des filles facilite l'adoption de la planification familiale et améliore la génération de revenus dans la famille. Une recherche et une évaluation rigoureuses seront essentielles pour constituer la base de données probantes pour ces investissements urgents. Des lacunes importantes dans les données démographiques, agricoles et sanitaires doivent être comblées. Les politiques doivent être conçues de manière à apporter des avantages mesurables et significatifs aux populations les plus vulnérables. Les interventions doivent être développées dans un cadre de droits de l'homme, en veillant à ce que les avantages ne dérivent pas uniquement vers ceux qui ont le plus de capital social et politique. Les pays les moins avancés, tels que ceux du Sahel, reçoivent 0,9 % du revenu national brut des pays industrialisés au titre de l'aide publique au développement, soit beaucoup moins que ce que les donateurs se sont engagés à faire.11 Fonds des Nations Unies pour la populationInstitut démographique interdisciplinaire des Pays-BasBase de données sur les flux de ressources. Population assistance per capital, Afrique subsaharienne, 2009.http ://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience : sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar Pour faire face aux formidables défis auxquels la région est confrontée, l'action doit être immédiate et à grande échelle. Sur la base du modèle de la Commission Lancet, nous suggérons qu'un groupe d'experts du Sahel et d'institutions de recherche ailleurs dans le monde soit convoqué pour explorer et documenter les initiatives intersectorielles et évolutives nécessaires pour éviter que le Sahel (et d'autres régions les moins développées) ne soit totalement exclu de la promesse d'amélioration de la santé et du bien-être prévue dans la Commission Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Résumé Texte intégral Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Nous déclarons que nous n'avons pas d'intérêts concurrents. Para muchos países en desarrollo, las inversiones en salud han demostrado ser un gran éxito. La Comisión Lancet "Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación. Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Resumen Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar y la carta anual de Gates de 20142Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Carta anual de Gates. 3 mitos que bloquean el progreso de los pobres.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar prevé la posibilidad de una "gran convergencia" por la cual más países tendrán una tasa de mortalidad infantil tan baja como 15 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos en 20 años. Deseamos llamar la atención sobre el caso especial de los países menos adelantados, que según las pruebas actuales es probable que queden excluidos de tal convergencia. Para comenzar una discusión, nos centraremos en el Sahel (la zona semiárida de 1 millón de millas cuadradas de África que se extiende desde el Atlántico hasta el Mar Rojo), donde es probable que el choque del crecimiento demográfico excepcionalmente rápido y algunos de los efectos más duros del cambio climático tengan los mayores efectos generales sobre la salud. Las proyecciones de población que se muestran en la figura son la variante media de la División de Población de la ONU. Estas proyecciones podrían superarse a menos que se dé mucho más énfasis a la planificación familiar. Incluso suponiendo una rápida disminución en el tamaño de la familia desde el promedio actual de 7·6, la población de Níger crecerá de los 16 millones actuales a 58 millones para 2050. Este aumento es indicativo del formidable impulso demográfico en el Sahel. Más del 40% de la población es menor de 15 años. En ausencia de recortes sustanciales en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero por parte de las naciones desarrolladas, es probable que el Sahel (porque ya está muy seco) sufra algunos de los peores efectos del cambio climático, con aumentos de temperatura de hasta 5-8 ° C para 2100 (figura) .3IPCCResumen para los responsables de la formulación de políticas.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Cambio climático 2013: la base de la ciencia física. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Reino Unido2013Google Scholar Los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos serán cada vez más comunes, y es probable que el efecto del calentamiento global se sienta en muchos sectores, desde la salud hasta la agricultura. Es probable que aumenten las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. El cambio climático podría reducir los rendimientos de los cultivos en África subsahariana en un 22% para el maíz y en un 8% para la yuca.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Fuertes impactos negativos del cambio climático en la agricultura africana.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, la Universidad de California, Berkeley, CA, EE. UU., y el Instituto Africano de Política de Desarrollo, Nairobi, Kenia, organizaron una reunión internacional multidisciplinaria sobre el Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis en el Sahel: posibles soluciones y las consecuencias de la inacción. Universidad de California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Aunque reconocieron la grave amenaza que el rápido crecimiento de la población y la desertificación presentan en esta región, la reunión también identificó soluciones basadas en la evidencia, incluidas tres intervenciones clave. En primer lugar, los agricultores y pastores de subsistencia necesitan ayuda para adaptarse al cambio climático. La adaptación requerirá el desarrollo de cultivos resistentes a la sequía, métodos para abordar los patrones cambiantes de infestaciones de plagas, un mejor almacenamiento de los cultivos y una captura y almacenamiento de agua más eficientes. Un enfoque multidisciplinario y una visión a largo plazo son muy necesarios: actualmente, muchas intervenciones no se adoptan hasta que se produce una escasez visible de agua. En segundo lugar, se debe dar mayor prioridad a la planificación familiar. Se debe reunir la voluntad política para abogar por que los donantes internacionales inviertan en planificación familiar, y los gobiernos del Sahel deben ser más proactivos. Existe una necesidad insatisfecha bien documentada de planificación familiar que oscila entre el 16% y el 35% de las mujeres casadas, calculada con el compilador STAT de encuestas demográficas y de salud, pero en estas sociedades de alta fertilidad también es crucial una mayor creación de demanda. Donde la planificación familiar se ha llevado a las mujeres en sus propias comunidades, como en Bangladesh, el uso de anticonceptivos ha aumentado rápidamente, incluso entre las mujeres empobrecidas.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M El impacto de la libertad en la disminución de la fertilidad.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM Los determinantes del cambio reproductivo en Bangladesh: éxito en un entorno desafiante. El Banco Mundial, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, por ejemplo, capacitar a voluntarios de la comunidad para distribuir anticonceptivos inyectables ,8PrataN Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provisión de anticonceptivos inyectables en Etiopía a través de agentes de salud reproductiva basados en la comunidad.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar y un mayor énfasis en la esterilización quirúrgica, los dispositivos intrauterinos y los implantes, junto con el acceso a la atención integral del aborto, son esenciales. En tercer lugar, los donantes y los gobiernos deben invertir fuertemente en el empoderamiento de las mujeres. La situación de las mujeres en el Sahel es baja. El matrimonio infantil sigue siendo común, lo que aumenta la probabilidad de que una mujer tenga un embarazo temprano y disminuye sus posibilidades de llevar una vida autónoma. El embarazo en adolescentes inmaduras es una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad materna, como la fístula obstétrica.9Nuestro NM Consecuencias para la salud del matrimonio infantil en África.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promoción de la educación es una estrategia clave para reducir el matrimonio infantil y posponer el primer nacimiento. Los programas para desarrollar la capacidad mediante la educación y las microfinanzas entre las comunidades de pastores han convertido a las mujeres analfabetas pobres en líderes que ayudaron a adaptar sus comunidades a la sequía.10Coppock DI desta S texera S Gerbru G El desarrollo de capacidades ayuda a las mujeres de pastores a transformar las comunidades empobrecidas en Etiopía. Ciencia. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar En una sociedad hausa polígama en el noroeste de Nigeria, con una edad media de matrimonio de 14·6 años y donde los padres comúnmente veían la menarquia como un signo de preparación para el matrimonio, muchos padres ahora están dispuestos a retrasar los matrimonios de sus hijas si se les ofrece ayuda con las tarifas escolares y los libros. Estas tres intervenciones clave se consideran de apoyo mutuo. Aunque implican consideraciones a largo plazo, algunas, como la mejora de las prácticas agrícolas, tienen beneficios inmediatos. Los programas deben integrarse para aprovechar los efectos multiplicadores intrínsecos. Por ejemplo, educar a las niñas facilita la adopción de la planificación familiar y mejora la generación de ingresos en la familia. La investigación y la evaluación rigurosas serán esenciales para construir la base de evidencia para inversiones tan urgentemente necesarias. Es necesario llenar las lagunas sustanciales en los datos demográficos, agrícolas y de salud. Las políticas deben diseñarse para generar beneficios medibles y significativos para las poblaciones más vulnerables. Las intervenciones deben desarrollarse en un marco de derechos humanos, asegurando que los beneficios no se desvíen solo hacia aquellos con mayor capital social y político. Los países menos desarrollados, como los del Sahel, reciben el 0,9% del ingreso nacional bruto de los países industrializados en asistencia oficial para el desarrollo, mucho menos de lo que los donantes han comprometido.11Fondo de Población de las Naciones UnidasInstituto Demográfico Interdisciplinario de los Países BajosBase de datos de flujos de recursos. Population assistance per capital, África subsahariana, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in a age of economic uncertainty. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, Nueva York, NY, EE. UU. 2011Google Scholar Para enfrentar los formidables desafíos que enfrenta la región, la acción debe ser inmediata y a gran escala. Sobre la base del modelo de la Comisión Lancet, sugerimos que se convoque a un grupo de expertos del Sahel e instituciones de investigación de otras partes del mundo para explorar y documentar las iniciativas intersectoriales y escalables necesarias para evitar que el Sahel (y otras regiones menos desarrolladas) queden totalmente excluidas de la promesa de mejorar la salud y el bienestar prevista en la Comisión Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955 Resumen Texto completo Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Declaramos que no tenemos intereses en competencia. For many developing countries, investments in health have proved a great success. The Lancet Commission "Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation"1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar and the 2014 Gates annual letter2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar envision the possibility of a "grand convergence" by which more countries will have a child mortality rate as low as 15 per 1000 livebirths in 20 years time. We wish to draw attention to the special case of the least developed countries, which on present evidence are likely to be excluded from such a convergence. To start a discussion we will focus on the Sahel (the 1 million square-mile semi-arid zone of Africa stretching from the Atlantic to the Red Sea) where the clash of uniquely rapid population growth and some of the harshest effects of climate change are likely to have the greatest overall effects on health. The population projections shown in the figure are the UN Population Division's medium variant. These projections could be exceeded unless much greater emphasis is given to family planning. Even assuming rapid decreases in family size from the current average of 7·6, the population of Niger alone will grow from 16 million today to 58 million by 2050. This increase is indicative of the formidable population momentum in the Sahel. More than 40% of the population is younger than 15 years. In the absence of substantial cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by developed nations, the Sahel (because it is so dry already) is likely to suffer some of the worst effects of climate change, with temperature increases as high as 5–8°C by 2100 (figure).3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK2013Google Scholar Extreme weather events will become more common, and the effect of global warming is likely to be felt over many sectors from health to agriculture. Vector-borne diseases are likely to increase. Climate change could reduce crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa by 22% for maize, and 8% for cassava.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar In 2012, the University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, and the African Institute for Development Policy, Nairobi, Kenya, hosted a multidisciplinary international meeting on the Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel: possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Although recognising the serious threat that rapid population growth and desertification present in this region, the meeting also identified evidence-based solutions, including three key interventions. First, subsistence farmers and pastoralists need help to adapt to climate change. Adaptation will require the development of drought-resistant crops, methods to address changing patterns of pest infestations, improved crop storage, and more efficient water capture and storage. A multidisciplinary approach and a long-term vision are much needed—currently many interventions are not adopted until visible water shortages occur. Second, greater priority must be given to family planning. Political will must be garnered to advocate for international donors to invest in family planning, and Sahelian governments need to be more proactive. There is a well documented unmet need for family planning ranging from 16% to 35% of married women, calculated with the Demographic and Health Surveys STATcompiler, but in such high-fertility societies increased demand creation is also crucial. Where family planning has been brought to women in their own communities, as in Bangladesh, contraceptive use has increased rapidly, even among impoverished women.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M The impact of freedom on fertility decline.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh: success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar and increased emphasis on surgical sterilisation, intrauterine devices, and implants, together with access to comprehensive abortion care, are essential. Third, donors and governments need to invest heavily in women's empowerment. The status of women in the Sahel is low. Child marriage remains common, increasing a woman's likelihood of early pregnancy, and decreasing her chances of leading an autonomous life. Pregnancy in immature teenage girls is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, such as obstetric fistula.9Nour NM Health consequences of child marriage in Africa.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar Promotion of education is a key strategy to reduce child marriage and postpone the first birth. Programmes to build capacity by education and microfinance among pastoral communities have turned poor illiterate women into leaders who helped adapt their communities to drought.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Capacity building helps pastoral women transform impoverished communities in Ethiopia.Science. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar In a polygamous Hausa society in northwest Nigeria, with a median age of marriage of 14·6 years and where parents commonly viewed menarche as a sign of readiness for marriage, many parents are now willing to delay their daughters' marriages if offered help with school fees and books. These three key interventions are regarded as mutually supportive. Although they involve long-term considerations, some, such as improved agricultural practices, have immediate payoffs. Programmes need to be integrated so as to exploit intrinsic multiplier effects. For example, educating girls facilitates the adoption of family planning and enhances income generation in the family. Rigorous research and assessment will be essential to build the evidence base for such urgently needed investments. Substantial gaps in demographic, agricultural, and health data need to be filled. Policies need to be designed to result in measurable, meaningful benefit to the most vulnerable populations. Interventions must be developed in a human rights framework, ensuring that the benefits do not drift only toward those with the most social and political capital. Least developed countries, such as those in the Sahel, receive 0·09% of gross national income of industrialised countries in official development assistance—far less than what donors have committed.11UN Population FundNetherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic InstituteResource Flows database. Population assistance per capital, sub-Saharan Africa, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. UN Development Programme, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar To confront the formidable challenges facing the region, action must be immediate and large scale. On the basis of the model of the Lancet Commission, we suggest that a group of experts from the Sahel and research institutions elsewhere in the world should be convened to explore and document the cross-sectoral, scalable initiatives needed to avoid the Sahel (and other least developed regions) being totally excluded from the promise of improved health and welfare foreseen in the Lancet Commission.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar We declare that we have no competing interests. بالنسبة للعديد من البلدان النامية، أثبتت الاستثمارات في الصحة نجاحًا كبيرًا. لجنة لانسيت "الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google والرسالة السنوية 2014 Gates2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http:// annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar تصور إمكانية "التقارب الكبير" الذي من خلاله سيكون لدى المزيد من البلدان معدل وفيات الأطفال منخفضًا يصل إلى 15 لكل 1000 مولود حي في غضون 20 عامًا. نود أن نسترعي الانتباه إلى الحالة الخاصة لأقل البلدان نمواً، والتي من المرجح أن يتم استبعادها من هذا التقارب بناءً على الأدلة الحالية. لبدء مناقشة، سنركز على منطقة الساحل (المنطقة شبه القاحلة التي تبلغ مساحتها مليون ميل مربع في إفريقيا وتمتد من المحيط الأطلسي إلى البحر الأحمر) حيث من المرجح أن يكون لصدام النمو السكاني السريع بشكل فريد وبعض من أقسى آثار تغير المناخ أكبر الآثار الشاملة على الصحة. التوقعات السكانية الموضحة في الشكل هي المتغير المتوسط لشعبة السكان بالأمم المتحدة. يمكن تجاوز هذه التوقعات ما لم يتم التركيز بشكل أكبر على تنظيم الأسرة. حتى بافتراض الانخفاض السريع في حجم الأسرة من المتوسط الحالي البالغ 7.6، فإن عدد سكان النيجر وحده سينمو من 16 مليونًا اليوم إلى 58 مليونًا بحلول عام 2050. وتشير هذه الزيادة إلى الزخم السكاني الهائل في منطقة الساحل. أكثر من 40 ٪ من السكان تقل أعمارهم عن 15 عامًا. في غياب تخفيضات كبيرة في انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة من قبل الدول المتقدمة، من المرجح أن تعاني منطقة الساحل (لأنها جافة بالفعل) من بعض أسوأ آثار تغير المناخ، مع ارتفاع درجات الحرارة إلى 5-8 درجات مئوية بحلول عام 2100 (الشكل) .3 IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G - K Plattner M Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج، كامبريدج، المملكة المتحدة 2013 ستصبح أحداث الطقس المتطرفة لباحث جوجل أكثر شيوعًا، ومن المرجح أن يكون تأثير الاحترار العالمي ملموسًا في العديد من القطاعات من الصحة إلى الزراعة. من المرجح أن تزداد الأمراض المنقولة بالنواقل. يمكن لتغير المناخ أن يقلل من غلة المحاصيل في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بنسبة 22 ٪ للذرة، و 8 ٪ للكسافا .4 Schlenker W Lobell DB تأثيرات سلبية قوية لتغير المناخ على الزراعة الأفريقية. Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar في عام 2012، استضافت جامعة كاليفورنيا، بيركلي، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، والمعهد الأفريقي لسياسة التنمية، نيروبي، كينيا، اجتماعًا دوليًا متعدد التخصصات حول أزمة الساحل 5 بوتس إم زولو إي كاستيلو إف هندرسون سي في الساحل: الحلول الممكنة وعواقب التقاعس عن العمل. جامعة كاليفورنيا، مركز بيكسبي لصحة السكان والاستدامة، بيركلي 2013 الباحث العلمي من Google على الرغم من إدراك التهديد الخطير الذي يمثله النمو السكاني السريع والتصحر في هذه المنطقة، فقد حدد الاجتماع أيضًا حلولًا قائمة على الأدلة، بما في ذلك ثلاثة تدخلات رئيسية. أولاً، يحتاج مزارعو الكفاف والرعاة إلى المساعدة للتكيف مع تغير المناخ. سيتطلب التكيف تطوير محاصيل مقاومة للجفاف، وطرقًا لمعالجة الأنماط المتغيرة لتفشي الآفات، وتحسين تخزين المحاصيل، وجمع المياه وتخزينها بشكل أكثر كفاءة. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى نهج متعدد التخصصات ورؤية طويلة الأجل - في الوقت الحالي لا يتم اعتماد العديد من التدخلات حتى يحدث نقص واضح في المياه. ثانياً، يجب إعطاء أولوية أكبر لتنظيم الأسرة. يجب حشد الإرادة السياسية لمناصرة المانحين الدوليين للاستثمار في تنظيم الأسرة، ويجب أن تكون حكومات منطقة الساحل أكثر استباقية. هناك حاجة موثقة جيدًا غير ملباة لتنظيم الأسرة تتراوح بين 16 ٪ إلى 35 ٪ من النساء المتزوجات، محسوبة باستخدام برنامج تجميع الاستقصاءات الديموغرافية والصحية، ولكن في مثل هذه المجتمعات ذات الخصوبة العالية، يعد زيادة خلق الطلب أمرًا بالغ الأهمية أيضًا. حيث تم جلب تنظيم الأسرة للنساء في مجتمعاتهن المحلية، كما هو الحال في بنغلاديش، زاد استخدام وسائل منع الحمل بسرعة، حتى بين النساء الفقيرات .6 Campbell M Prata N Potts M تأثير الحرية على انخفاض الخصوبة .J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ؛ 39: 44-50 Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) الباحث العلمي من Google، 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM محددات التغيير الإنجابي في بنغلاديش: النجاح في بيئة صعبة. البنك الدولي، واشنطن، DC1994 تغيير مهام الباحث العلمي من Google، على سبيل المثال تدريب المتطوعين المجتمعيين على توزيع وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن، 8 براتا إن جيسو إيه كارترايت إيه فريزر توفير وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن في إثيوبيا من خلال وكلاء الصحة الإنجابية المجتمعية. منظمة الصحة العالمية. 2011 ؛ 89: 556-564 Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar وزيادة التركيز على التعقيم الجراحي والأجهزة داخل الرحم والغرسات، إلى جانب الوصول إلى الرعاية الشاملة للإجهاض، أمر ضروري. ثالثًا، تحتاج الجهات المانحة والحكومات إلى الاستثمار بكثافة في تمكين المرأة. وضع المرأة في منطقة الساحل منخفض. لا يزال زواج الأطفال شائعًا، مما يزيد من احتمال الحمل المبكر للمرأة، ويقلل من فرصها في العيش حياة مستقلة. يعد الحمل لدى الفتيات المراهقات غير الناضجات سببًا رئيسيًا لوفيات الأمهات واعتلالهن، مثل ناسور الولادة .9 ولا عواقب صحية لزواج الأطفال في أفريقيا .العدوى الطارئة. 2006 ؛ 11: 1644-1649 Crossref Scopus (245) يعد ترويج الباحث العلمي من Google للتعليم استراتيجية رئيسية للحد من زواج الأطفال وتأجيل الولادة الأولى. أدت برامج بناء القدرات من خلال التعليم والتمويل الأصغر بين المجتمعات الرعوية إلى تحويل النساء الأميات الفقيرات إلى قادة ساعدوا في تكييف مجتمعاتهن مع الجفاف .10 يساعد بناء القدرات النساء الرعويات على تحويل المجتمعات الفقيرة في إثيوبيا .العلوم. 2011 ؛ 334: 1394-1397 كروسريف بوبد سكوبس (40) الباحث العلمي من غوغل في مجتمع هوسا متعدد الزوجات في شمال غرب نيجيريا، بمتوسط عمر زواج يبلغ 14·6 سنوات وحيث ينظر الآباء عادة إلى الحيض على أنه علامة على الاستعداد للزواج، فإن العديد من الآباء على استعداد الآن لتأخير زواج بناتهم إذا عرضت عليهم المساعدة في الرسوم المدرسية والكتب. تعتبر هذه التدخلات الرئيسية الثلاثة داعمة لبعضها البعض. على الرغم من أنها تنطوي على اعتبارات طويلة الأجل، إلا أن بعضها، مثل الممارسات الزراعية المحسنة، يحصل على مكافآت فورية. يجب دمج البرامج من أجل استغلال التأثيرات المضاعفة الجوهرية. على سبيل المثال، يسهل تعليم الفتيات اعتماد تنظيم الأسرة ويعزز توليد الدخل في الأسرة. سيكون البحث والتقييم الدقيقان ضروريين لبناء قاعدة الأدلة لمثل هذه الاستثمارات المطلوبة بشكل عاجل. يجب سد الثغرات الكبيرة في البيانات الديموغرافية والزراعية والصحية. يجب تصميم السياسات بحيث تؤدي إلى فائدة قابلة للقياس وذات مغزى للفئات السكانية الأكثر ضعفاً. يجب تطوير التدخلات في إطار حقوق الإنسان، مع ضمان عدم انحراف الفوائد فقط نحو أولئك الذين لديهم أكبر قدر من رأس المال الاجتماعي والسياسي. تتلقى أقل البلدان نمواً، مثل تلك الموجودة في منطقة الساحل، 0·09 ٪ من الدخل القومي الإجمالي للبلدان الصناعية في المساعدة الإنمائية الرسمية - أقل بكثير مما التزم به المانحون .11 صندوق الأمم المتحدة للسكانالمعهد الديمغرافي الهولندي متعدد التخصصاتقاعدة بيانات تدفقات الموارد. المساعدة السكانية لكل رأس مال، أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar، 12 مكتب برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للسياسات الإنمائية نحو المرونة البشرية: الحفاظ على التقدم المحرز في الأهداف الإنمائية للألفية في عصر عدم اليقين الاقتصادي. برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي، نيويورك، نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية2011 الباحث العلمي من Google لمواجهة التحديات الهائلة التي تواجه المنطقة، يجب أن يكون العمل فوريًا وعلى نطاق واسع. على أساس نموذج لجنة لانسيت، نقترح عقد اجتماع لمجموعة من الخبراء من منطقة الساحل والمؤسسات البحثية في أماكن أخرى من العالم لاستكشاف وتوثيق المبادرات الشاملة لعدة قطاعات والقابلة للتطوير اللازمة لتجنب استبعاد منطقة الساحل (وغيرها من المناطق الأقل نمواً) تمامًا من الوعد بتحسين الصحة والرفاهية المتوقع في لجنة لانسيت. 1 جيمسون دي تي سمرز إل إتش ألين جي وآخرون. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. لانسيت. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google نعلن أنه ليس لدينا مصالح متنافسة.
University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2014Full-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4653r1zkData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2014Data sources: eScholarship - University of CaliforniaeScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2014Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2021Publisher:Elsevier BV A. James; Simon Jayaraj; Murugesan Mohanraj; Arun K. Raj; M. Srinivas;Abstract The present work attempts to devise an efficient method utilizing an on-grid photovoltaic-thermal heat pump water heater (PV-THPWH) integrated with a real-time variable frequency controller to achieve the goal of energy-efficient buildings. The prime focus is to reduce the grid's dependence on the compressor's energy-intensive operation by employing a feedback-controlled variable frequency drive (VFD). Additionally, the possibilities involved with addressing the electrical and thermal energy requirements of an energy-efficient building was investigated utilizing the proposed system. R-32 refrigerant in the photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) evaporator coils of the heat pump assembly help to cool the photovoltaic (PV) panel while delivering the absorbed heat in the condenser to heat water contained inside the storage tank. Outdoor experiments and theoretical investigations of the combined system were carried out to appraise the dynamic behavior under varying solar irradiation and ambient temperature conditions. The observations conveyed that the PV-THPWH system succeeded in reducing the PV panel operating temperature by 25%, which resulted in a 20% increment in PV power output. Also, the performance indicators, such as the instantaneous energy efficiency and instantaneous PV efficiency, were found to increase by 15% and 34%, respectively, resulting in an average coefficient of performance of 6.4. For a clear sky day, the recorded total PV energy output was 4.67 units, while the VFD compressor consumption was 3.42 units, and the surplus 1.25 units were sent to the grid. Furthermore, the economic analysis reported a payback period of 2.3 years for the developed PV-THPWH system.
Sustainable Energy T... arrow_drop_down Sustainable Energy Technologies and AssessmentsArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu7 citations 7 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Sustainable Energy T... arrow_drop_down Sustainable Energy Technologies and AssessmentsArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2008 AustraliaPublisher:Elsevier BV Jatmiko; K. Fifield; P. Hadi; Jian-xin Zhao; Thomas Sutikna; Kira E. Westaway; H. Allen; R. P. Soejono; R. Awe Due; Dwi Yani Yuniawati; Mark W. Moore; Michael J Morwood; Michael J Morwood; E. W. Saptomo; Chris S. M. Turney;handle: 1885/53572
Song Gupuh, a partially collapsed cave in the Gunung Sewu Limestones of East Java, Indonesia, contains over 16 m of deposits with a faunal sequence spanning some 70 ka. Major changes in the range of animals represented show the impact of climate change and humans. The Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene was a period of maximum biodiversity. Human use of Song Gupuh and other cave sites in the region also intensified significantly from ca. 12 ka, together with a new focus on exploitation of small-bodied species (macaque monkeys and molluscs), the first evidence for import of resources from the coast, and use of bone and shell tools. Human activity, especially after the onset of the Neolithic around 2.6 ka, subsequently contributed to a progressive loss of many species from the area, including tapir, elephant, Malayan bear, rhino and tiger, and this extinction process is continuing. We conclude by discussing the biogeographical significance of Song Gupuh in the context of other sites in Java (e.g. Punung, Wajak) and further afield (e.g. Liang Bua).
Australian National ... arrow_drop_down Australian National University: ANU Digital CollectionsArticleFull-Text: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/53572Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Journal of Archaeological ScienceArticle . 2008 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: CrossrefThe University of Queensland: UQ eSpaceArticle . 2008Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)University of Wollongong, Australia: Research OnlineArticle . 2008Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen bronze 50 citations 50 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Australian National ... arrow_drop_down Australian National University: ANU Digital CollectionsArticleFull-Text: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/53572Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Journal of Archaeological ScienceArticle . 2008 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: CrossrefThe University of Queensland: UQ eSpaceArticle . 2008Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)University of Wollongong, Australia: Research OnlineArticle . 2008Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2015Publisher:Elsevier BV Leslie Prufert-Bebout; Carley Corrado; Katie L. Hellier; Cécile E. Mioni; Jordan J. Allen; Erich E. Fleming; Brad M. Bebout; Angela M. Detweiler; Sue A. Carter;Abstract Large-scale cultivation of microalgal biomass in open systems can benefit from the low cost of using natural sunlight, as opposed to artificial light, but may encounter problems with photoinhibition, high evaporation rates, potential contamination and high energy demand. Wavelength selective luminescent solar concentrator (LSC) panels can solve some of these problems when incorporated into low-cost sheltered structures for algal biomass production that concurrently produce their own electricity by harnessing select portions of solar energy, not used for algal growth. The LSC panels in this study contained a fluorescent dye, Lumogen Red 305, which transmits blue and red wavelengths used for photosynthesis with high efficiency, while absorbing the green wavelengths and re-emitting them as red wavelengths. The fluorescently generated red wavelengths are either transmitted to boost algal growth, or waveguided and captured by photovoltaic cells to be converted into electricity. We found that different strains of microalgae (currently used commercially) grew equally well under the altered spectral conditions created by the luminescent panels, compared to growth under the full solar spectrum. Thus this technology presents a new approach wherein algae can be grown under protected, controlled conditions, while the cost of operations is offset by the structure's internal electrical production, without any loss to algal growth rate or achievable biomass density.
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu55 citations 55 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 1984Publisher:Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Authors: R.B. Chen; E.Y. Chen;doi: 10.2118/11509-pa
Summary Monitoring of microbial corrosion is always difficult because of the sessile nature of bacteria and the lack of meaningful correlation between routine bacteria counts and bacterial activity. This problem is further aggravated in a large oilfield water system because of size and sampling difficulties. This paper discusses some monitoring techniques currently used in the oil industry, their limitations, and possible areas for improvement. These improved techniques are in use or will be implemented in the Aramco systems. Introduction Microbial corrosion has caused some failures in seawater injection systems. Whether or not microbial corrosion represents a major corrosion mechanism in the oilfield water system is a controversial question. However, it has certainly become a major concern in recent years. There are two approaches in dealing with microbial corrosion problems in a large oilfield water system. One approach is to start treating the system with bactericide in conjunction with regular scraping when the system is commissioned. The other is to treat the system only when an impending microbial-related problem is clearly defined. in either case, monitoring of microbial corrosion is essential. The first approach is more or less a precautionary measure. The treatment and selection of bactericides is usually based on past experience and laboratory evaluation tests. While the treatment is being implemented, a reliable monitoring program could assess the effectiveness of the current program of microbial corrosion control. In the second case, monitoring of microbial corrosion is even more important. it would provide timely information toward implementation of a treatment program before the system could get out of control. The industry's awareness of microbial corrosion has been indicated by the number of papers published in recent years on this subject. These articles cover a wide spectrum of interest from fundamental corrosion mechanisms to case studies, detection methods, control measures, etc. Although it is not clear to what extent microorganisms are responsible for the observed field corrosion failures, the general consensus still favors early establishment of a routine microbial corrosion monitoring program. The best approach seems to he the establishment of solid baseline data for the system after which any significant future deviation can be interpreted as a sign of a potential problem. The following sections describe the current methods used for routine monitoring, specifically for Aramco's large oilfield water systems. The limitations of these methods, the difficulties encountered, and some suggested studies for modification and improvement are discussed also. Current Monitoring Methods The methods currently used by Aramco can be categorized as (l) cell counts in water, (2) metal surface examination, (3) scraping solids analysis, (4) water quality analysis, and (5) evaluation of current bactericide treatment. Cell Counts in Water. These are used to detect bacterial organisms and their concentrations. it is recognized that confirmation of free-flowing bacteria in the water does not automatically mean trouble. However, if bacteria counts demonstrate a definite increase across the system, or over a period of time, the odds are that bacteria are active and working on the metal somewhere in the system. Cell counts routinely monitored include sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), general aerobic bacteria (OAB), iron bacteria, and others. SRB are widely recognized to he primarily responsible for bacteria-induced corrosion in an anaerobic environment. Depending on the nature of the sample to be tested and the types of problems encountered (or expected) in the field, one or several different enumeration techniques are employed. For field work, the method generally used by Aramco is culturing of samples in liquid growth media specifically designed for detecting a certain group of organisms. These laboratory media are prepared using the appropriate field water as a base, with addition of general growth nutrients for the organisms. The use of field water to prepare the media provides a water composition similar to that in which the bacteria originated. The media are supplemented with other ingredients to create an environment conducive to growth of certain bacteria (e.g., certain reducing agents have to he added into the SRB media). The media then are dispensed into serum vials at exactly 9 mL [9 cm3] each and sealed with rubber stoppers and aluminum seals. JPT P. 1171
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You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu7 citations 7 popularity Average influence Top 10% impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 1999Publisher:Elsevier BV Authors: G. P. Mercier; Yogesh Jaluria;An experimental study on the flow and heat transfer in open vertical enclosures, representing elevator shafts, warehouses, and atriums, due to a building fire is carried out, using a scale model. Smoke and hot gases are injected into the enclosure at a lower opening and the resulting downstream flow and temperature fields are studied. The inlet temperature and flow rate of the hot gases are varied over wide ranges to simulate the flow due to fire in multi-leveled buildings with vertical open shafts or atriums under natural ventilation. The conditions at the outlet, which is located on the same wall as the inlet, are also monitored to determine the effects of entrainment into the flow and heat transfer to the walls. Typical values of the operating conditions have been investigated, ranging from high buoyancy levels, for which the flow stays close to the vertical wall of the enclosure, to much lower levels, at which the flow enters the enclosure with a significant flow velocity and spreads outward very quickly. With increasing temperature at the inlet, the buoyancy effect is larger, resulting in higher velocities and shorter time to reach the top. The measured temperature at the outlet depends on heat transfer to the walls as well as on the flow velocity. Detailed measurements of the velocity and temperature fields have also been taken. It is found that a wall plume is generated which conveys the hot fluid rapidly along the vertical wall containing the inlet and the outlet. A recirculating flow arises away from this wall and this flow affects the heat transfer and flow in the wall plume. This feature, in turn, affects the entrainment into the flow, decay of the temperature level and the evolution of mean flow. Therefore, horizontally uniform conditions cannot be assumed here, as employed in several studies of tall enclosures. The wall plume has to be modeled in this case, considering the entrainment into the boundary layer flow and the effect of the recirculating flow.
Experimental Thermal... arrow_drop_down Experimental Thermal and Fluid ScienceArticle . 1999 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/s0894-1777(99)00012-6&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu36 citations 36 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Experimental Thermal... arrow_drop_down Experimental Thermal and Fluid ScienceArticle . 1999 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/s0894-1777(99)00012-6&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2019 Italy, SwitzerlandPublisher:Elsevier BV Lobaccaro G.; Croce S.; Lindkvist C.; Munari Probst M. C.; Scognamiglio A.; Dahlberg J.; Lundgren M.; Wall M.;handle: 11250/2635473 , 11577/3371722
Abstract This work, framed in the IEA SHC Task 51 “Solar Energy in Urban Planning”, presents an illustrative perspective of solar energy in urban planning through the analysis of 34 international case studies conducted in 10 countries. The aim here is to examine challenges, barriers and opportunities for active solar systems and passive solar strategies by taking into consideration interrelated technical and non-technical aspects in ongoing and completed projects. It focuses on exposing potential pitfalls and illustrating lessons learned in case studies divided into three categories: (i) existing urban areas, (ii) new urban areas, and (iii) solar landscapes. The analysis has yielded insights into the solar energy strategy adoption, the evaluation of solar energy production, solar irradiation and daylighting, and the architectural quality, sensitivity and visibility of the solar systems for urban planning. The outcomes have implications to stimulate successful practices in implementing solar strategies in urban planning and facilitating their replicability worldwide by avoiding common mistakes.
Renewable and Sustai... arrow_drop_down Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.041&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 93 citations 93 popularity Top 1% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Renewable and Sustai... arrow_drop_down Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsArticle . 2019 . Peer-reviewedLicense: CC BYData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.041&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2017 ItalyPublisher:Elsevier BV Funded by:EC | MefCO2EC| MefCO2Authors: Bellotti, D.; Rivarolo, M.; Magistri, L.; Massardo, A. F.;handle: 11567/893436
Abstract This paper aims to present a feasibility study of the innovative plant for methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide-sequestered by fossil fuel power plant and hydrogen, which is produced by water electrolyzer employing the over-production on the electrical grid. The thermo-economic analysis is performed in the framework of the MefCO2 H2020 EU project and it is referred to the German economic scenario, properly taking into account the real market costs and cost functions for different components of the plant. Three different plant capacities for methanol production (4000 10,000 and 50,000 ton/year) have been investigated, assuming an average cost for electrical energy to feed electrolysers and analyzing the influence of the most significant parameters (oxygen selling option, methanol selling price and electrolysers’ capital cost) on the profitability of the plant. The analysis has been performed in W-ECoMP, software for the thermo-economic analysis and plant optimization developed by the University of Genoa.
Journal of CO2 Utili... arrow_drop_down Journal of CO2 UtilizationArticle . 2017 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jcou.2017.07.001&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu181 citations 181 popularity Top 1% influence Top 10% impulse Top 1% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Journal of CO2 Utili... arrow_drop_down Journal of CO2 UtilizationArticle . 2017 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.jcou.2017.07.001&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2020 GermanyPublisher:Elsevier BV Keles, Dogan; Dehler-Holland, Joris; Densing, Martin; Panos, Evangelos; Hack, Felix;Abstract Electricity markets in Europe become increasingly interconnected due to new grid connections and market coupling regulations. This paper examines the interdependencies between the Swiss electricity market and those of neighbouring countries. The Swiss market serves as a good example for a smaller electricity market which is increasingly affected by developments in the large neighbouring countries. To study these cross-border effects, especially those on Swiss electricity prices, we apply two different methodologies, an econometric and a Nash-Cournot equilibrium model. The analyses show that the Swiss electricity price correlates strongly with the German electricity price in the summer, but tends to follow the French electricity price in the winter. Another finding is that gas prices and the electricity load of neighbouring countries have a significant influence on prices. In particular, the load of France and Italy is driving up Swiss prices in the winter, while the German electricity demand and renewable energy generation have a larger influence on Swiss prices in the summer.
KITopen (Karlsruhe I... arrow_drop_down KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie)Article . 2020License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104802&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen hybrid 28 citations 28 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert KITopen (Karlsruhe I... arrow_drop_down KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie)Article . 2020License: CC BY NC NDData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104802&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Research , Preprint 2004Publisher:Elsevier BV Authors: Snorre Kverndokk; Knut Einar Rosendahl; Knut Einar Rosendahl; Thomas F. Rutherford;doi: 10.2139/ssrn.519344
We study the role of technology subsidies in climate policies, using a simple dynamic equilibrium model with learning-by-doing. The optimal subsidy rate of a carbon-free technology is high when the technology is first adopted, but falls significantly over the next decades. However, the efficiency costs of uniform instead of optimal subsidies, may be low if there are introduction or expansion constraints for a new technology. Finally, supporting existing energy technologies only, may lead to technology lock-in, and the impacts of lock-in increase with the learning potential of new technologies as well as the possibilities for early entry and thight carbon constraints.
Research Papers in E... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.2139/ssrn.519344&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess Routesbronze 5 citations 5 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert Research Papers in E... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.All Research productsarrow_drop_down <script type="text/javascript"> <!-- document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>'); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://beta.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.2139/ssrn.519344&type=result"></script>'); --> </script>
For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Other literature type , Journal 2014 United StatesPublisher:Elsevier BV Martha Campbell; John B. Casterline; Federico Castillo; Alisha Graves; Thomas L. Hall; John F. May; Daniel Perlman; Malcolm Potts; J. Joseph Speidel; Julia Walsh; Michael Wehner; Eliya M. Zulu;Pour de nombreux pays en développement, les investissements dans la santé ont été un grand succès. The Lancet Commission « Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation »1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Sommaire Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar et la lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates2 Lettre annuelle 2014 de Gates de Bill et Melinda Gates. 3 mythes qui bloquent le progrès pour les pauvres.http ://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar envisage la possibilité d'une « grande convergence » par laquelle plus de pays auront un taux de mortalité infantile aussi bas que 15 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes dans 20 ans. Nous souhaitons attirer l'attention sur le cas particulier des pays les moins avancés, qui, selon les données actuelles, sont susceptibles d'être exclus d'une telle convergence. Pour commencer une discussion, nous nous concentrerons sur le Sahel (la zone semi-aride d'un million de milles carrés de l'Afrique s'étendant de l'Atlantique à la mer Rouge) où le choc de la croissance démographique particulièrement rapide et certains des effets les plus sévères du changement climatique sont susceptibles d'avoir les effets globaux les plus importants sur la santé. Les projections démographiques présentées dans la figure sont la variante moyenne de la Division de la population des Nations Unies. Ces projections pourraient être dépassées à moins qu'une plus grande importance ne soit accordée à la planification familiale. Même en supposant une diminution rapide de la taille des familles par rapport à la moyenne actuelle de 7,6, la population du Niger passera à elle seule de 16 millions aujourd'hui à 58 millions d'ici 2050. Cette augmentation est révélatrice de la formidable dynamique démographique au Sahel. Plus de 40 % de la population a moins de 15 ans. En l'absence de réductions substantielles des émissions de gaz à effet de serre par les pays développés, le Sahel (parce qu'il est déjà si sec) est susceptible de subir certains des pires effets du changement climatique, avec des augmentations de température allant jusqu'à 5-8 ° C d'ici 2100 (figure) .3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in : Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Royaume-Uni2013Google Scholar Les événements météorologiques extrêmes deviendront plus fréquents et l'effet du réchauffement climatique se fera probablement sentir dans de nombreux secteurs, de la santé à l'agriculture. Les maladies à transmission vectorielle sont susceptibles d'augmenter. Le changement climatique pourrait réduire les rendements des cultures en Afrique subsaharienne de 22 % pour le maïs et de 8 % pour le manioc.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Impacts négatifs robustes du changement climatique sur l'agriculture africaine.Environ Res Lett. 2010 ; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, l'Université de Californie, Berkeley, CA, États-Unis, et l'Institut africain pour la politique de développement, Nairobi, Kenya, ont organisé une réunion internationale multidisciplinaire sur le Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel : possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Bien que reconnaissant la grave menace que représentent la croissance démographique rapide et la désertification dans cette région, la réunion a également identifié des solutions fondées sur des preuves, y compris trois interventions clés. Tout d'abord, les agriculteurs de subsistance et les éleveurs ont besoin d'aide pour s'adapter au changement climatique. L'adaptation nécessitera le développement de cultures résistantes à la sécheresse, des méthodes pour faire face à l'évolution des infestations de ravageurs, un meilleur stockage des cultures et une capture et un stockage plus efficaces de l'eau. Une approche multidisciplinaire et une vision à long terme sont indispensables - actuellement, de nombreuses interventions ne sont pas adoptées tant que des pénuries d'eau visibles ne se produisent pas. Deuxièmement, une plus grande priorité doit être accordée à la planification familiale. Il faut mobiliser la volonté politique pour inciter les donateurs internationaux à investir dans la planification familiale, et les gouvernements sahéliens doivent être plus proactifs. Il existe un besoin non satisfait bien documenté de planification familiale allant de 16 % à 35 % des femmes mariées, calculé avec le STATcompiler des enquêtes démographiques et de santé, mais dans ces sociétés à fécondité élevée, une création accrue de la demande est également cruciale. Là où la planification familiale a été apportée aux femmes dans leurs propres communautés, comme au Bangladesh, l'utilisation de contraceptifs a augmenté rapidement, même chez les femmes pauvres.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M L'impact de la liberté sur le déclin de la fécondité.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh : success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011 ; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar et l'accent accru sur la stérilisation chirurgicale, les dispositifs intra-utérins et les implants, ainsi que l'accès à des soins complets en matière d'avortement, sont essentiels. Troisièmement, les donateurs et les gouvernements doivent investir massivement dans l'autonomisation des femmes. Le statut des femmes au Sahel est faible. Le mariage des enfants reste courant, ce qui augmente la probabilité d'une grossesse précoce pour une femme et diminue ses chances de mener une vie autonome. La grossesse chez les adolescentes immatures est une cause majeure de mortalité et de morbidité maternelles, telles que la fistule obstétricale.9Nour NM Conséquences sanitaires du mariage des enfants en Afrique.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006 ; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promotion de l'éducation est une stratégie clé pour réduire le mariage des enfants et reporter la première naissance. Les programmes de renforcement des capacités par l'éducation et la microfinance parmi les communautés pastorales ont transformé les femmes illettrées pauvres en leaders qui ont aidé à adapter leurs communautés à la sécheresse.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Le renforcement des capacités aide les femmes pastorales à transformer les communautés appauvries en Éthiopie.Science. 2011 ; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar Dans une société Haoussa polygame du nord-ouest du Nigeria, avec un âge médian de mariage de 14·6 ans et où les parents considéraient généralement les démarches ménagères comme un signe de préparation au mariage, de nombreux parents sont maintenant prêts à retarder le mariage de leurs filles si on leur propose de l'aide pour les frais de scolarité et les livres. Ces trois interventions clés sont considérées comme se renforçant mutuellement. Bien qu'elles impliquent des considérations à long terme, certaines, telles que l'amélioration des pratiques agricoles, ont des retombées immédiates. Les programmes doivent être intégrés de manière à exploiter les effets multiplicateurs intrinsèques. Par exemple, l'éducation des filles facilite l'adoption de la planification familiale et améliore la génération de revenus dans la famille. Une recherche et une évaluation rigoureuses seront essentielles pour constituer la base de données probantes pour ces investissements urgents. Des lacunes importantes dans les données démographiques, agricoles et sanitaires doivent être comblées. Les politiques doivent être conçues de manière à apporter des avantages mesurables et significatifs aux populations les plus vulnérables. Les interventions doivent être développées dans un cadre de droits de l'homme, en veillant à ce que les avantages ne dérivent pas uniquement vers ceux qui ont le plus de capital social et politique. Les pays les moins avancés, tels que ceux du Sahel, reçoivent 0,9 % du revenu national brut des pays industrialisés au titre de l'aide publique au développement, soit beaucoup moins que ce que les donateurs se sont engagés à faire.11 Fonds des Nations Unies pour la populationInstitut démographique interdisciplinaire des Pays-BasBase de données sur les flux de ressources. Population assistance per capital, Afrique subsaharienne, 2009.http ://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience : sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar Pour faire face aux formidables défis auxquels la région est confrontée, l'action doit être immédiate et à grande échelle. Sur la base du modèle de la Commission Lancet, nous suggérons qu'un groupe d'experts du Sahel et d'institutions de recherche ailleurs dans le monde soit convoqué pour explorer et documenter les initiatives intersectorielles et évolutives nécessaires pour éviter que le Sahel (et d'autres régions les moins développées) ne soit totalement exclu de la promesse d'amélioration de la santé et du bien-être prévue dans la Commission Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035 : a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013 ; 382: 1898-1955Résumé Texte intégral Texte intégral PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Nous déclarons que nous n'avons pas d'intérêts concurrents. Para muchos países en desarrollo, las inversiones en salud han demostrado ser un gran éxito. La Comisión Lancet "Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. Salud global 2035: un mundo convergente dentro de una generación. Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Resumen Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar y la carta anual de Gates de 20142Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Carta anual de Gates. 3 mitos que bloquean el progreso de los pobres.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section = homeGoogle Scholar prevé la posibilidad de una "gran convergencia" por la cual más países tendrán una tasa de mortalidad infantil tan baja como 15 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos en 20 años. Deseamos llamar la atención sobre el caso especial de los países menos adelantados, que según las pruebas actuales es probable que queden excluidos de tal convergencia. Para comenzar una discusión, nos centraremos en el Sahel (la zona semiárida de 1 millón de millas cuadradas de África que se extiende desde el Atlántico hasta el Mar Rojo), donde es probable que el choque del crecimiento demográfico excepcionalmente rápido y algunos de los efectos más duros del cambio climático tengan los mayores efectos generales sobre la salud. Las proyecciones de población que se muestran en la figura son la variante media de la División de Población de la ONU. Estas proyecciones podrían superarse a menos que se dé mucho más énfasis a la planificación familiar. Incluso suponiendo una rápida disminución en el tamaño de la familia desde el promedio actual de 7·6, la población de Níger crecerá de los 16 millones actuales a 58 millones para 2050. Este aumento es indicativo del formidable impulso demográfico en el Sahel. Más del 40% de la población es menor de 15 años. En ausencia de recortes sustanciales en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero por parte de las naciones desarrolladas, es probable que el Sahel (porque ya está muy seco) sufra algunos de los peores efectos del cambio climático, con aumentos de temperatura de hasta 5-8 ° C para 2100 (figura) .3IPCCResumen para los responsables de la formulación de políticas.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Cambio climático 2013: la base de la ciencia física. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Reino Unido2013Google Scholar Los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos serán cada vez más comunes, y es probable que el efecto del calentamiento global se sienta en muchos sectores, desde la salud hasta la agricultura. Es probable que aumenten las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores. El cambio climático podría reducir los rendimientos de los cultivos en África subsahariana en un 22% para el maíz y en un 8% para la yuca.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Fuertes impactos negativos del cambio climático en la agricultura africana.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar En 2012, la Universidad de California, Berkeley, CA, EE. UU., y el Instituto Africano de Política de Desarrollo, Nairobi, Kenia, organizaron una reunión internacional multidisciplinaria sobre el Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis en el Sahel: posibles soluciones y las consecuencias de la inacción. Universidad de California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Aunque reconocieron la grave amenaza que el rápido crecimiento de la población y la desertificación presentan en esta región, la reunión también identificó soluciones basadas en la evidencia, incluidas tres intervenciones clave. En primer lugar, los agricultores y pastores de subsistencia necesitan ayuda para adaptarse al cambio climático. La adaptación requerirá el desarrollo de cultivos resistentes a la sequía, métodos para abordar los patrones cambiantes de infestaciones de plagas, un mejor almacenamiento de los cultivos y una captura y almacenamiento de agua más eficientes. Un enfoque multidisciplinario y una visión a largo plazo son muy necesarios: actualmente, muchas intervenciones no se adoptan hasta que se produce una escasez visible de agua. En segundo lugar, se debe dar mayor prioridad a la planificación familiar. Se debe reunir la voluntad política para abogar por que los donantes internacionales inviertan en planificación familiar, y los gobiernos del Sahel deben ser más proactivos. Existe una necesidad insatisfecha bien documentada de planificación familiar que oscila entre el 16% y el 35% de las mujeres casadas, calculada con el compilador STAT de encuestas demográficas y de salud, pero en estas sociedades de alta fertilidad también es crucial una mayor creación de demanda. Donde la planificación familiar se ha llevado a las mujeres en sus propias comunidades, como en Bangladesh, el uso de anticonceptivos ha aumentado rápidamente, incluso entre las mujeres empobrecidas.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M El impacto de la libertad en la disminución de la fertilidad.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM Los determinantes del cambio reproductivo en Bangladesh: éxito en un entorno desafiante. El Banco Mundial, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, por ejemplo, capacitar a voluntarios de la comunidad para distribuir anticonceptivos inyectables ,8PrataN Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provisión de anticonceptivos inyectables en Etiopía a través de agentes de salud reproductiva basados en la comunidad.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar y un mayor énfasis en la esterilización quirúrgica, los dispositivos intrauterinos y los implantes, junto con el acceso a la atención integral del aborto, son esenciales. En tercer lugar, los donantes y los gobiernos deben invertir fuertemente en el empoderamiento de las mujeres. La situación de las mujeres en el Sahel es baja. El matrimonio infantil sigue siendo común, lo que aumenta la probabilidad de que una mujer tenga un embarazo temprano y disminuye sus posibilidades de llevar una vida autónoma. El embarazo en adolescentes inmaduras es una causa importante de mortalidad y morbilidad materna, como la fístula obstétrica.9Nuestro NM Consecuencias para la salud del matrimonio infantil en África.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar La promoción de la educación es una estrategia clave para reducir el matrimonio infantil y posponer el primer nacimiento. Los programas para desarrollar la capacidad mediante la educación y las microfinanzas entre las comunidades de pastores han convertido a las mujeres analfabetas pobres en líderes que ayudaron a adaptar sus comunidades a la sequía.10Coppock DI desta S texera S Gerbru G El desarrollo de capacidades ayuda a las mujeres de pastores a transformar las comunidades empobrecidas en Etiopía. Ciencia. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar En una sociedad hausa polígama en el noroeste de Nigeria, con una edad media de matrimonio de 14·6 años y donde los padres comúnmente veían la menarquia como un signo de preparación para el matrimonio, muchos padres ahora están dispuestos a retrasar los matrimonios de sus hijas si se les ofrece ayuda con las tarifas escolares y los libros. Estas tres intervenciones clave se consideran de apoyo mutuo. Aunque implican consideraciones a largo plazo, algunas, como la mejora de las prácticas agrícolas, tienen beneficios inmediatos. Los programas deben integrarse para aprovechar los efectos multiplicadores intrínsecos. Por ejemplo, educar a las niñas facilita la adopción de la planificación familiar y mejora la generación de ingresos en la familia. La investigación y la evaluación rigurosas serán esenciales para construir la base de evidencia para inversiones tan urgentemente necesarias. Es necesario llenar las lagunas sustanciales en los datos demográficos, agrícolas y de salud. Las políticas deben diseñarse para generar beneficios medibles y significativos para las poblaciones más vulnerables. Las intervenciones deben desarrollarse en un marco de derechos humanos, asegurando que los beneficios no se desvíen solo hacia aquellos con mayor capital social y político. Los países menos desarrollados, como los del Sahel, reciben el 0,9% del ingreso nacional bruto de los países industrializados en asistencia oficial para el desarrollo, mucho menos de lo que los donantes han comprometido.11Fondo de Población de las Naciones UnidasInstituto Demográfico Interdisciplinario de los Países BajosBase de datos de flujos de recursos. Population assistance per capital, África subsahariana, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in a age of economic uncertainty. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, Nueva York, NY, EE. UU. 2011Google Scholar Para enfrentar los formidables desafíos que enfrenta la región, la acción debe ser inmediata y a gran escala. Sobre la base del modelo de la Comisión Lancet, sugerimos que se convoque a un grupo de expertos del Sahel e instituciones de investigación de otras partes del mundo para explorar y documentar las iniciativas intersectoriales y escalables necesarias para evitar que el Sahel (y otras regiones menos desarrolladas) queden totalmente excluidas de la promesa de mejorar la salud y el bienestar prevista en la Comisión Lancet.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955 Resumen Texto completo Texto completo PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar Declaramos que no tenemos intereses en competencia. For many developing countries, investments in health have proved a great success. The Lancet Commission "Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation"1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar and the 2014 Gates annual letter2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http://annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar envision the possibility of a "grand convergence" by which more countries will have a child mortality rate as low as 15 per 1000 livebirths in 20 years time. We wish to draw attention to the special case of the least developed countries, which on present evidence are likely to be excluded from such a convergence. To start a discussion we will focus on the Sahel (the 1 million square-mile semi-arid zone of Africa stretching from the Atlantic to the Red Sea) where the clash of uniquely rapid population growth and some of the harshest effects of climate change are likely to have the greatest overall effects on health. The population projections shown in the figure are the UN Population Division's medium variant. These projections could be exceeded unless much greater emphasis is given to family planning. Even assuming rapid decreases in family size from the current average of 7·6, the population of Niger alone will grow from 16 million today to 58 million by 2050. This increase is indicative of the formidable population momentum in the Sahel. More than 40% of the population is younger than 15 years. In the absence of substantial cuts in greenhouse gas emissions by developed nations, the Sahel (because it is so dry already) is likely to suffer some of the worst effects of climate change, with temperature increases as high as 5–8°C by 2100 (figure).3IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G-K Plattner M Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK2013Google Scholar Extreme weather events will become more common, and the effect of global warming is likely to be felt over many sectors from health to agriculture. Vector-borne diseases are likely to increase. Climate change could reduce crop yields in sub-Saharan Africa by 22% for maize, and 8% for cassava.4Schlenker W Lobell DB Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture.Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar In 2012, the University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, and the African Institute for Development Policy, Nairobi, Kenya, hosted a multidisciplinary international meeting on the Sahel.5Potts M Zulu E Castillo F Henderson C Crisis in the Sahel: possible solutions and the consequences of inaction. University of California, Bixby Center for Population Health and Sustainability, Berkeley2013Google Scholar Although recognising the serious threat that rapid population growth and desertification present in this region, the meeting also identified evidence-based solutions, including three key interventions. First, subsistence farmers and pastoralists need help to adapt to climate change. Adaptation will require the development of drought-resistant crops, methods to address changing patterns of pest infestations, improved crop storage, and more efficient water capture and storage. A multidisciplinary approach and a long-term vision are much needed—currently many interventions are not adopted until visible water shortages occur. Second, greater priority must be given to family planning. Political will must be garnered to advocate for international donors to invest in family planning, and Sahelian governments need to be more proactive. There is a well documented unmet need for family planning ranging from 16% to 35% of married women, calculated with the Demographic and Health Surveys STATcompiler, but in such high-fertility societies increased demand creation is also crucial. Where family planning has been brought to women in their own communities, as in Bangladesh, contraceptive use has increased rapidly, even among impoverished women.6Campbell M Prata N Potts M The impact of freedom on fertility decline.J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013; 39: 44-50Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM The determinants of reproductive change in Bangladesh: success in a challenging environment. The World Bank, Washington, DC1994Google Scholar Task shifting, for example training community volunteers to distribute injectable contraceptives,8Prata N Gessessew A Cartwright A Fraser A Provision of injectable contraceptives in Ethiopia through community-based reproductive health agents.Bull World Health Organ. 2011; 89: 556-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar and increased emphasis on surgical sterilisation, intrauterine devices, and implants, together with access to comprehensive abortion care, are essential. Third, donors and governments need to invest heavily in women's empowerment. The status of women in the Sahel is low. Child marriage remains common, increasing a woman's likelihood of early pregnancy, and decreasing her chances of leading an autonomous life. Pregnancy in immature teenage girls is a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity, such as obstetric fistula.9Nour NM Health consequences of child marriage in Africa.Emerg Infect Dis. 2006; 11: 1644-1649Crossref Scopus (245) Google Scholar Promotion of education is a key strategy to reduce child marriage and postpone the first birth. Programmes to build capacity by education and microfinance among pastoral communities have turned poor illiterate women into leaders who helped adapt their communities to drought.10Coppock DI Desta S Texera S Gerbru G Capacity building helps pastoral women transform impoverished communities in Ethiopia.Science. 2011; 334: 1394-1397Crossref PubMed Scopus (40) Google Scholar In a polygamous Hausa society in northwest Nigeria, with a median age of marriage of 14·6 years and where parents commonly viewed menarche as a sign of readiness for marriage, many parents are now willing to delay their daughters' marriages if offered help with school fees and books. These three key interventions are regarded as mutually supportive. Although they involve long-term considerations, some, such as improved agricultural practices, have immediate payoffs. Programmes need to be integrated so as to exploit intrinsic multiplier effects. For example, educating girls facilitates the adoption of family planning and enhances income generation in the family. Rigorous research and assessment will be essential to build the evidence base for such urgently needed investments. Substantial gaps in demographic, agricultural, and health data need to be filled. Policies need to be designed to result in measurable, meaningful benefit to the most vulnerable populations. Interventions must be developed in a human rights framework, ensuring that the benefits do not drift only toward those with the most social and political capital. Least developed countries, such as those in the Sahel, receive 0·09% of gross national income of industrialised countries in official development assistance—far less than what donors have committed.11UN Population FundNetherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic InstituteResource Flows database. Population assistance per capital, sub-Saharan Africa, 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar, 12UN Development Programme Bureau for Development PolicyTowards human resilience: sustaining MDG progress in an age of economic uncertainty. UN Development Programme, New York, NY, USA2011Google Scholar To confront the formidable challenges facing the region, action must be immediate and large scale. On the basis of the model of the Lancet Commission, we suggest that a group of experts from the Sahel and research institutions elsewhere in the world should be convened to explore and document the cross-sectoral, scalable initiatives needed to avoid the Sahel (and other least developed regions) being totally excluded from the promise of improved health and welfare foreseen in the Lancet Commission.1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al.Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation.Lancet. 2013; 382: 1898-1955Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (804) Google Scholar We declare that we have no competing interests. بالنسبة للعديد من البلدان النامية، أثبتت الاستثمارات في الصحة نجاحًا كبيرًا. لجنة لانسيت "الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل" 1Jamison DT Summers LH Alleyne G et al. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google والرسالة السنوية 2014 Gates2Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation2014 Gates annual letter. 3 myths that block progress for the poor.http:// annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#section=homeGoogle Scholar تصور إمكانية "التقارب الكبير" الذي من خلاله سيكون لدى المزيد من البلدان معدل وفيات الأطفال منخفضًا يصل إلى 15 لكل 1000 مولود حي في غضون 20 عامًا. نود أن نسترعي الانتباه إلى الحالة الخاصة لأقل البلدان نمواً، والتي من المرجح أن يتم استبعادها من هذا التقارب بناءً على الأدلة الحالية. لبدء مناقشة، سنركز على منطقة الساحل (المنطقة شبه القاحلة التي تبلغ مساحتها مليون ميل مربع في إفريقيا وتمتد من المحيط الأطلسي إلى البحر الأحمر) حيث من المرجح أن يكون لصدام النمو السكاني السريع بشكل فريد وبعض من أقسى آثار تغير المناخ أكبر الآثار الشاملة على الصحة. التوقعات السكانية الموضحة في الشكل هي المتغير المتوسط لشعبة السكان بالأمم المتحدة. يمكن تجاوز هذه التوقعات ما لم يتم التركيز بشكل أكبر على تنظيم الأسرة. حتى بافتراض الانخفاض السريع في حجم الأسرة من المتوسط الحالي البالغ 7.6، فإن عدد سكان النيجر وحده سينمو من 16 مليونًا اليوم إلى 58 مليونًا بحلول عام 2050. وتشير هذه الزيادة إلى الزخم السكاني الهائل في منطقة الساحل. أكثر من 40 ٪ من السكان تقل أعمارهم عن 15 عامًا. في غياب تخفيضات كبيرة في انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة من قبل الدول المتقدمة، من المرجح أن تعاني منطقة الساحل (لأنها جافة بالفعل) من بعض أسوأ آثار تغير المناخ، مع ارتفاع درجات الحرارة إلى 5-8 درجات مئوية بحلول عام 2100 (الشكل) .3 IPCCSummary for policymakers.in: Stocker TF D Qin G - K Plattner M Climate Change 2013: the physical science basis. مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج، كامبريدج، المملكة المتحدة 2013 ستصبح أحداث الطقس المتطرفة لباحث جوجل أكثر شيوعًا، ومن المرجح أن يكون تأثير الاحترار العالمي ملموسًا في العديد من القطاعات من الصحة إلى الزراعة. من المرجح أن تزداد الأمراض المنقولة بالنواقل. يمكن لتغير المناخ أن يقلل من غلة المحاصيل في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى بنسبة 22 ٪ للذرة، و 8 ٪ للكسافا .4 Schlenker W Lobell DB تأثيرات سلبية قوية لتغير المناخ على الزراعة الأفريقية. Environ Res Lett. 2010; 5: 014010Crossref Scopus (814) Google Scholar في عام 2012، استضافت جامعة كاليفورنيا، بيركلي، كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، والمعهد الأفريقي لسياسة التنمية، نيروبي، كينيا، اجتماعًا دوليًا متعدد التخصصات حول أزمة الساحل 5 بوتس إم زولو إي كاستيلو إف هندرسون سي في الساحل: الحلول الممكنة وعواقب التقاعس عن العمل. جامعة كاليفورنيا، مركز بيكسبي لصحة السكان والاستدامة، بيركلي 2013 الباحث العلمي من Google على الرغم من إدراك التهديد الخطير الذي يمثله النمو السكاني السريع والتصحر في هذه المنطقة، فقد حدد الاجتماع أيضًا حلولًا قائمة على الأدلة، بما في ذلك ثلاثة تدخلات رئيسية. أولاً، يحتاج مزارعو الكفاف والرعاة إلى المساعدة للتكيف مع تغير المناخ. سيتطلب التكيف تطوير محاصيل مقاومة للجفاف، وطرقًا لمعالجة الأنماط المتغيرة لتفشي الآفات، وتحسين تخزين المحاصيل، وجمع المياه وتخزينها بشكل أكثر كفاءة. هناك حاجة ماسة إلى نهج متعدد التخصصات ورؤية طويلة الأجل - في الوقت الحالي لا يتم اعتماد العديد من التدخلات حتى يحدث نقص واضح في المياه. ثانياً، يجب إعطاء أولوية أكبر لتنظيم الأسرة. يجب حشد الإرادة السياسية لمناصرة المانحين الدوليين للاستثمار في تنظيم الأسرة، ويجب أن تكون حكومات منطقة الساحل أكثر استباقية. هناك حاجة موثقة جيدًا غير ملباة لتنظيم الأسرة تتراوح بين 16 ٪ إلى 35 ٪ من النساء المتزوجات، محسوبة باستخدام برنامج تجميع الاستقصاءات الديموغرافية والصحية، ولكن في مثل هذه المجتمعات ذات الخصوبة العالية، يعد زيادة خلق الطلب أمرًا بالغ الأهمية أيضًا. حيث تم جلب تنظيم الأسرة للنساء في مجتمعاتهن المحلية، كما هو الحال في بنغلاديش، زاد استخدام وسائل منع الحمل بسرعة، حتى بين النساء الفقيرات .6 Campbell M Prata N Potts M تأثير الحرية على انخفاض الخصوبة .J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care. 2013 ؛ 39: 44-50 Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) الباحث العلمي من Google، 7Cleland J Phillips J Amin S Kamal GM محددات التغيير الإنجابي في بنغلاديش: النجاح في بيئة صعبة. البنك الدولي، واشنطن، DC1994 تغيير مهام الباحث العلمي من Google، على سبيل المثال تدريب المتطوعين المجتمعيين على توزيع وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن، 8 براتا إن جيسو إيه كارترايت إيه فريزر توفير وسائل منع الحمل القابلة للحقن في إثيوبيا من خلال وكلاء الصحة الإنجابية المجتمعية. منظمة الصحة العالمية. 2011 ؛ 89: 556-564 Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar وزيادة التركيز على التعقيم الجراحي والأجهزة داخل الرحم والغرسات، إلى جانب الوصول إلى الرعاية الشاملة للإجهاض، أمر ضروري. ثالثًا، تحتاج الجهات المانحة والحكومات إلى الاستثمار بكثافة في تمكين المرأة. وضع المرأة في منطقة الساحل منخفض. لا يزال زواج الأطفال شائعًا، مما يزيد من احتمال الحمل المبكر للمرأة، ويقلل من فرصها في العيش حياة مستقلة. يعد الحمل لدى الفتيات المراهقات غير الناضجات سببًا رئيسيًا لوفيات الأمهات واعتلالهن، مثل ناسور الولادة .9 ولا عواقب صحية لزواج الأطفال في أفريقيا .العدوى الطارئة. 2006 ؛ 11: 1644-1649 Crossref Scopus (245) يعد ترويج الباحث العلمي من Google للتعليم استراتيجية رئيسية للحد من زواج الأطفال وتأجيل الولادة الأولى. أدت برامج بناء القدرات من خلال التعليم والتمويل الأصغر بين المجتمعات الرعوية إلى تحويل النساء الأميات الفقيرات إلى قادة ساعدوا في تكييف مجتمعاتهن مع الجفاف .10 يساعد بناء القدرات النساء الرعويات على تحويل المجتمعات الفقيرة في إثيوبيا .العلوم. 2011 ؛ 334: 1394-1397 كروسريف بوبد سكوبس (40) الباحث العلمي من غوغل في مجتمع هوسا متعدد الزوجات في شمال غرب نيجيريا، بمتوسط عمر زواج يبلغ 14·6 سنوات وحيث ينظر الآباء عادة إلى الحيض على أنه علامة على الاستعداد للزواج، فإن العديد من الآباء على استعداد الآن لتأخير زواج بناتهم إذا عرضت عليهم المساعدة في الرسوم المدرسية والكتب. تعتبر هذه التدخلات الرئيسية الثلاثة داعمة لبعضها البعض. على الرغم من أنها تنطوي على اعتبارات طويلة الأجل، إلا أن بعضها، مثل الممارسات الزراعية المحسنة، يحصل على مكافآت فورية. يجب دمج البرامج من أجل استغلال التأثيرات المضاعفة الجوهرية. على سبيل المثال، يسهل تعليم الفتيات اعتماد تنظيم الأسرة ويعزز توليد الدخل في الأسرة. سيكون البحث والتقييم الدقيقان ضروريين لبناء قاعدة الأدلة لمثل هذه الاستثمارات المطلوبة بشكل عاجل. يجب سد الثغرات الكبيرة في البيانات الديموغرافية والزراعية والصحية. يجب تصميم السياسات بحيث تؤدي إلى فائدة قابلة للقياس وذات مغزى للفئات السكانية الأكثر ضعفاً. يجب تطوير التدخلات في إطار حقوق الإنسان، مع ضمان عدم انحراف الفوائد فقط نحو أولئك الذين لديهم أكبر قدر من رأس المال الاجتماعي والسياسي. تتلقى أقل البلدان نمواً، مثل تلك الموجودة في منطقة الساحل، 0·09 ٪ من الدخل القومي الإجمالي للبلدان الصناعية في المساعدة الإنمائية الرسمية - أقل بكثير مما التزم به المانحون .11 صندوق الأمم المتحدة للسكانالمعهد الديمغرافي الهولندي متعدد التخصصاتقاعدة بيانات تدفقات الموارد. المساعدة السكانية لكل رأس مال، أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى، 2009.http://www.resourceflows.org/Google Scholar، 12 مكتب برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي للسياسات الإنمائية نحو المرونة البشرية: الحفاظ على التقدم المحرز في الأهداف الإنمائية للألفية في عصر عدم اليقين الاقتصادي. برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي، نيويورك، نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية2011 الباحث العلمي من Google لمواجهة التحديات الهائلة التي تواجه المنطقة، يجب أن يكون العمل فوريًا وعلى نطاق واسع. على أساس نموذج لجنة لانسيت، نقترح عقد اجتماع لمجموعة من الخبراء من منطقة الساحل والمؤسسات البحثية في أماكن أخرى من العالم لاستكشاف وتوثيق المبادرات الشاملة لعدة قطاعات والقابلة للتطوير اللازمة لتجنب استبعاد منطقة الساحل (وغيرها من المناطق الأقل نمواً) تمامًا من الوعد بتحسين الصحة والرفاهية المتوقع في لجنة لانسيت. 1 جيمسون دي تي سمرز إل إتش ألين جي وآخرون. الصحة العالمية 2035: عالم يتقارب في غضون جيل. لانسيت. 2013 ؛ 382: 1898-1955 ملخص النص الكامل PDF PubMed Scopus (804) الباحث العلمي من Google نعلن أنه ليس لدينا مصالح متنافسة.
University of Califo... arrow_drop_down University of California: eScholarshipArticle . 2014Full-Text: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4653r1zkData sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)eScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2014Data sources: eScholarship - University of CaliforniaeScholarship - University of CaliforniaArticle . 2014Data sources: eScholarship - University of Californiaadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2021Publisher:Elsevier BV A. James; Simon Jayaraj; Murugesan Mohanraj; Arun K. Raj; M. Srinivas;Abstract The present work attempts to devise an efficient method utilizing an on-grid photovoltaic-thermal heat pump water heater (PV-THPWH) integrated with a real-time variable frequency controller to achieve the goal of energy-efficient buildings. The prime focus is to reduce the grid's dependence on the compressor's energy-intensive operation by employing a feedback-controlled variable frequency drive (VFD). Additionally, the possibilities involved with addressing the electrical and thermal energy requirements of an energy-efficient building was investigated utilizing the proposed system. R-32 refrigerant in the photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) evaporator coils of the heat pump assembly help to cool the photovoltaic (PV) panel while delivering the absorbed heat in the condenser to heat water contained inside the storage tank. Outdoor experiments and theoretical investigations of the combined system were carried out to appraise the dynamic behavior under varying solar irradiation and ambient temperature conditions. The observations conveyed that the PV-THPWH system succeeded in reducing the PV panel operating temperature by 25%, which resulted in a 20% increment in PV power output. Also, the performance indicators, such as the instantaneous energy efficiency and instantaneous PV efficiency, were found to increase by 15% and 34%, respectively, resulting in an average coefficient of performance of 6.4. For a clear sky day, the recorded total PV energy output was 4.67 units, while the VFD compressor consumption was 3.42 units, and the surplus 1.25 units were sent to the grid. Furthermore, the economic analysis reported a payback period of 2.3 years for the developed PV-THPWH system.
Sustainable Energy T... arrow_drop_down Sustainable Energy Technologies and AssessmentsArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu7 citations 7 popularity Top 10% influence Average impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Sustainable Energy T... arrow_drop_down Sustainable Energy Technologies and AssessmentsArticle . 2021 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: Crossrefadd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article , Journal 2008 AustraliaPublisher:Elsevier BV Jatmiko; K. Fifield; P. Hadi; Jian-xin Zhao; Thomas Sutikna; Kira E. Westaway; H. Allen; R. P. Soejono; R. Awe Due; Dwi Yani Yuniawati; Mark W. Moore; Michael J Morwood; Michael J Morwood; E. W. Saptomo; Chris S. M. Turney;handle: 1885/53572
Song Gupuh, a partially collapsed cave in the Gunung Sewu Limestones of East Java, Indonesia, contains over 16 m of deposits with a faunal sequence spanning some 70 ka. Major changes in the range of animals represented show the impact of climate change and humans. The Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene was a period of maximum biodiversity. Human use of Song Gupuh and other cave sites in the region also intensified significantly from ca. 12 ka, together with a new focus on exploitation of small-bodied species (macaque monkeys and molluscs), the first evidence for import of resources from the coast, and use of bone and shell tools. Human activity, especially after the onset of the Neolithic around 2.6 ka, subsequently contributed to a progressive loss of many species from the area, including tapir, elephant, Malayan bear, rhino and tiger, and this extinction process is continuing. We conclude by discussing the biogeographical significance of Song Gupuh in the context of other sites in Java (e.g. Punung, Wajak) and further afield (e.g. Liang Bua).
Australian National ... arrow_drop_down Australian National University: ANU Digital CollectionsArticleFull-Text: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/53572Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Journal of Archaeological ScienceArticle . 2008 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: CrossrefThe University of Queensland: UQ eSpaceArticle . 2008Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)University of Wollongong, Australia: Research OnlineArticle . 2008Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen bronze 50 citations 50 popularity Top 10% influence Top 10% impulse Top 10% Powered by BIP!
more_vert Australian National ... arrow_drop_down Australian National University: ANU Digital CollectionsArticleFull-Text: http://hdl.handle.net/1885/53572Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)Journal of Archaeological ScienceArticle . 2008 . Peer-reviewedLicense: Elsevier TDMData sources: CrossrefThe University of Queensland: UQ eSpaceArticle . 2008Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)University of Wollongong, Australia: Research OnlineArticle . 2008Data sources: Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE)add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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