• Energy Research
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The aim of this paper is to point out the problems in the field of energy efficiency in Serbia and the needs for systematic measures for energy efficiency improvement in order to create appropriate conditions for sustainable industrial growth and development. The paper is consisted of three chapters and concluding remarks. In the first chapter was emphasized very low level of energy efficiency in Serbia, as well as very high energy intensity. This chapter provides also an analysis of structure of energy consumption in Serbia and selected neighboring countries. The legal framework for energy efficiency improvement in European Union and Serbia is presented in the second chapter of the paper. The adequate measures suggested by national policy for energy efficiency in order to stimulate industrial development are described in the third chapter. Finally, the last chapter summarizes key messages of the paper.

The decline in vitality and dieback of oak forests is increasingly present Vojvodina. This is old challenge for forestry, which again became actual. The paper used dendrochronological methods with the intention to describe trends in growth of pedunculate oak forests in Srem and trends of the water level of the Sava River and air temperature, which are defined as critical to the vitality of these forests. Predicted were water levels of Sava River in the 21st century with overview of its implications on the oak forests growth. Samples were taken from three stands in Srem (Stara Vratična, Smogva and Blate). Flows of Sava river were taken according to five climate scenarios for the periods 2012-2040 and 2042-2070, and converted into the water levels. A trend of decrease in growth in all three stands in last 30 years was observed, together with decrease in water level and temperature rise. Predicted future water levels of the Sava River were in general lower than those in the period 1951-1981, and higher than in the period 1982-2012. The differences between the various scenarios, as well as the impossibility of adequate simulations of extreme events, leavs space for further considerations.

This paper presents the development of standardization in the field of energy efficiency, based on a review of available literature on this topic. The paper discusses the development of standardization of energy efficiency of household appliances, energy efficiency in buildings, energy efficiency in transport, standardization related to the use of renewable energy and energy management system standardization. The aim of this paper is to showcase the course of development and important events in the development of standardization in the field of energy efficiency, as well as to present an analysis of published articles on the topic of standardization of energy efficiency in prominent international journals. In research and formation of conclusions, analysis and synthesis methods are used.

The paper describes the real appearance of a new class of light sources. The technology progress allows the light emitting diodes (LED) to be applied for an in- and outdoor lightning. The special, high power diodes (HPLED) have too many advantages comparing to classical light sources and it is quite reasonable to expect their mass application in the indoor and outdoor lighting. The article contains a brief theoretical aspect of optics, explanations of the classical light sources parameters and typical examples. The performances of standard and high power LED are also included as well. The conclusions made at the paper end predict the massive usage LED for the lightning in a near future.

The energy efficiency of typical rural houses in Serbia is presented in this paper. Typical houses from rural areas were analyzed by proper measurements, and by numerical calculations according to current regulations. The first house is a traditional Vojvodina house and it is situated in the suburban part of municipality of Sremska Mitrovica. The second house is a typical Serbian mountainous house and it is located in the municipality of Ra{ka. Experimental data for the analysis were obtained by performing measurements of temperature, humidity and dew point on the characteristic spots in these houses. Recording with thermal imaging camera were also done. Detailed insight in energy performance of observed houses can be defined by analyzing obtained results. Calculation of the annual energy needs for heating is based on the Regulations on energy efficiency of buildings in the Republic of Serbia, which were adopted in 2011. It was concluded that the annual energy need for heating in rural homes significantly exceeds optimal limits for objects of that category, so the special attention should be devoted to analysis of energy efficiency problems in rural areas.

The overview and analysis of the most important standards in the field of energy efficiency drives, in our country and abroad, are presented in the paper. Special attention is paid to standards relating to the efficiency and control motor speed.