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Étant donné que les États-Unis d'Amérique et l'Union européenne figurent parmi les principales économies émettrices de gaz à effet de serre au monde, il reste encore à savoir si l'utilisation efficace des sources d'énergie non renouvelables ou l'intensification des énergies renouvelables dans ces économies représentent un avantage environnemental. Pour répondre à ces questions inhérentes, cette étude examine et compare les performances environnementales des économies en réponse à l'efficacité énergétique non renouvelable, à l'intensité énergétique renouvelable et aux technologies liées à l'environnement tout en contrôlant la rente des ressources naturelles et la population urbaine sur la période 1990–2019. En mettant en œuvre l'avantage des moindres carrés régularisés basés sur le noyau aux côtés de mesures de robustesse, les résultats postulent que l'efficacité énergétique non renouvelable, l'intensité énergétique renouvelable et les technologies liées à l'environnement atténuent considérablement les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans les économies. Il est important de noter que si les trois indicateurs montrent un impact environnemental plus important dans l'UE, l'efficacité énergétique non renouvelable joue un rôle plus important et plus souhaitable sur le plan environnemental que les deux autres indicateurs. Inversement, les ressources naturelles et l'urbanisation entravent considérablement la durabilité environnementale en augmentant les émissions de GES dans les économies. Malheureusement, un impact environnemental terriblement plus dommageable résultant de l'urbanisation accrue est perceptible dans l'UE. Ces résultats permettent d'élaborer des mesures politiques concrètes pour les États-Unis et l'UE, et pour le monde entier, compte tenu de la prévision de l'objectif zéro net. Dado que los Estados Unidos de América y la Unión Europea se encuentran entre las principales economías emisoras de gases de efecto invernadero del mundo, aún no se ha respondido a las preguntas sobre si la utilización eficiente de fuentes de energía no renovables o la intensificación de la energía renovable en estas economías representan algún beneficio ambiental. Para responder a estas preguntas inherentes, este estudio examina y compara los rendimientos ambientales de las economías en respuesta a la eficiencia energética no renovable, la intensidad de la energía renovable y las tecnologías relacionadas con el medio ambiente, al tiempo que controla la renta de los recursos naturales y la población urbana durante el período 1990–2019. Al implementar la ventaja de los mínimos cuadrados regularizados basados en el núcleo junto con las medidas de robustez, los hallazgos postulan que la eficiencia energética no renovable, la intensidad de la energía renovable y las tecnologías relacionadas con el medio ambiente mitigan significativamente las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en las economías. Es importante destacar que, si bien las tres métricas muestran un impacto ambiental más fuerte en la UE, la eficiencia energética no renovable desempeña un papel más ruidoso y deseable para el medio ambiente que las otras dos métricas. Por el contrario, los recursos naturales y la urbanización obstaculizan significativamente la sostenibilidad ambiental al aumentar las emisiones de GEI en las economías. Desafortunadamente, en la UE se observa un impacto ambiental terriblemente más perjudicial derivado del aumento de la urbanización. Estos hallazgos permiten que se diseñen medidas políticas concretas para los EE. UU. y la UE, y para todo el mundo, dada la previsión del objetivo cero neto. Given that the United States of America and European Union are among the world's top greenhouse gas emitting economies, it poses yet to be answered questions on whether efficient utilization of nonrenewable energy sources or renewable energy intensification in these economies account for any environmental benefit. To answer these inherent questions, this study examines and compares environmental performances of the economies in response to nonrenewable energy efficiency, renewable energy intensity, and environmental-related technologies while controlling for natural resource rent and urban population over the period 1990–2019. By implementing the advantage of Kernel-Based Regularized Least Squares alongside robustness measures, the findings posit that nonrenewable energy efficiency, renewable energy intensity, and environmental-related technologies significantly mitigates greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the economies. Importantly, while the three metrics show louder environmental impact in the EU, nonrenewable energy efficiency plays a louder and environmentally desirable role than the other two metrics. Conversely, natural resources and urbanization significantly hampers environmental sustainability by increasing GHG emission in the economies. Unfortunately, a terribly more damaging environmental impact arising from increased urbanization is noticeable in the EU. These findings afford concrete policy measures to be further devised for the USA and EU, and the entire globe given the foresight of net zero target. بالنظر إلى أن الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والاتحاد الأوروبي من بين أكبر الاقتصادات المسببة لانبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في العالم، فإنه يطرح أسئلة لم تتم الإجابة عليها بعد حول ما إذا كان الاستخدام الفعال لمصادر الطاقة غير المتجددة أو تكثيف الطاقة المتجددة في هذه الاقتصادات يمثل أي فائدة بيئية. للإجابة على هذه الأسئلة المتأصلة، تبحث هذه الدراسة وتقارن الأداء البيئي للاقتصادات استجابة لكفاءة الطاقة غير المتجددة وكثافة الطاقة المتجددة والتقنيات المتعلقة بالبيئة مع التحكم في إيجار الموارد الطبيعية وسكان الحضر خلال الفترة 1990–2019. من خلال تنفيذ ميزة المربعات الصغرى المنتظمة القائمة على النواة إلى جانب تدابير المتانة، تفترض النتائج أن كفاءة الطاقة غير المتجددة وكثافة الطاقة المتجددة والتقنيات المتعلقة بالبيئة تخفف بشكل كبير من انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في الاقتصادات. الأهم من ذلك، في حين أن المقاييس الثلاثة تظهر تأثيرًا بيئيًا أعلى في الاتحاد الأوروبي، فإن كفاءة الطاقة غير المتجددة تلعب دورًا أعلى ومرغوبًا فيه بيئيًا من المقياسين الآخرين. وعلى العكس من ذلك، فإن الموارد الطبيعية والتحضر يعوقان الاستدامة البيئية بشكل كبير من خلال زيادة انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة في الاقتصادات. لسوء الحظ، هناك تأثير بيئي أكثر ضررًا بشكل رهيب ناتج عن زيادة التحضر ملحوظ في الاتحاد الأوروبي. توفر هذه النتائج تدابير سياسية ملموسة يجب وضعها بشكل أكبر للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والاتحاد الأوروبي، والعالم بأسره نظرًا لبعد النظر عن الهدف الصافي الصفري.

The association between trade, financial development, consumption of renewable energy, environmental quality, foreign direct investment, and economic growth is important for sustainable growth and environmental strategies. Hence, this research unveils this association in selected low- and high-income economies from 1996 to 2020. Unlike most of the previous literature, this study uses a composite environmental quality index, a composite financial development index, and a composite trade share measure to better represent environmental quality, financial development, and trade openness, respectively. The Continuously Updated Fully Modified and Continuously Updated Bias Corrected estimators along with the Dumitrescu Hurlin causality method are utilized to scrutinize the nature of the linkage between the modeled variables. The long-run estimation provided that consumption of renewable energy and environmental quality augment economic growth in high-income nations, while both these variables do not contribute to the economic growth in low-income countries. Financial development upsurges economic growth in high- as well as low-income nations. Interestingly, trade openness boosts economic growth in high-income countries, while in low-income countries, it obstructs economic growth. In causal linkage, the conservation hypothesis for low-income countries and the feedback hypothesis for high-income countries are confirmed in the context of consumption of renewable energy and economic growth association. The supply-leading hypothesis for low-income countries and the feedback hypothesis for high-income countries are supported regarding the financial development-economic growth nexus. Moreover, one-way causality from growth to environmental quality and bidirectional causality between environmental quality and economic growth for low- and high-income countries are established, respectively. Lastly, exhaustive environmental and economic policies are directed.

In this paper, we examine whether geopolitical risk influences environmental degradation, while controlling for non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth and trade openness, using a quarterly dataset from 1985Q1 to 2019Q4. The choice of India as a case study is based on a number of reasons. India is a developing country, which produces approximately 3.2% of global GDP. Also, India produces almost 17.7% of the world population. The country also emits about 6.8% of global carbon emissions, and according to the 2020 report of the consulting firm Eurasia, India is ranked fifth in terms of geopolitical risk. This study adds to the existing literature by using the quantile-on-quantile (QQR) regression to examine the effect of geopolitical risk on environmental degradation, as well as highlighting the implications of geopolitical risk on environmental sustainability. Based on empirical estimation, we find that geopolitical risk increases and decreases carbon emissions in India. That is, geopolitical risk increases environmental degradation at middle quantiles and decreases environmental degradation at lower and higher quantiles. In addition, we find that non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth and trade openness impede environmental quality in India. Thus, we are of the opinion that policymakers, when making policy decisions on environmental quality, should factor in geopolitical risk in two areas, mitigation and channel of escalation, among other policy suggestions.

Financial globalization has been argued to contribute to the increase/decrease in greenhouse gases and hence global temperature. India, according to International Energy Agency (IEA), is the third largest emitter of greenhouse gases globally, where the consumption of the few rich produces about seven times carbon emissions when compared with the poorest households. This current research explores the asymmetric effect of financial globalization on carbon emissions, while controlling for non-renewable energy utilization, renewable energy consumption, and economic expansion. The study uses yearly data stretching from 1970 to 2018 and batteries of econometric approaches in order to investigate these associations. The outcomes of the NARDL unveiled that (i) a positive (negative) shock in non-renewable energy utilization increases (decrease) carbon emissions; (ii) favorable (unfavorable) variations in renewable energy consumption decrease carbon emissions; (iii) a favorable shock in financial development contributes to carbon emissions; and (iv) a positive shock in growth impacts carbon emissions positively. Based on the empirical outcomes, we are of the opinion that policymakers should intensify efforts in putting in place appropriate environmental policy (green economy) that emphasizes the importance of renewable driven economy via energy-saving and energy-efficient technologies. Else, increased consumption on non-renewable energy sources among the few rich in India and any other countries struggling with implementing green economy would be devastating to both the immediate and future generations.

Continuing economic progress with less environmental damage and achieving a sustainable environment require switching from fossil fuels to green energy. However, alleviating environmental damage of growth has become a major challenge for BRICS where economic progress amidst rising urbanization pollutes the environment. In this context, the fight against climate change and actions towards environmental sustainability are greatly affected by rising economic policy uncertainty. Hence, this study assesses the role of green energy, urbanization, and economic growth in CO2 emissions in the presence of economic policy uncertainty in BRICS (excluding South Africa) from 1997 to 2020. The study used the cross-sectionally augmented auto-regressive distributive lag technique for revealing the short- and long-run effects of the analyzed variables on environmental quality. The empirical evidence suggested that the environmental Kuznets curve exists according to the recent framework of Narayan and Narayan Energy Policy 38:661-666, (2010) because even though economic growth increases CO2 emissions, its long-run effect is less than the short-run effect. Economic policy uncertainty boosts CO2 not only in the short-run but also in the long-run, evidencing that a sustainable environment requires decreasing the levels of policy uncertainty. For BRICS, switching towards green energy is a vital option to decrease environmental deterioration owing to the negative connection between green energy and CO2. The findings indicated that rapid urbanization is among the causes of high CO2. Furthermore, economic policy uncertainty influences both green energy and economic growth levels. Finally, policies are recommended to mitigate environmental deterioration.

The current paper explores the influence of disintegrated energy and economic complexity on CO2 emissions (CO2) in the top economic complexity economies. The model also incorporates other drivers of CO2, such as technological innovation and economic growth. The current research utilizes data stretching from 1993 to 2018. The research employed Westerlund cointegration, fully modified OLS (FMOLS), dynamic OLS (DOLS), and method of moments quantile regression (MMQR) to evaluate these interconnections. The outcomes of the slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence affirmed the use of second-generation techniques. The study confirmed the long-run association between CO2 and the regressors. The results of the MMQR disclosed that in each quantile (0.1–0.90), renewable energy enhances the quality of the environment, while economic complexity and nonrenewable energy intensify CO2. In addition, technological innovation enhances the quality of the environment from 0.1–0.70 quantiles, while from 0.80–90 quantiles, technological innovation intensifies CO2. The EKC is also validated in each quantile (0.1–0.90). The DOLS, FE-OLS, and FMOLS outcomes also affirm the MMQR outcomes. These outcomes encourage policymakers to implement holistic economic and environmental policies that prioritize greener production processes for environmental reasons and meet the United Nations SDGs 7, 8, 13, and 17.

In most nations across the world, the fundamental goal of economic policy is to achieve sustainable economic growth. Economic development, on the other hand, may have an influence on climate change and global warming, which are major worldwide concerns and problems. Thus, this research offers a new perceptive on the influence of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Argentina utilizing data from the period between 1965 and 2019. The current research applied the wavelet tools to assess these interconnections. The outcomes of these analyses reveal that the association between the series evolves over both frequency and time. The current analysis uncovers notable wavelet coherence and significant lead and lag connections in the frequency domain, while in the time domain, contradictory correlations are indicated among the variables of interest. From an economic perspective, the outcomes of the wavelet analysis affirm that in the medium and long term, renewable energy consumption contributes to environmental sustainability. Furthermore, in the medium term, trade openness mitigates CO2, although in the long term, no significant connection was found. Moreover, both nonrenewable energy and economic growth contribute to environmental degradation in the short and long term. Finally, the frequency domain causality outcomes reveal that in the long term, economic growth, trade openness, and nonrenewable energy can predict CO2 emissions. The present analysis offers an innovative insight into the interconnection and comovement between CO2 and trade openness, renewable energy utilization, and GDP in the Argentinean economy. The findings from this research should be of interest to economists, researchers, and policymakers.

AbstractSustainable growth and the reduction of environmental pressures are important priorities that are issues of concern for both developed and developing countries. However, while carbon emissions and ecological footprint are commonly used by researchers in the context of environmental deterioration, a broader and more extensive metric for ecological quality is considered necessary. From this perspective, the load capacity factor provides a more detailed sustainable environment appraisal by simultaneously considering biocapacity and ecological footprint. Limited studies have examined the determinants of load capacity factor (LCAP). This survey attempts to fill the gap, using the case of Japan. Employing the dynamic ARDL approaches, the present research investigates the effect of renewable energy usage, economic growth, economic complexity, financial development, and trade globalization on load capacity factor in Japan for the period between 1980 and 2017. The empirical evidence indicates that economic complexity, economic growth, and financial development adversely impact LCAP, whereas renewable energy usage and trade globalization positively affect LCAP. Hence, we recommend that it is essential for Japan to attain self‐sufficiency in essential goods and minimize its reliance on the rest of the world. Furthermore, policymakers should capitalize on the benefits of trade globalization by adopting additional measures aimed at facilitating trade liberalization.

Energy transition and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are fundamental to achieving sustainable development and ensuring a bright and healthy future. To contribute to the empirical literature on these objectives, this study explores the long-term influence of environment-related ICT innovations (EICT) on energy transition and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in G-7 economies for the first time, while considering financial development (FD) and human development (HD). Additionally, the study investigates the moderating role of FD with EICT and HD in energy transition and GHGE. Using a Cross-Sectional Augmented Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) technique to tackle the issues of cross-sectional dependency and slope heterogeneity, the study evaluated data from 1990 to 2020. The results indicate that EICT, FD, and HD have a significant positive effect on long-term energy transition, and mitigate GHGE in G-7 economies. Furthermore, the influence of EICT and HD on energy transition and GHGE is amplified in the presence of financial development, as evidenced by the moderating effect of FD. Based on these facts, the study suggests various policy measures, such as investing in clean technologies and education, to promote the energy transition and environmental quality in G-7 economies to achieve sustainable development goals.