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W artykule wyjaśnione zostały przyczyny i konsekwencje zmian w globalnym sektorze technologii informacyjnych i komunikacji (ICT). Wyspecyfikowane zostały główne procesy determinujące zmiany w wymiarach: rynkowym, technologicznym i ekonomicznym. Zaprezentowane zostały skutki zachodzących procesów - zmiany tradycyjnych reguł konkurowania i współpracy, przenikanie się branż, rozmywanie się ich granic, zmiany układu sił w powiązanych branżach a także tworzenie nowych. Monika Golonka

The aim of the paper is to assess diversification dynamics of the agrarian structure of voivodeships in years 1996-2008. The calculations were made on the basis of statistical data obtained from the Central Statistical Office—the number and area of farms have been grouped by voivodeships. With the use of a fuzzy classification method, voivodeships have been divided into groups of similar agrarian structures according to data of 1996, 2002 and 2008. As a result, 4 groups comprising the same voivodeships in each year have been distinguished. Group I con- sists of Malopolskie, Śląskie and Podkarpackie voivodeships. It is characterized by the highest degree of fragmentation of the agrarian structure. In 2008 around 82% of farms had the area of 1-5 hectares, while 14.4% of them had the area of 5-10 hectares. The remaining farms repre- sent a very small proportion: 10-20 hectares—3.3%, 20-50 hectares—1.1%, more than 50 hec­tares—0.3%. Group II consists of Łodzkie, Mazowieckie and Lubelskie voivodeships, where structure indices are as follows: 51.5%, 29.2%, 14%, 4.2% and 0.5%. The lowest degree of fragmentation is observed in group III, comprising Podlaskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Pomorskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie and Wielkopolskie voivodeships. The average structure is more regular in this group: 35.5%, 23%, 25.2%, 13.3% and 3.1%. Group IV consists of Lubuskie, Dolnośląskie and Opolskie voivodeships and average structure indices are as follows: 57%, 19.9%, 12.5%, 7.3% and 3.2%.

Wykorzystując doniesienia literaturowe oraz wyniki badań własnych, przedstawiono występowanie, budowę chemiczną i morfologiczną alg słodkowodnych występujących także na terenie Polski oraz zastosowanie ich biomasy jako cennego surowca dla różnych gałęzi przemysłu i rolnictwa. Z powodu braku w Polsce systemu wykorzystywania biomasy alg do celów przemysłowych i rolniczych, zagospodarowanie tych surowców powstających na dużą skalę w zbiornikach wodnych stanowi duże wyzwanie i jest istotnym elementem gospodarki zrównoważonego rozwoju. Praca sfinansowana ze środków grantu PBS 1/A1/2/2012: „Innowacyjna technologia ekstraktów glonowych – komponentów nawozów, pasz i kosmetyków” przyznanego przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju. 92 7 1001 1004 Przemysł Chemiczny

The aim of this discussion is to determine whether and to what degree the legal regulations concerning the production and utilization of agricultural biogas affect the development of this branch of renewable sources of energy. In conclusion the author states among other things that regulations on agricultural biogas production and utilisation, binding to date, are insufficient to strengthen this branch of economy, there are no regulations referring directly to the construction conditions and principles of operation for agricultural biogas plants. Inconclusiveness of law does not promote future investments and reduces profitability of already existing installations. The situation is going to improve after the Act on the amendment to the Act on Energy Law, enacted on 8 January 2010, enters into force, realising the main proposals formulated in the strategic document “Innovative Economy – Energy agriculture”. However, it seems unlikely to have a biogas plant in every commune by the year 2020, as it is planned. This ambitious plan requires legislative measures being an effect of a comprehensive approach to regulations concerning agriculture, the environment and the energy sector. L’autrice si propone l’obiettivo di rispondere alla domanda se, e in quale misura, la regolazione giuridica della produzione e dell’utilizzo del biogas agricolo incida sullo sviluppo di tale settore delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili. Nelle conclusioni si constata che le previsioni finora esistenti sono insufficienti per rinforzare l’economia del settore in questione. Manca una diretta disciplina delle condizioni di costruzione e dei principi del funzionamento degli impianti di biogas agricolo. Inoltre, l’equivocità della legge non favorisce gli investimenti futuri e abbassa la rendita degli impianti già esistenti. La situazione migliorerà dopo l’entrata in vigore della legge approvata l’8 gennaio 2010 di modifica della legge “Diritto energetico”, volta a realizzare i principali auspici formulati nel documento strategico „L’economia Innovativa – L’agricoltura energetica”. È tuttavia incerto se si riuscirà di costruire, come si intende, un impianto di biogas in ogni comune entro il 2020, poiché questo piano ambizioso richiede soluzioni legislative che siano il risultato di un approccio integrato delle normative agricole, ambientali ed energetiche.

The current provisions in the EU directive, applicable to the signatories of the document, assume reaching by 2020 a share of at least 20% of energy coming from renewable sources. The EU Parliament demands changes to the current directive on forest biomass and its contribution to the use of renewable energy. The Parliament considers it expedient to increase the amount of forest biomass obtained, including wood in various processing states, treating this solution as one of the active methods of replacing the energy derived from fossil fuels. The definition proposed by the EU Parliament states that countries and industrial plants in their areas can receive financial assistance and also be included in the group of energy users ‘from renewable sources’ if they obtain it from the combustion of wood, which will be collected only for this purpose. Such a case has led to the protest of over 750 scientists from around the world. In a letter sent from researchers to the EU, it was found that only harvested forest biomass coming exclusively from logging residues and wood waste, and not from wood intended for other use, should be taken into account for the purpose. Signatories of the letter warn that this change puts at risk both the global climate goals and maintaining the sustainability of the world’s forests. At the heart of the argument is the conviction of scientists that the defect of the directive is based on such a construction of regulations that will cause actions that cause expansive damage to forests in the world and accelerate the occurring climate change. The proposed solution is to limit the amount of forest biomass obtained only to the part that qualifies according to the directive, for logging residues and wood waste. The real danger, including concerning the stability of forests, is the possibility of overestimating the forest’s production capacity in supplying forest biomass. This claim is not an expression of academic caution. It is a real threat. The history of overestimation of forest potential is as long as the history of human development and in each case ended up with a total degradation of the forest and the lack of resources that forced migration of the population. This threat, both on a global scale and for our country, is high, first of all, because the implementation of energy policy assumptions, just like an agricultural policy, in each case leads to the direct growth of producers’ incomes. They are always higher, as are profits in other economic sectors, from revenue received from forest management. This income asymmetry may stimulate in our country, and in many countries of the world is already stimulating, changes in forest management leading to the reduction of forest biological diversity, as well as the growth of deforestation. Sylwan 162 (8): 688-695