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During the industrialization era in the U.S., most waterways in urban areas were buried underground. Daylighting, the process of resurfacing and restoring buried aquatic systems, has grown as a planning practice. This practice can bring to communities environmental, economic, and social benefits—making cities more sustainable and livable. City Creek in Salt Lake City will be used as a case study of a future daylighting project in Euclid, a minority and low income neighborhood. In particular, this paper will highlight planning and locally-driven efforts to raise awareness among residents on the importance of conserving and restoring stream ecosystems. The article will discuss what community members involved in a visioning process would like to see in the development of a much-needed recreational trail and why it matters that City Creek becomes a vital community asset. Ultimately, this paper seeks to empower communities to plan and implement daylighting projects at the local level. UPLanD - Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & environmental Design, Vol 2, No 3: BLUE

This research was carried out to determine the energy input-output analysis of lavender oil production. Data from agricultural farms in Isparta province was used. Energy input was calculated as 1993.89 MJ and energy output was calculated as 2925.51 MJ. Wood energy, fresh stalked lavender flower energy, equipment energy, human labour energy, electricity energy, and water energy inputs were 54.22 %, 41.86 %, 3.40 %, 0.23 %, 0.18 %, and 0.10 % of energy inputs, respectively. In this production, it is noteworthy that wood was used as fuel in the lavender oil production distillation process as the highest input. In the energy outputs, an average of 3.10 kg lavender oil and 130 kg lavender water were extracted by processing 234 kg fresh stalked lavender flower. Energy use efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity, and net energy for lavender oil production were calculated as 1.47, 643.19 MJ kg-1, 0.002 kg MJ-1 and 931.62 MJ, respectively.

Forest biomass is an important source of bioenergy and its importance is growing even more in the near future. The European Union has given targets for the use of bioenergy and national climate and energy programmes set more detailed, country­specific targets. It is often argued that using biomass in energy production will reduce greenhouse gases along the product’s value chain. This argument is based on the fact that biomass is renewable and the carbon dioxide that is emitted during the combustion is absorbed again by the biomass growth. Because time is a relevant factor when studying carbon balances, two time scopes were studied in this paper: 50 years and 100 years. This paper concentrates on collecting spruce harvesting residues after final felling in Southern­Finland. The forest carbon balance is linked to the residue extraction module and further to residue combustion. The emissions from forest residue extraction originate from soil carbon stock change and collecting, transporting and chipping of forest residues. In this paper, the soil carbon stock change caused by residue collection is considered as an emission since soil carbon stock decreases when residues are collected. The results show that if changes in soil carbon balance were excluded and an emission factor for forest residues included only fossil emissions from collection and transporting the residues, a significant amount of emissions would be neglected from the calculations. Proceedings of the 18th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 May 2010, Lyon, France, pp. 1575-1579

The effect that climatic changes can exert on parasitic interactions represents a multifactor problem whose results are difficult to predict. The actual impact of changes will depend on their magnitude and the physiological tolerance of affected organisms. When the change is considered extreme (i.e. unusual weather events that are at the extremes of the historical distribution for a given area), the probability of an alteration in an organisms’ homeostasis increases dramatically. However, factors determining the altered dynamics of host-parasite interactions due to an extreme change are the same as those acting in response to changes of lower magnitude. Only a deep knowledge of these factors will help to produce more accurate predictive models for the effects of extreme changes on parasitic interactions. Extreme environmental conditions may affect pathogens directly when they include free-living stages in their life-cycles and indirectly through reduced resource availability for hosts and thus reduced ability to produce efficient anti-parasite defenses, or by effects on host density affecting transmission dynamics of diseases or the frequency of intraspecific contact. What are the consequences for host-parasite interactions? Here we summarize the present knowledge on three principal factors in determining host-parasite associations; biodiversity, population density and immunocompetence. In addition, we analyzed examples of the effects of environmental alteration of anthropogenic origin on parasitic systems because the effects are analogous to that exerted by an extreme climatic change [Current Zoology 57 (3): 390–405, 2011].

{"references": ["\"Glossary - Climate Change\". Education Center - Arctic Climatology\nand Meteorology. NSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center.\nhttp://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/climate_change.html. ; Glossary, in\nIPCC TAR WG1 2001.", "wikipedia\"Climatechange\" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change", "^ \"The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change\". 21\nMarch1994.\nhttp://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/13\n49.php. \"Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed\ndirectly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the\nglobal atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability\nobserved over comparable time periods.\"", "NASA \"What's in a Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change\"..\nhttp://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/climate_by_any_other_name.\nhtml. Retrieved 23 July 2011.", "International Panel on Climate Change IPCC (2007): Climate Change\n2007:Synthesis Report. Available online:\nhttp://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf (Read:\n20.04.2010).", "Anne S. Kaslegard \"Climate Change and Cultural Heritage in the\nNordic Countries\" TemaNord 2010:599"]} Climate change could lead to changes in cultural environments and landscapes as we know them.Climate change presents an immediate and significant threat to our natural and built environments and to the ways of life which co-exist with these environments. In most traditional buildings, the harmony of texture with nature and environment has been ever considered; so houses and cities have been mixed with their natural environment so astonishingly and the selection and usage of materials have been in such a way that they have provided the utmost conformity with the environment, as the result the created areas have a unique beauty and attraction.The extent to which climate change contributes to destruction procedure on Iran-s historic buildings.is a subject of current discussion. Cities, towns and built-up areas also have their own characteristics that might make them particularly vulnerable to climate change.

Anaerobic fermentation inside the digestor is the continuous process which results in the formation of useful biogas fuel. All feedstocks are not easily decomposable thereby necessitating the design of an “optional in-line pre-digestor assembly”. Initially a 2 m3 modified fixed dome ‘Deenbandhu’ type biogas plant was commissioned with cattle dung, bypassing the pre-digestor assembly. In a phased manner, cattle dung was substituted with poultry litter as feedstock. Gradually increasing the substitution @ of 10% per fortnight, complete substitution of cattle dung could be attained in 18 week time. Poultry droppings assorted with paddy husk from deep litter system of poultry housings were used as feedstock. As paddy husk were indecomposable inside the digestor, an in-line pre-digestor assembly was used to remove the unwanted paddy husk by water dissolution technique. Enzymatic hydrolysis initiated in the pre-digestion tank in the 24 hours residence time improved the digestibility of the feedstock for generating biogas. The process of cattle dung substitution with poultry litter was complete in 18 weeks duration. Daily gas production was recorded with the help of wet type gas flow meter. The gas produced was continuously used for domestic cooking. The total solid (TS) content of the poultry litter based feedstock slurry was maintained at around the same TS (9 - 10%) as that of cattle dung (dung to water at 1:1 ratio) slurry. With 100% use of poultry droppings at 10.3 % TS, average gas production level was 208.5 lit per kg of TS.

Coastal regions worldwide have been focal points for migration as well as affected by environmental changes for a long time. In the debate on climate change and migration coastal regions are among the “hot spot” areas that are supposed to be prone to “climate migration” in the near future. The paper analyses the situation in two different regional settings and advocates for a sound regional perspective on the relationship of environmental change and migration. Based on the conceptual framework of migrant trajectories, the paper shows how popu­lations in Keta (Ghana) and Semarang (Indonesia), affected by similar environmental changes such as flooding and erosion, react quite differently in terms of migration and mobility. The regional perspective as well as each region’s past experiences with migration and environmental changes shows to be crucial in order to understand current reactions to environmental degradation. The Keta setting represents a typology that pronounces migration trajectories as part of long-standing interregional and international migration, the Semarang setting, however, may be classified as a rather typical modernization-induced migration scheme, linked to rapidly growing urbanisation, with “trapped populations” on the one hand and in-migration of migrant workers on the other hand.

Paraffinic crude oils are very valuable, because of the products that can be obtained from them, but the challenge is to produce them and transport them. If the characteristics show that an oil is paraffinic, the paraffin precipitation and deposition can occur from a point between the reservoir and surface facilities or during transport by pipeline, causing possible damage to the formation if it is deposited in the reservoir , operational problems and increases in costs and in severe cases even loss of the well.It is advisable to make an early diagnosis in order to implement preventive systems and not wait that for the problem increases with the consequences mentioned.This paper presents an analysis of the problem, patterns of characterization and finally we explain the case of Colorado field, where despite of being a mature field, are making advances in research whose results can help mitigate problems of precipitation of organics in other oil fields

{"references": ["European Wind Energy Association, EU energy policy after 2020,\nwww.ewea.org, 2011.", "M. Raciti Castelli, G. Grandi and E. Benini, \"Numerical Analysis of the\nPerformance of the DU91-W2-250 Airfoil for Straight-Bladed Vertical-\nAxis Wind Turbine Application\", submitted to ICAFM 2012:\nInternational Conference on Advances in Fluid Mechanics, Florence\n(Italy), February 28-29, 2012.", "W.A. Timmer, W. A. and R. P. J. O. M. van Rooij, \"Summary of the\ndelft university wind turbine dedicated airfoils\", AIAA-2003-0352.", "W.A. Timmer, W. A. and R. P. J. O. M. van Rooij, \"Design of airfoils\nfor wind turbine blades\", DUWIND, section Wind Energy, Faculty\nCiTG, 03 May, 2004.", "G. Lombardi, M. V. Salvetti and D. Pinelli, \"Numerical Evaluation of\nAirfoil Friction Drag\", J. Aircraft, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 354-356, 2000.", "Y. Lian and W. Shai, \"Laminar-Turbulent Transition of a Low Reynolds\nNumber Rigid or Flexible Airfoil\", AIAA Journal, Vol. 45, No. 7, July\n2007, pp. 1501-1513.", "F. R. Menter, R. B. Langrty, S. R. Likki, Y. B. Suzen, P. G. Huang and\nS. V\u00f6lker, \"A Correlation-Based Transition Model Using Local\nVariables - Part I: Model Formulation\", Journal of Turbomachinery,\nVolume 128, Issue 3, pp. 413-422, 2006.", "F. R. Menter, R. B. Langrty, S. R. Likki, Y. B. Suzen, P. G. Huang and\nS. V\u00f6lker, \"A Correlation-Based Transition Model Using Local\nVariables - Part II: Test Cases and Industrial Applications\", Journal of\nTurbomachinery, Volume 128, Issue 3, pp. 423-434, 2006.", "E. Benini and R. Ponza, \"Laminar to Turbulent Boundary Layer\nTransition Investigation on a Supercritical Airfoil Using the \u256c\u2502-\u256c\u00a9\nTransitional Model\", 40th Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, 28\nJune - 1 July 2010, Chicago, Illinois, AIAA 2010-4289.\n[10] S. Hosseinverdi and M. Boroomand, \"Prediction of Laminar-Turbulent\nTransitional Flow over Single and Two-Element Airfoils\", 40th Fluid\nDynamics Conference and Exhibit, 28 June - 1 July 2010, Chicago,\nIllinois, AIAA 2010-4290.\n[11] L. Yuhong and L. Congming, \"A numerical simulation of flow around a\nwind turbine airfoil based on transition model\", WNEC 2009: World\nNon-Grid-Connected Wind Power and Energy Conference, Nanjing\n(China), 24-26 Sept. 2009.\n[12] W.A. Timmer, W. A. and R. P. J. O. M. van Rooij, Aifoil DU91-W2-\n250 Coordinates and Measurements in Delft University 1.25x1.80 m\nLow-speed Wind tunnel, data provided by direct contact from the\nauthors.\n[13] ANSYS FLUENT 12.0-12.1 Documentation, Release 12.1 \u252c\u00ae ANSYS,\nInc. 2009-10-01.\n[14] J. Johansen, \"Prediction of Laminar/Turbulent Transition in Airfoil\nFlows\", Ris\u251c\u00a9 National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, May 1997,\nRis\u251c\u00a9-R-987(EN).\n[15] M. Raciti Castelli, F. Garbo, E. Benini, \"Numerical investigation of\nlaminar to turbulent boundary layer transition on a NACA 0012 airfoil\nfor vertical-axis wind turbine applications\", Wind Engineering, Vol. 35,\nNo. 6, 2011, pp. 661-686."]} This paper presents a study of laminar to turbulent transition on a profile specifically designed for wind turbine blades, the DU91-W2-250, which belongs to a class of wind turbine dedicated airfoils, developed by Delft University of Technology. A comparison between the experimental behavior of the airfoil studied at Delft wind tunnel and the numerical predictions of the commercial CFD solver ANSYS FLUENT® has been performed. The prediction capabilities of the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model and of the γ-θ Transitional model have been tested. A sensitivity analysis of the numerical results to the spatial domain discretization has also been performed using four different computational grids, which have been created using the mesher GAMBIT®. The comparison between experimental measurements and CFD results have allowed to determine the importance of the numerical prediction of the laminar to turbulent transition, in order not to overestimate airfoil friction drag due to a fully turbulent-regime flow computation.