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In the study of waterflood process using scaled physical models, there are some factors like petrophysics, geometry, pressure and others properties of the porous media that are impossible to reproduce exactly, because the conditions present a big difference. Now, if it is impossible to reproduce the porous media in laboratory, petrophysics properties are going to be different too, like these properties determine flow fluids the production results between field and laboratory are different. However, scaled models are very expensive but if you are going to study a new process where the physics is not unknow, they are a big help, then ¿What can you do with the difference in petrophysical properties? Well, you can ignore this difference or pay a lot of money additionally for ¿try¿ of build a better porous media. But, there is a third option that you can include for the calculation of the difference in petrophysical properties; the question is ¿How? In this work it was proposed a new method based in the difference of mobile porous volume, because this property have relation with residual saturations, porosity and scale factor. Use of this method is limited for some characteristics like geometry, we used a configuration of two wells in a eighth of five spot; the reservoir must be homogeneous without shale intercalations, and finally fluids used in field and laboratory must present equal mobility relation. When you are going to use this graphic method, it is necessary to know mobile porous volume in field, the scale factor used and mobile porous volume in model. With these properties, you can read a difference factor for the recovery factor in the graphic and with this value you can matching your recovery factor and other production data, to get a best result with your physical models.

Use of fuel other than woody generally has been limited to rice husk and other residues are rarely tried as a fuel in a gasification system. With the availability of woody biomass in most countries like India, alternates fuels are being explored for sustainable supply of fuel. Use of agro residues has been explored after briquetting. There are few feedstock’s like coconut fronts, maize cobs, etc, that might require lesser preprocessing steps compared to briquetting. The paper presents a detailed investigation into using coconut fronds as a fuel in an open top down draft gasification system. The fuel has ash content of 7% and was dried to moisture levels of 12 %. The average bulk density was found to be 230 kg/m3 with a fuel size particle of an average size 40 mm as compared to 350 kg/m3 for a standard wood pieces. A typical dry coconut fronds weighs about 2.5kgs and on an average 6 m long and 90 % of the frond is the petiole which is generally used as a fuel. The focus was also to compare the overall process with respect to operating with a typical woody biomass like subabul whose ash content is 1 %. The open top gasification system consists of a reactor, cooling and cleaning system along with water treatment. The performance parameters studied were the gas composition, tar and particulates in the clean gas, water quality and reactor pressure drop apart from other standard data collection of fuel flow rate, etc. The average gas composition was found to be CO 15 ± 1.0 % H2 16±1% CH4 0.5 ± 0.1 %CO2 12.0 ± 1.0 % and rest N2 compared to CO 19 ± 1.0 % H2 17 ± 1.0 %, CH4 1 ±0.2 %, CO2 12 ± 1.0 % and rest N2. The tar and particulate content in the clean gas has been found to be about 10 and 12 mg/m3 in both cases. The presence of high ash content material increased the pressure drop with coconut frond compared to woody biomass. Proceedings of the 22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 614-617

The concept of energy transition can be interpreted in different ways depending on the nature of the agent involved. However, practitioners and existing literature agree that a country’s energy transition is the variation of fossil fuel share in the total primary energy supply (TPES). Public policies mostly focus on changing the energy mix directly or indirectly. However, the production of fossil fuels depends mostly on market-related determinants, including prices and investment in the means of production. But what is the contribution of global energy transition? The objective of this paper is to estimate to which extent public policies related to energy transition affect fossil fuel production in producing countries. For this purpose, we consider as a proxy of energy transition the evolution over 40 years of the TPES of a large panel of fossil fuel–exporting countries, which we compare to its total primary energy production (TPEP). Moreover, we analyze these effects to determine if they differ according to country characteristics, such as its level of development or its membership in OPEC. Finally, we describe the long-run and short-run effects by studying separately the effects of production investments and those of R&D investments in RES technologies. The European Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol 17. no. 1, p. 5-30

Common reed (Phragmites australis, hereafter referred to as reed) is one of the most widely distributed plant species on Earth. Among vascular plants, reed is a dominant plant in European land-water ecotones. Combustion of dried reeds has been investigated, for instance, in Sweden and Austria. Though naturally dried reed could be burnt in boiler without any additional drying, a disadvantage is that reed is very bulky and unsuitable for small-scale boilers without pelletizing. This work presents our initial results of combustion tests with reed pellets in a 80 kW wood pellet boiler with moving grate furnace. Reed pellets from Finland were used and two tests were performed. The aim of this study is to determine combustion characteristics of reed pellets and to observe how the reed pellets behave in the furnace designed for burning of wood pellets. It was found that the wood pellets fired furnace with a moving grate is generally suitable for burning of some type of reed pellets with modifications in control parameters (adjusting of the air-fuel rate and the interval of grate moving, a device for pressing burnt fuel heap etc.). However, the drawback lies in the decrease in load and modifications in furnace/grate design are needed to increase residence time for complete combustion. Proceedings of the 23rd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 1-4 June 2015, Vienna, Austria, pp. 697-701

The publication Corporate Fraud and Internal Control contains essential guidance for companies to examine and improve their fraud programs: Corporate governance legislation has become increasingly concerned with the ongoing resilience of organizations and, particularly, with their ability to resist corporate fraud from the lowest levels to the upper echelons of executive management. It has become unacceptable for those responsible for corporate governance to claim, "I didn't know". Corporate Fraud and Internal Control focuses on the appropriateness of the design of the system of internal controls in fraud risk mitigation, as well as the mechanisms to ensure effective implementation and monitoring on an ongoing basis. 

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This paper presents experimental results derived from test runs performed with a laboratory-scale updraft fixed-bed gasifier coupled to a combustion chamber to produce data for the investigation of the release behaviour and the conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen during gasification and subsequent staged combustion of the producer gas using softwood pellets. The concentrations of relevant nitrogenous gas species including tars have been measured in the producer gas and at different positions in the combustion chamber. Based on the experimental measurements and results derived from the test runs, the pathway of the fuel-bound nitrogen could be described. Results show that during updraft fixed-bed gasification the fuel-bound nitrogen is mainly released as N bound in tars from the packed bed and is then subsequently released as HCN, NO, NH3 and N2 as a result of tar cracking during combustion. This strong N-fixation in the tars was not expected. It is of great relevance for the understanding of the behaviour of the fuel-bound nitrogen as a basis for a low-NOx combustion of the producer gas. Proceedings of the 19th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 6-10 June 2011, Berlin, Germany, pp. 996-1001

LocaGIStics is a support tool for the design of regional biomass delivery chains. It enables to further design and evaluate regional biomass delivery chains that are e.g. the result of initial planning by an energy company or a biobased producer. These general plans are translated in several biomass delivery designs using the variation in logistical concepts covering transport, pre-treatment and conversion options. The performance of every chain design can then be analyzed by comparing the different biomass delivery chains on the following environmental and economic indicators. A regional case study was performed in Aragón (Spain) using the LocaGIStics tool. In this case study maps were used where the biomass availability is specified for 2.5 x 2.5 grid cells. Data about the logistical components were supplied partly by the energy supplying company that was involved. This paper shows the main outcomes of this case study. Proceedings of the 25th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 12-15 June 2017, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 41-47

Globally it is estimated that 84% of produced grains are wasted. In India 20-40% of food grains are spoiled, due to conventional preservation technique. The preservation tech like canning, freezing, drying etc are used in order to avoid the food wastage. Renewable hybrid drying system may be optimum for food preservations at low cost and will exploit at large in the present scenario. Proposed system of hybrid drying system is an integration of solar thermal air heating system coupled with air heating using suitable heating system based on biomass burning to maintain continuous drying process. Experiments are carried out for sun drying, oven drying, solar drying using air heaters and solar- biomass thermal drying. It is observed that solar hybrid system using biomass as a fuel for heating has reduced time of drying maize. For only solar system hot air drying time reduced from 72 to 33 hours and for solar hybrid drying time reduced from 72 to 15 hours. https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150072