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AbstractHere, we present the results of evaluation of solar energy potential and photovoltaic (PV) module performance from actual data measured over a period of more than 2 years in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. To allow estimation of solar energy potentials and durability of PV systems in the Gobi Desert area, a data acquisition system, including crystalline silicon (c‐Si), polycrystalline silicon (p‐Si) modules, and two sets of precision pyranometers, thermometers, and anemometer, was installed at Sainshand City in October 2002. This system measures 23 parameters, including solar irradiation and meteorological parameters, every 10 min. High output gain was observed due to operation at extremely low ambient temperatures and the module performance ratios (PRs) were high (>1·0) in winter. In summary, the present study showed that a PV module with a high temperature coefficient, such as crystalline silicon, is advantageous for use in the Gobi Desert area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

IT technologies related to Industry 4.0 facilitate the implementation of the framework for sustainable manufacturing. At the same time, Industry 4.0 integrates IT processes and systems of production companies with IT solutions of cooperating companies that support a complete manufactured product life cycle. Thus, the implementation of sustainable manufacturing implies a rapid increase in interfaces between IT solutions of cooperating companies. This, in turn, raises concerns about security among manufacturing company executives. The lack of a recognized methodology supporting the decision-making process of choosing the right methods and means of cybersecurity is, in effect, a significant barrier to the development of sustainable manufacturing. As a result, the propagation of technologies in Industry 4.0 and the implementation of the sustainable manufacturing framework in companies are slowing down significantly. The main novelty of this article, addressing the above deficiencies, is the creation, using the combined DEMATEL and ANP (DANP) and PROMETHEE II methods, of a ranking of the proposed three groups of measures, seven dimensions and twenty criteria to be implemented in companies to ensure cybersecurity in Industry 4.0 and facilitate the implementation of the sustainable production principles. The contribution of Industry 4.0 components and the proposed cybersecurity scheme to achieve the Sustainable Development goals, reducing the carbon footprint of companies and introducing circular economy elements was also indicated. Using DANP and PROMETHEE II, it can be concluded that: (i) the major criterion of cybersecurity in companies is validation and maintaining electronic signatures and seals; (ii) the most crucial area of cybersecurity is network security; (iii) the most significant group of measures in this regard are technological measures.

AbstractMembrane Technology and Research, Inc. has proposed a hybrid system combining amine scrubbing with membrane technology to reduce energy cost. Previous studies of CO2 absorption mainly focused on coal-fired flue gas with 12% CO2. However, in the hybrid process, the CO2 in the flue gas can be enriched to 20%. Natural gas turbines will have flue gas with as little as 3% CO2。 Based on the arrangement, the hybrid amine/membrane system provides a gas to the system that has double the CO2 concentration of normal flue gas, reduces the volume of gas sent to the capture unit, or reduces the removal requirements for the capture unit.The objective of this work is to minimize the total energy use of stripping concentrated piperazine (PZ) at rich loading when treating flue gas from 3 to 20% inlet CO2. The base-case stripping configuration is the advanced flash stripper with warm rich bypass and cold rich exchanger bypass. . This configuration includes two split cross-exchangers in series, a convective steam heater, a smaller stripper column, a low residence time flash tank, and stripping at high temperature to produce CO2 at 5 to 17bar. Rich loading in 5 and 8m PZ was varied from 0.37 to 0.43mol CO2/mol N. For each rich loading, lean loading was optimized to minimize the total equivalent work. The “Independence” model for PZ in Aspen Plus® was used to simulate the stripping performance.Because 5m PZ has a lower viscosity than 8m PZ, it can achieve a reduced approach temperature in the cross exchanger. The total energy performance for 5m PZ is practically the same as 8m PZ, even though the capacity of 5m PZ is lower. Significantly more energy is required to regenerate solvents with lower rich loading. As CO2 rich loading increases, the equivalent work requirement decreases for the same loading difference between rich and lean.Stripping data for 24 cases, including heat duty, equivalent work, CO2 output pressure, and optimal cold and warm rich bypass were used to build a correlation with CO2 rich and lean loading. The Second Law efficiency based on the ratio of stripping minimum work and total ideal work was introduced to make the most of stripping work. The Second Law efficiency has a maximum value at a specific CO2 loading.

Virus H5N1 thuộc chi virus cúm A, họ Orthomyxoviridae. Trong nhóm virus cúm A, H5N1 thuộc phân type có độc lực cao nhất, thường gây chết gia cầm hàng loạt và có khả năng lây sang người với dấu hiệu lâm sàng trầm trọng và tỷ lệ tử vong cao. Phương pháp phòng chống hiệu quả loại virus H5N1 là tiêm phòng vaccine. Vaccine cúm có hiệu quả cao và an toàn nhất hiện nay là vaccine được sản xuất bằng kỹ thuật di truyền ngược - cho phép thao tác với genome của virus, tái tạo hạt virus từ các cDNA tách dòng sau khi chuyển nạp vào tế bào động vật. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã tách dòng thành công sáu phân đoạn RNA (M, NP, NS, PA, PB1, PB2) của virus cúm vào vector pHW2000. Sáu plasmid tái tổ hợp khi kết hợp với plamid mang gen H5 và N1, biến nạp vào tế bào động vật sẽ là nguồn tái tạo chủng virus tái tổ hợp làm giống gốc cho sản xuất vaccine phòng chống cúm H5N1.

Dans des scénarios réalistes, la performance dynamique d'un cluster de micro-réseaux est largement affectée par la puissance intermittente des sources d'énergie renouvelables et les changements de charge fréquents. Pour résoudre ce problème, un contrôleur secondaire à double couche basé sur le temps fixe distribué est conçu pour améliorer les performances dynamiques inter-microgrid et intra-microgrid dans un temps de stabilisation fixe. Le contrôleur proposé est indépendant des valeurs de fonctionnement initiales par opposition à la loi de contrôle à temps fini. Chaque agent global dans un micro-réseau fonctionne pour atténuer le décalage de charge entre les autres agents globaux, tandis que chaque agent local dans un micro-réseau fonctionne pour réaliser un partage de courant de charge proportionnel et une régulation de tension moyenne entre eux dans un temps fixe. Cependant, comme l'atténuation de la non-concordance de chargement dans des conditions de charge légère affecte l'efficacité du système en raison de pertes de ligne importantes, le fonctionnement du cluster passe à une approche de minimisation des pertes distribuées, qui fonctionne en utilisant des mesures en ligne des micro-réseaux voisins. Pour caractériser le mode de fonctionnement dans la cyber-couche globale, un seuil de point de chargement critique pour le cluster est ainsi déterminé. La performance du cluster utilisant la stratégie proposée est simulée dans l'environnement MATLAB/SIMULINK pour divers scénarios afin de démontrer sa fiabilité et son efficacité. En escenarios realistas, el rendimiento dinámico de un grupo de microrredes se ve afectado en gran medida por la potencia intermitente de las fuentes de energía renovables y los frecuentes cambios de carga. Para abordar este problema, un controlador secundario de doble capa basado en tiempo fijo distribuido está diseñado para mejorar el rendimiento dinámico entre microrredes y entre microrredes dentro de un tiempo de asentamiento fijo. El controlador propuesto es independiente de los valores operativos iniciales en oposición a la ley de control de tiempo finito. Cada agente global en una microrred opera para mitigar el desajuste de carga entre otros agentes globales, mientras que cada agente local en una microrred opera para lograr un reparto de corriente de carga proporcional y una regulación de voltaje promedio entre ellos en un tiempo fijo. Sin embargo, como la mitigación de la falta de coincidencia de carga durante condiciones de carga ligera afecta la eficiencia del sistema debido a pérdidas de línea significativas, la operación del clúster cambia a un enfoque de minimización de pérdidas distribuidas, que opera utilizando mediciones en línea de las microrredes vecinas. Para caracterizar el modo de operación en la capa cibernética global, se determina así un punto crítico de umbral de carga para el clúster. El rendimiento del clúster que emplea la estrategia propuesta se simula en el entorno MATLAB/SIMULINK para varios escenarios para demostrar su confiabilidad y eficiencia. In realistic scenarios, the dynamic performance of a microgrid cluster is largely affected by the intermittent power of renewable energy sources and frequent load changes. To address this issue, a distributed fixed-time based dual layer secondary controller is designed to improve inter-microgrid and intra-microgrid dynamic performance within a fixed settling time. The proposed controller is independent of initial operating values as opposed to the finite time control law. Each global agent in a microgrid operates to mitigate loading mismatch between other global agents, whereas each local agent in a microgrid operates to achieve proportionate load current sharing and average voltage regulation between them in fixed time. However, as loading mismatch mitigation during light load conditions affects the system efficiency due to significant line losses, the cluster operation switches to a distributed loss minimization approach, which operates using online measurements from the neighboring microgrids. To characterize the mode of operation in the global cyber layer, a critical point of loading threshold for the cluster is thus determined. The performance of the cluster employing the proposed strategy is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment for various scenarios to demonstrate its reliability and efficiency. في السيناريوهات الواقعية، يتأثر الأداء الديناميكي لمجموعة الشبكات الصغيرة إلى حد كبير بالطاقة المتقطعة لمصادر الطاقة المتجددة والتغيرات المتكررة في الحمل. لمعالجة هذه المشكلة، تم تصميم وحدة تحكم ثانوية ثنائية الطبقة موزعة على أساس الوقت الثابت لتحسين الأداء الديناميكي بين الشبكات الدقيقة وداخلها في غضون وقت استقرار ثابت. وحدة التحكم المقترحة مستقلة عن قيم التشغيل الأولية بدلاً من قانون التحكم في الوقت المحدود. يعمل كل عامل عالمي في شبكة صغرى على التخفيف من عدم تطابق التحميل بين العوامل العالمية الأخرى، في حين يعمل كل عامل محلي في شبكة صغرى على تحقيق مشاركة تيار الحمل المتناسب ومتوسط تنظيم الجهد بينهما في وقت محدد. ومع ذلك، نظرًا لأن تخفيف عدم تطابق التحميل أثناء ظروف الحمل الخفيف يؤثر على كفاءة النظام بسبب الخسائر الكبيرة في الخطوط، تتحول عملية المجموعة إلى نهج تقليل الخسارة الموزعة، والذي يعمل باستخدام القياسات عبر الإنترنت من الشبكات الصغيرة المجاورة. لتوصيف طريقة التشغيل في الطبقة السيبرانية العالمية، يتم تحديد نقطة حرجة لعتبة التحميل للمجموعة. تتم محاكاة أداء المجموعة التي تستخدم الاستراتيجية المقترحة في بيئة ماتلاب/سيمولينك لسيناريوهات مختلفة لإثبات موثوقيتها وكفاءتها.

Mahalle; sosyal hayatın yerlilik vurgusu yapan, kültürel, ekonomik açıdan benzer insanları bir araya getiren yahut benzemeyenleri yakınlaştıran, aidiyet hissini mekânla özdeşleştiren dinamik unsurlarından biridir. Kenar mahalle de bu dinamiğin içinde ekonomik, kültürel, ahlaki açıdan ve dil bakımından çevrede kalan; merkezle oluşan uzak mesafeyi gösteren, gündelik hayatı ayrıntılarıyla yansıtan müesseselerindendir. Bu yönüyle kentleşme olgusunun somutlaştığı zamanlardan itibaren edebi eserlerin önemli mekânlarından ve sosyolojinin ilgilendiği alanlardan biri olmuştur. Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar, Türk edebiyatında kent kimliğinin henüz yerleştiği dönemlerden itibaren kenar mahalleleri eserlerine yansıtan romancılardan biridir. Yazar, kenar mahallelerin ve buradaki insanların görünümlerini yazma anının gerçeklerine uygun bir bakışla dile getirirken kurguyu da bu gerçeklikten yola çıkarak şekillendirir. Yazarın kenar mahallelerde geçen romanlarında kurgu ve kurgudaki çatışma unsurları, buralarda yaşamakla doğrudan ilgilidir. Dolayısıyla kenar mahalle, yazarın dünyasında yalnızca bir mekân unsuru olmanın ötesinde sınıf farklılığının, canlı ve renkli kent hayatının, yoksulluğun, alt kültür pratiklerinin görüldüğü gündelik hayat müessesesidir. Bu makalede üretken bir yazar olan Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar’ın kenar mahalleleri, buralardaki insanları ve hayatları yansıtma bağlamında temsil değeri olan 13 romanı incelenecektir. Kenar mahallelerin nasıl tasvir edildiği, buralarda yaşayan ve romanların kişi kadrosunu oluşturan insanların ele alınma biçimleri üzerinde durulacaktır. Yazarın romanlarında kenar mahalleleri ele almasının sebepleri üzerinde durulacaktır. Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar’ın kenar mahalleleri ve insanlarını bir sınıf sorunsalı olarak değerlendirip değerlendirmediği de sorgulanacaktır. 

It is crucial to reduce the energy penalties related to CO2 capture processes if CCS is to be implemented at industrial scale. In this context, gas-solid sorption has become a relevant technology. The absence of large amounts of water when using dry solid sorbents and their high heat capacity reduce the energy requirements in the gas-solid sorption CO2 capture process. Depending on the sorbent composition, the gas-solid sorption process carries out at high or low temperatures. High temperature sorbents allow the utilization of waste energy while energy requirements in low temperature processes will be less demanding. This study is focused on the assessment and comparison of the final energy penalty of low-temperature (amine impregnated alumina-based solid particles) and high-temperature solid sorbents capture process (calcium oxide).