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Abstract The Sleipner CO 2 injection project was the world's first industrial offshore CO 2 Capture and Storage (CCS) project with more than 16 Mt CO 2 injected since 1996. Key monitoring insights from Sleipner are the dual interpretation of seismic and gravimetric monitoring surveys to quantify the free CO 2 mass changes and plume geometry development as a function of time. The learnings from Sleipner have contributed to making guidelines for monitoring future CCS injection projects, showing that selection of monitoring technology and the timing and extent of monitoring surveys should be case specific and risk based, while also taking into account the long term nature of CCS projects.

AbstractEight hundreds and eighty nine yeast strains were isolated from soils and wastes of palm oil mill and biodiesel plant in southern region of Thailand using glucose or glycerol as carbon source and at acidic condition (pH 4.0) or neutral condition (pH 6.0) with 0.0001% chloramphenicol. By applying Sudan Black B tests, 23 strains were identified as potential lipid producer or oleaginous yeast. The lipid contents of these 23 strains were compared in crude glycerol based medium. It was found that BY4-523 accumulated highest lipid content up to 53.28% while JU4-57 grew fastest and gave comparable high lipid content 41.50%. They were identified as Kodamaea ohmeri and Trichosporonoides spathulata, respectively. Among organic nitrogen sources tested, a mixture of yeast extract and peptone (1:1) gave the best biomass (17.05g/L for T. spathulata and 11.1g/L for K. ohmeri) and the maximum lipid production (10.43g/L for T. spathulata and 4.53g/L for K. ohmeri). In the view point of economic strategy, the cheaper inorganic nitrogen sources were also tested. Among inorganic nitrogen sources tested, ammonium sulfate was selected as a suitable nitrogen source. It gave the best biomass (9.17g/L for T. spathulata and 10.45g/L for K. ohmeri) and the maximum lipid production (3.85g/L for T. spathulata and 3.17g/L for K. ohmeri). The results showed that the newly isolated yeasts could grow and accumulate high lipid content in crude glycerol based medium supplemented with only ammonium sulfate. The optimal medium composition for both strains was 0.5% ammonium sulfate and 10% crude glycerol (C/N ratio of 17). Under this condition, the maximum biomass of 10.40g/L and lipid production of 4.45g/L were achieved for T. spathulata. Similarly, K. ohmeri also reached the maximum biomass of 10.50g/L and lipid production of 3.22g/L.

Abstract The impact of CO 2 leakage from underground storage formations on shallow water resources is a concerning aspect in CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) risk assessment. In Campo de Calatrava region (Spain), natural CO 2 fluxes from the Earth’s mantle interact with shallow aquifers, resulting in significant changes in their physical and chemical properties. The resultant water is slightly acidic (pH 5.9-6.4), oxidizing, and enriched in iron (up to 6.1×10 -4 mol·L -1 ) and other metals usually found at trace concentrations. Thermodynamic calculations reveal that aqueous Fe(III) carbonate complexes play an important role in the persistence of this high concentration of iron and trace metals in solution.

Abstract One characteristic of railway stations in China is that the entrance hall, ticket office, integrated waiting hall and auxiliary space are all concentrated in a large span of space, forming a unified whole space. However, the multi-function fusion in such a large space results in a series of acoustic problems, such as long reverberation time, high environmental noise and poor language articulation. Therefore, it is necessary to study the acoustic environment of railway stations in China. In this study, the sound field characteristics of the typical railway station are studied to reveal its law of sound propagation. Next, subjective evaluation and objective experiments are carried out to study the acoustic environment and comfort in the waiting hall. Finally, based on the comparative analysis of various influential factors, such as sound source and sound field, this paper advances some suggestions for the acoustical design of high-speed railway stations.

AbstractMany countries foresee the ability of offshore geologic settings to meet anticipated long-term national CO2 storage needs. Although the costs of operating offshore are significant, they may be offset by reduced issues of risk, property ownership and long-term liability. Continued interest in offshore CCS (e.g., EU, Australia, Japan, and U.S.A.) has focused on aspects familiar to onshore work: storage capacity, risk, monitoring, and containment assurance. Over the last decade, the Gulf Coast Carbon Center at the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology conducted numerous studies of storage potential along the eastern seaboard of the U.S. and the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Much of the work focused on regional geologic characterization, capacity assessment, and identification of potential risks and migration pathways. In general, capacity estimates indicate that the offshore storage resource has been under- appreciated as a national resource in the United States, but is receiving more attention. Current research efforts focus on the offshore northwestern GOM where the bulk of potential storage capacity resides. The work has also focused attention on the significant role of regional structural compartmentalization on storage capacity, pressure evolution, potential migration pathways, and long-term containment.

Abstract This study investigates the viability of novel green solvents for carbon capture. Three different types of amine based deep eutectic solvents were synthesized at three different molar ratio. The selected amines represent the primary (monoethanolamine), secondary (diethanolamine) and tertiary (methyldiethanolamine) amines, respectively. The CO 2 absorption was conducted with a solvent screening set-up (SSS) and the CO 2 loading was measured with an ‘Elementar’ total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer. Thereafter, FTIR of the samples was conducted in order to determine the qualitative analysis for tracking the appearance, disappearance and stability of different functional groups (400-1600 cm-1). The solubility experiments were performed based on the conditions of the absorber in the post-combustion capture process (P CO2 = 15kPa and T = 40 o C). Results revealed that amine-based DESs have absorption capacity that is much higher than both 30wt% aqueous amine solutions and conventional DESs. The FTIR broadening of the O–H and N–H stretching of MEA and ChCl individual components, indicates the formation of hydrogen bonds between the two of them in the ChCl-MEA 1:6 before CO2 absorption.

Abstract Within an offshore wind park, wind flow characteristics are quite complex and govern both the energy production and the structural wind turbine response. An experimental study focussed on assessing the spatial variability of winds near the German offshore wind energy platform FINO1 was conducted using multiple remote sensing devices. This study focuses on measuring the wind turbine wake characteristics, such as velocity deficit, the extent (length and width) of the wake and wake meandering under various atmospheric conditions using the data collected from a single scanning Doppler Lidar for several months in 2016. A new algorithm based on using a Gaussian model to measure the downwind wake characteristics is developed. The wind turbine downwind wake deficits compared well to previous models at far-wake regions, while at near-wake regions the models deviated due to different instruments & methodologies used in measuring the wake characteristics. It was also observed that the length of the Alpha Ventus wind turbine wake varied from 3 to 15 times the Rotor Diameter (RD), and the maximum velocity deficit varied from 55% to 75% of the free-stream wind speed, depending on mean wind speed and atmospheric stability. Detailed analysis of the Alpha Ventus wind turbine wake characteristics is presented.