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The research deals with the issue of slums, urban sprawl on agriculture land and its impact on the city of Baghdad. This topic needs close attention because it has become a problem facing the city of Baghdad through recruiting agricultural lands and converting them to residential homes in addition to the transgression on the state lands and building abuses. This research deals with the causes of slums, irregular urban sprawl and risks of excesses on land uses of land in Baghdad. In this research, we try to know the extent to which these problems have affected the city of Baghdad. The research methodology based on the descriptive methodology to clarify the factors affecting urban sprawl at the expense of agricultural land, using studies in government and service institutions and images from satellites to clarify the size of urban sprawl over periods after the 2003 war. Finally, a conclusion and future solutions were set to solve these problems.

Background: Sodium oxybate (SMO) has been shown to be effective in the maintenance of abstinence (MoA) in alcohol-dependent patients in a series of small randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These results needed to be confirmed by a large trial investigating the treatment effect and its sustainability after medication discontinuation. Aims: To confirm the SMO effect on (sustained) MoA in detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. Methods: Large double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in detoxified adult alcohol-dependent outpatients (80% men) from 11 sites in four European countries. Patients were randomized to 6 months SMO (3.3–3.9 g/day) or placebo followed by a 6-month medication-free period. Primary outcome was the cumulative abstinence duration (CAD) during the 6-month treatment period defined as the number of days with no alcohol use. Secondary outcomes included CAD during the 12-month study period. Results: Of the 314 alcohol-dependent patients randomized, 154 received SMO and 160 received placebo. Based on the pre-specified fixed-effect two-way analysis of variance including the treatment-by-site interaction, SMO showed efficacy in CAD during the 6-month treatment period: mean difference +43.1 days, 95% confidence interval (17.6–68.5; p = 0.001). Since significant heterogeneity of effect across sites and unequal sample sizes among sites ( n = 3–66) were identified, a site-level random meta-analysis was performed with results supporting the pre-specified analysis: mean difference +32.4 days, p = 0.014. The SMO effect was sustained during the medication-free follow-up period. SMO was well-tolerated. Conclusions: Results of this large RCT in alcohol-dependent patients demonstrated a significant and clinically relevant sustained effect of SMO on CAD. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04648423

The aim of this study is to determine the interpretation of the term “Cluster of urban residential development” used in the organization of reoriented urban enclaves, taking into account the organizational and technological model of the reliability of formation. In the implementation of such plans, a set of joint tasks of the organizational and technological structure is determined and a number of parameters are taken into account, (comfortable living, with meaningfully used free space; a combination of residential buildings with social, educational, cultural, household and entertainment facilities, etc.), and also - the basic principles of the formation of the reliability of the organizational and technological model of the cluster of urban residential development. The underlying scientific theory is that by using the methods of organizational and technological modeling and system engineering, the indicators of the total durability of construction design can be increased. As a result of the study, the characteristic properties of a cluster of urban residential development were established to be used in an integrated model.

The evaluation of ecosystem services is a method of estimating the value of the natural capital of a defined territory. This article examined the approaches to an evaluation of ecosystem services as a method of an ecological-economic evaluation of the efficiency of hydropower projects.

The paper discusses advantages and disadvantages of the renovation program in the city of Moscow (Russia). This program of the Moscow government is aimed at demolishing low-rise housing built in the 1960s and new construction in the vacated territory. On the basis of the analysis of this program’s disadvantages, seven major problems were identified - a flaw in the socio-spatial model of the city, a threat to small and medium businesses, a mortgage crisis, an economic issue, a low level of apartment comfort, an environmental problem, and increase in population density. Various methods for the reconstruction of the five-story buildings of the first mass series with superstructure floors are considered.

The paper reveals the problems of management organizing of functioning and development of smart metropolis (Smart City) integrated with the power supply system. A lot of attention is paid to ways of solving these problems through the implementation of Smart Grid technologies and practices taking into account the SoS (system of systems) approach. In the context of this research work, the Smart Grid is considered as one of the first SoS subsystems of the Smart City. A concept of a new electrical network is also presented in the paper. This electrical network has qualitatively unique characteristics of adaptability, stability, and throughput, allowing to ensure reliable and uninterrupted power supply to consumers in the new conditions of rapid and stochastic changes in generation and consumption volumes, as well as the multidirectional nature of information and electricity flows (from the consumer to the network).

Over the last decade, enabling technologies and sustainable catalysis have become appealing options for biodiesel preparation because of their impressive process intensification and energy savings. The present review will compare the most innovative protocols that have been developed and improved to use non-conventional energy sources and catalysts that are performed, in particular, using continuous-flow methods. Although this account cannot be comprehensive, it will, however, provide a good overview of the reaction-rate improvements and catalyst activation that is provided by microwaves, ultrasound, hydrodynamic cavitation, flow reactors and even hybrid techniques. Advantages and limitations are discussed together with industrial scalability.

The aim of the study is both an analysis of existing basic solutions and innovations in the field of municipal solid waste management and new developments by domestic authors. The main research method was environmental monitoring in the impact zone of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. In the process of monitoring, the properties of the soils of the landfill bases were studied by testing them and further laboratory studies of lithological and mineral compositions, moisture and density, filtration and other characteristics. As a result, the following were established: the dependence of soil water permeability on particle size distribution, lithological, organ mineral compositions and the degree of their heterogeneity; maximum minimum-required thickness of screening soils at the base of MSW landfills in the Middle Urals. The established dependences of the engineering and geological characteristics of soils make it possible to use them as natural impervious screens, which can be successfully applied in other regions under similar conditions. Among the constructive solutions in the field of municipal solid waste management, the developments of domestic scientists, which were tested in the Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and Sverdlovsk regions, are considered. Some of them relate to environmental protection in the area affected by landfills, while others are aimed at optimizing the operation of such landfills. The optimization technology consists in combining the operation and reconstruction cycles of municipal solid waste landfills within their land allotment. It allows involving previously unused materials into circulation and obtaining insulating material from “old-year” waste.