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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marco Agnelli; David Brusi; David Soler; Manel Zamorano; +3 Authors

    Abstract The impact of CO 2 leakage from underground storage formations on shallow water resources is a concerning aspect in CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) risk assessment. In Campo de Calatrava region (Spain), natural CO 2 fluxes from the Earth’s mantle interact with shallow aquifers, resulting in significant changes in their physical and chemical properties. The resultant water is slightly acidic (pH 5.9-6.4), oxidizing, and enriched in iron (up to 6.1×10 -4 mol·L -1 ) and other metals usually found at trace concentrations. Thermodynamic calculations reveal that aqueous Fe(III) carbonate complexes play an important role in the persistence of this high concentration of iron and trace metals in solution.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Procediaarrow_drop_down
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    Energy Procedia
    Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Energy Procedia
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      Energy Procedia
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Procedia
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    Authors: Marco Agnelli; David Brusi; David Soler; Manel Zamorano; +3 Authors

    Abstract The impact of CO 2 leakage from underground storage formations on shallow water resources is a concerning aspect in CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) risk assessment. In Campo de Calatrava region (Spain), natural CO 2 fluxes from the Earth’s mantle interact with shallow aquifers, resulting in significant changes in their physical and chemical properties. The resultant water is slightly acidic (pH 5.9-6.4), oxidizing, and enriched in iron (up to 6.1×10 -4 mol·L -1 ) and other metals usually found at trace concentrations. Thermodynamic calculations reveal that aqueous Fe(III) carbonate complexes play an important role in the persistence of this high concentration of iron and trace metals in solution.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Energy Procediaarrow_drop_down
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    Energy Procedia
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      Energy Procedia
      Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
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      Energy Procedia
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    La contaminación y la sobreexplotación de los acuíferos subterráneos y las aguas superficiales han llevado a una disminución de la calidad y la disponibilidad de los recursos hídricos naturales en muchas regiones. Esta situación ha llevado a un aumento de los sólidos disueltos totales (SDT) más allá de los estándares y facilita la acumulación de metales tóxicos y otros problemas como la tinción y/o la precipitación. Una de las opciones de tratamiento para una solución disuelta total elevada es la desalinización mediante un sistema de ósmosis inversa impulsado por energía solar. La parte norte de Etiopía tiene una temporada de lluvias corta y un clima seco prolongado con radiación de cielo despejado. La radiación solar oscila entre 5,46 kWh/m 2 /día en agosto a 6,82 kWh/m 2 /día en abril, con un promedio de 6,09 kWh/m 2 /día. Este documento trata sobre la aplicación de la ósmosis inversa, impulsada por un sistema de desalinización que utiliza energía solar, para suministrar agua potable a las zonas rurales del norte de Etiopía. La ósmosis inversa debido a su bajo consumo de energía es una de las mejores alternativas de desalinización. El sistema de ósmosis inversa alimentado por energía solar se desarrolló e instaló en la Universidad de Mekelle. Los componentes principales son paneles fotovoltaicos, dos alimentados por CC bombas, filtros de carbón y medidores de flujo. El sistema está diseñado para funcionar en una potencia, flujo y presión variables teniendo en cuenta la irradiancia que varía naturalmente a lo largo del día. Se analiza todo el proceso de mediciones del potencial de irradiación, la cantidad de energía generada con el panel solar y la cantidad de TDS. El agua de alimentación con TDS casi constante de alrededor de 2800 ppm del área de estudio se ha reducido a TDS bastante constante de aproximadamente 100 ppm después de la desalinización. La capacidad promedio de desalinización del sistema es de 50 litros por hora. La pollution et la surexploitation des nappes phréatiques et des eaux de surface ont entraîné une diminution de la qualité et de la disponibilité des ressources naturelles en eau dans de nombreuses régions. Cette situation a entraîné une augmentation des solides dissous totaux (TDS) au-delà des normes et facilite l'accumulation de métaux toxiques et d'autres problèmes tels que la coloration et/ou les précipitations. L'une des options de traitement pour une solution dissoute totale élevée est le dessalement à l'aide d'un système d'osmose inverse à énergie solaire. La partie nord de l'Éthiopie a une courte saison des pluies et un long temps sec avec un rayonnement du ciel clair. Le rayonnement solaire varie de 5,46 kWh/m 2 /jour en août à 6,82 kWh/m 2 /jour en avril, avec une moyenne de 6,09 kWh/m 2 /jour. Ce document traite de l'application de l'osmose inverse, entraînée par un système de dessalement utilisant l'énergie solaire, pour fournir de l'eau potable sûre aux zones rurales du nord de l'Éthiopie. L'osmose inverse en raison de sa faible consommation d'énergie est l'une des meilleures alternatives de dessalement. Un système d'osmose inverse à énergie solaire a été développé et installé à l'Université Mekelle. Les principaux composants sont des panneaux photovoltaïques, deux alimentés en CC pompes, filtres à charbon et débitmètres. Le système conçu pour fonctionner avec une puissance, un débit et une pression variables compte tenu de l'irradiance naturellement variable tout au long de la journée. L'ensemble du processus de mesure du potentiel d'irradiation, de la quantité d'énergie générée à l'aide du panneau solaire et de la quantité de TDS est discuté. L'eau d'alimentation avec un TDS presque constant autour de 2800 ppm de la zone d'étude a été réduite à un TDS assez constant d'environ 100 ppm après dessalement. La capacité moyenne de dessalement du système est de 50 litres par heure. Pollution and over exploitation of groundwater aquifer and surface water have led to a decrease of quality and availability of natural water resource in many regions.This situation has led to elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) beyond standards and facilitates toxic metals accumulation and other problems like staining and/or precipitation.One of the treatment options for an elevated total dissolved solution is desalination using a solar driven reverse osmosis system.The northern part of Ethiopia has short rainy season and long dry weather with clear sky radiation.Solar radiation ranges from 5.46 kWh/m 2 /day in August to 6.82 kWh/m 2 /day in April, with an average of 6.09 kWh/m 2 /day.This paper deals with application of reverse osmosis, driven by desalination system using solar energy, to supply safe drinking water for the rural areas of northern Ethiopia.Reverse osmosis due to its low energy consumption is one of the best desalination alternatives.Solar powered reverse osmosis system was developed and installed at Mekelle University.The main components are photovoltaic panels, two DC powered pumps, carbon filters, and flow meters.The system made to operate in a variable power, flow, and pressure considering the naturally varying irradiance throughout the day.The entire process of irradiation potential measurements, the amount of energy generated using solar panel, and the amount of TDS is discussed.The feed water with nearly constant TDS around 2800 ppm from the study area has reduced to fairly constant TDS of about 100 ppm after desalination.The average desalination capacity of the system is 50 litres per hour. أدى التلوث والاستغلال المفرط لطبقة المياه الجوفية والمياه السطحية إلى انخفاض جودة وتوافر موارد المياه الطبيعية في العديد من المناطق. وقد أدى هذا الوضع إلى ارتفاع إجمالي المواد الصلبة الذائبة بما يتجاوز المعايير ويسهل تراكم المعادن السامة ومشاكل أخرى مثل التلطيخ و/أو هطول الأمطار. أحد خيارات المعالجة للحل المذاب الكلي المرتفع هو تحلية المياه باستخدام نظام التناضح العكسي القائم على الطاقة الشمسية. الجزء الشمالي من إثيوبيا لديه موسم أمطار قصير وطقس جاف طويل مع إشعاع السماء الصافية. يتراوح الإشعاع الشمسي من 5.46 كيلو واط ساعة/م 2 /يوم في أغسطس إلى 6.82 كيلو واط ساعة/م 2 /يوم في أبريل، بمتوسط 6.09 كيلو واط ساعة/م 2 /يوم. تتناول هذه الورقة تطبيق التناضح العكسي، مدفوعًا بنظام تحلية المياه باستخدام الطاقة الشمسية، لتوفير مياه الشرب المأمونة للمناطق الريفية في شمال إثيوبيا. يعد التناضح العكسي بسبب انخفاض استهلاكه للطاقة أحد أفضل بدائل التحلية. تم تطوير نظام التناضح العكسي الذي يعمل بالطاقة الشمسية وتركيبه في جامعة ميكيلي. المكونات الرئيسية هي الألواح الكهروضوئية، وهما يعملان بالتيار المستمر المضخات ومرشحات الكربون ومقاييس التدفق. تم تصميم النظام للعمل بقدرة وتدفق وضغط متغيرين مع الأخذ في الاعتبار الإشعاع المتغير بشكل طبيعي على مدار اليوم. تمت مناقشة العملية الكاملة لقياسات إمكانات التشعيع وكمية الطاقة المتولدة باستخدام الألواح الشمسية وكمية المواد الصلبة الذائبة. انخفضت مياه التغذية ذات المواد الصلبة الذائبة الثابتة تقريبًا حول 2800 جزء في المليون من منطقة الدراسة إلى المواد الصلبة الذائبة الثابتة إلى حد ما بحوالي 100 جزء في المليون بعد تحلية المياه. يبلغ متوسط قدرة تحلية النظام 50 لترًا في الساعة.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Momona Ethiopian Jou...arrow_drop_down
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    Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
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    La contaminación y la sobreexplotación de los acuíferos subterráneos y las aguas superficiales han llevado a una disminución de la calidad y la disponibilidad de los recursos hídricos naturales en muchas regiones. Esta situación ha llevado a un aumento de los sólidos disueltos totales (SDT) más allá de los estándares y facilita la acumulación de metales tóxicos y otros problemas como la tinción y/o la precipitación. Una de las opciones de tratamiento para una solución disuelta total elevada es la desalinización mediante un sistema de ósmosis inversa impulsado por energía solar. La parte norte de Etiopía tiene una temporada de lluvias corta y un clima seco prolongado con radiación de cielo despejado. La radiación solar oscila entre 5,46 kWh/m 2 /día en agosto a 6,82 kWh/m 2 /día en abril, con un promedio de 6,09 kWh/m 2 /día. Este documento trata sobre la aplicación de la ósmosis inversa, impulsada por un sistema de desalinización que utiliza energía solar, para suministrar agua potable a las zonas rurales del norte de Etiopía. La ósmosis inversa debido a su bajo consumo de energía es una de las mejores alternativas de desalinización. El sistema de ósmosis inversa alimentado por energía solar se desarrolló e instaló en la Universidad de Mekelle. Los componentes principales son paneles fotovoltaicos, dos alimentados por CC bombas, filtros de carbón y medidores de flujo. El sistema está diseñado para funcionar en una potencia, flujo y presión variables teniendo en cuenta la irradiancia que varía naturalmente a lo largo del día. Se analiza todo el proceso de mediciones del potencial de irradiación, la cantidad de energía generada con el panel solar y la cantidad de TDS. El agua de alimentación con TDS casi constante de alrededor de 2800 ppm del área de estudio se ha reducido a TDS bastante constante de aproximadamente 100 ppm después de la desalinización. La capacidad promedio de desalinización del sistema es de 50 litros por hora. La pollution et la surexploitation des nappes phréatiques et des eaux de surface ont entraîné une diminution de la qualité et de la disponibilité des ressources naturelles en eau dans de nombreuses régions. Cette situation a entraîné une augmentation des solides dissous totaux (TDS) au-delà des normes et facilite l'accumulation de métaux toxiques et d'autres problèmes tels que la coloration et/ou les précipitations. L'une des options de traitement pour une solution dissoute totale élevée est le dessalement à l'aide d'un système d'osmose inverse à énergie solaire. La partie nord de l'Éthiopie a une courte saison des pluies et un long temps sec avec un rayonnement du ciel clair. Le rayonnement solaire varie de 5,46 kWh/m 2 /jour en août à 6,82 kWh/m 2 /jour en avril, avec une moyenne de 6,09 kWh/m 2 /jour. Ce document traite de l'application de l'osmose inverse, entraînée par un système de dessalement utilisant l'énergie solaire, pour fournir de l'eau potable sûre aux zones rurales du nord de l'Éthiopie. L'osmose inverse en raison de sa faible consommation d'énergie est l'une des meilleures alternatives de dessalement. Un système d'osmose inverse à énergie solaire a été développé et installé à l'Université Mekelle. Les principaux composants sont des panneaux photovoltaïques, deux alimentés en CC pompes, filtres à charbon et débitmètres. Le système conçu pour fonctionner avec une puissance, un débit et une pression variables compte tenu de l'irradiance naturellement variable tout au long de la journée. L'ensemble du processus de mesure du potentiel d'irradiation, de la quantité d'énergie générée à l'aide du panneau solaire et de la quantité de TDS est discuté. L'eau d'alimentation avec un TDS presque constant autour de 2800 ppm de la zone d'étude a été réduite à un TDS assez constant d'environ 100 ppm après dessalement. La capacité moyenne de dessalement du système est de 50 litres par heure. Pollution and over exploitation of groundwater aquifer and surface water have led to a decrease of quality and availability of natural water resource in many regions.This situation has led to elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) beyond standards and facilitates toxic metals accumulation and other problems like staining and/or precipitation.One of the treatment options for an elevated total dissolved solution is desalination using a solar driven reverse osmosis system.The northern part of Ethiopia has short rainy season and long dry weather with clear sky radiation.Solar radiation ranges from 5.46 kWh/m 2 /day in August to 6.82 kWh/m 2 /day in April, with an average of 6.09 kWh/m 2 /day.This paper deals with application of reverse osmosis, driven by desalination system using solar energy, to supply safe drinking water for the rural areas of northern Ethiopia.Reverse osmosis due to its low energy consumption is one of the best desalination alternatives.Solar powered reverse osmosis system was developed and installed at Mekelle University.The main components are photovoltaic panels, two DC powered pumps, carbon filters, and flow meters.The system made to operate in a variable power, flow, and pressure considering the naturally varying irradiance throughout the day.The entire process of irradiation potential measurements, the amount of energy generated using solar panel, and the amount of TDS is discussed.The feed water with nearly constant TDS around 2800 ppm from the study area has reduced to fairly constant TDS of about 100 ppm after desalination.The average desalination capacity of the system is 50 litres per hour. أدى التلوث والاستغلال المفرط لطبقة المياه الجوفية والمياه السطحية إلى انخفاض جودة وتوافر موارد المياه الطبيعية في العديد من المناطق. وقد أدى هذا الوضع إلى ارتفاع إجمالي المواد الصلبة الذائبة بما يتجاوز المعايير ويسهل تراكم المعادن السامة ومشاكل أخرى مثل التلطيخ و/أو هطول الأمطار. أحد خيارات المعالجة للحل المذاب الكلي المرتفع هو تحلية المياه باستخدام نظام التناضح العكسي القائم على الطاقة الشمسية. الجزء الشمالي من إثيوبيا لديه موسم أمطار قصير وطقس جاف طويل مع إشعاع السماء الصافية. يتراوح الإشعاع الشمسي من 5.46 كيلو واط ساعة/م 2 /يوم في أغسطس إلى 6.82 كيلو واط ساعة/م 2 /يوم في أبريل، بمتوسط 6.09 كيلو واط ساعة/م 2 /يوم. تتناول هذه الورقة تطبيق التناضح العكسي، مدفوعًا بنظام تحلية المياه باستخدام الطاقة الشمسية، لتوفير مياه الشرب المأمونة للمناطق الريفية في شمال إثيوبيا. يعد التناضح العكسي بسبب انخفاض استهلاكه للطاقة أحد أفضل بدائل التحلية. تم تطوير نظام التناضح العكسي الذي يعمل بالطاقة الشمسية وتركيبه في جامعة ميكيلي. المكونات الرئيسية هي الألواح الكهروضوئية، وهما يعملان بالتيار المستمر المضخات ومرشحات الكربون ومقاييس التدفق. تم تصميم النظام للعمل بقدرة وتدفق وضغط متغيرين مع الأخذ في الاعتبار الإشعاع المتغير بشكل طبيعي على مدار اليوم. تمت مناقشة العملية الكاملة لقياسات إمكانات التشعيع وكمية الطاقة المتولدة باستخدام الألواح الشمسية وكمية المواد الصلبة الذائبة. انخفضت مياه التغذية ذات المواد الصلبة الذائبة الثابتة تقريبًا حول 2800 جزء في المليون من منطقة الدراسة إلى المواد الصلبة الذائبة الثابتة إلى حد ما بحوالي 100 جزء في المليون بعد تحلية المياه. يبلغ متوسط قدرة تحلية النظام 50 لترًا في الساعة.

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    Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science
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      Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science
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    Authors: Mohsen Abbaszadeh; orcid Augustine O. Ifelebuegu;
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    orcid Seyed M. Shariatipour;
    Seyed M. Shariatipour
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    Seyed M. Shariatipour in OpenAIRE

    The wettability of a formation is defined as the tendency of one fluid to spread on a surface in competition with other fluids which are also in contact with it. However, the impact of temperature on wettability in an aquifer and the modification of relative permeability curves based on the temperature variation in aquifers is not well covered in the literature. This study redresses this dearth of information by investigating the impact of temperature on wettability distribution in a reservoir and updating the relative permeability curves based on its temperature propagation. The impact of the latter is studied in relation to the solubility of CO(2) injected into an aquifer using the numerical methods (i.e. ECLIPSE). If the CO(2) injected has a temperature higher than the formation geothermal temperature, it can change the wettability of the formation further to a more CO(2) wet condition. This increases the risk of leakage and also changes the relative permeability curves as the CO(2) moves through the reservoir, a situation that needs to be considered in reservoir simulations. The results show that updating and modifying the relative permeability curves with temperature variation in an aquifer can increase the amount of CO(2) dissolution there.

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    PubMed Central
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    International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
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    Authors: Mohsen Abbaszadeh; orcid Augustine O. Ifelebuegu;
    Augustine O. Ifelebuegu
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    orcid Seyed M. Shariatipour;
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    The wettability of a formation is defined as the tendency of one fluid to spread on a surface in competition with other fluids which are also in contact with it. However, the impact of temperature on wettability in an aquifer and the modification of relative permeability curves based on the temperature variation in aquifers is not well covered in the literature. This study redresses this dearth of information by investigating the impact of temperature on wettability distribution in a reservoir and updating the relative permeability curves based on its temperature propagation. The impact of the latter is studied in relation to the solubility of CO(2) injected into an aquifer using the numerical methods (i.e. ECLIPSE). If the CO(2) injected has a temperature higher than the formation geothermal temperature, it can change the wettability of the formation further to a more CO(2) wet condition. This increases the risk of leakage and also changes the relative permeability curves as the CO(2) moves through the reservoir, a situation that needs to be considered in reservoir simulations. The results show that updating and modifying the relative permeability curves with temperature variation in an aquifer can increase the amount of CO(2) dissolution there.

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    International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
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    Authors: orcid Víctor Vilarrasa;
    Víctor Vilarrasa
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    Víctor Vilarrasa; orcid Oscar M. Molina;
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    Mehdi Zeidouni;

    We consider the feasibility of a novel Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) concept that consists in producing oil and gas from hydrocarbon-rich shales overlying deep saline aquifers that are candidates for CO2 storage. Such geological overlapping between candidate aquifers for CO2 storage and shale plays exists in several sedimentary basins across the continental US. Since CO2 reaches the storage formation at a lower temperature than the in-situ temperature, a thermal stress reduction occurs, which may lead to hydraulic fracturing of the caprock overlying the aquifer. In this work, we use a thermo-hydro-mechanical approach for modelling a caprock-aquifer-baserock system. We show that hydraulic fracturing conditions are induced within the aquifer by thermal stress reduction caused by cooling and that hydraulic fractures eventually propagate into the lower portion of the shale play. Nonetheless, fracture height of penetration in the caprock is considerably short after 10 years of injection, so the overall caprock sealing capacity is maintained. To maximize the benefit of the proposed CCUS method, CO2 injection should be maintained as long as possible to promote the penetration depth of cooling-induced hydraulic fractures into organic-rich shales. Though drilling a horizontal well in the lower portion of the shale to produce hydrocarbons from the induced hydraulic fractures may not be technically feasible, hydrocarbons can still be produced through the injection well. The production of hydrocarbons at the end of the CO2 storage project will partly compensate the costs of CCS operations. © 2017 The Authors. This study was partially supported by the Louisiana Board of Regents — Research Competitiveness Subprogram (RCS) under contract #43950. V.V. acknowledges financial support from the “TRUST" project (European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n 309607) and from “FracRisk" project (European Community's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-EU.3.3.2.3 under grant agreement n 640979). Peer reviewed

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    Energy Procedia
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    Authors: orcid Víctor Vilarrasa;
    Víctor Vilarrasa
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    Víctor Vilarrasa in OpenAIRE
    Víctor Vilarrasa; orcid Oscar M. Molina;
    Oscar M. Molina
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    Oscar M. Molina in OpenAIRE
    Mehdi Zeidouni;

    We consider the feasibility of a novel Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) concept that consists in producing oil and gas from hydrocarbon-rich shales overlying deep saline aquifers that are candidates for CO2 storage. Such geological overlapping between candidate aquifers for CO2 storage and shale plays exists in several sedimentary basins across the continental US. Since CO2 reaches the storage formation at a lower temperature than the in-situ temperature, a thermal stress reduction occurs, which may lead to hydraulic fracturing of the caprock overlying the aquifer. In this work, we use a thermo-hydro-mechanical approach for modelling a caprock-aquifer-baserock system. We show that hydraulic fracturing conditions are induced within the aquifer by thermal stress reduction caused by cooling and that hydraulic fractures eventually propagate into the lower portion of the shale play. Nonetheless, fracture height of penetration in the caprock is considerably short after 10 years of injection, so the overall caprock sealing capacity is maintained. To maximize the benefit of the proposed CCUS method, CO2 injection should be maintained as long as possible to promote the penetration depth of cooling-induced hydraulic fractures into organic-rich shales. Though drilling a horizontal well in the lower portion of the shale to produce hydrocarbons from the induced hydraulic fractures may not be technically feasible, hydrocarbons can still be produced through the injection well. The production of hydrocarbons at the end of the CO2 storage project will partly compensate the costs of CCS operations. © 2017 The Authors. This study was partially supported by the Louisiana Board of Regents — Research Competitiveness Subprogram (RCS) under contract #43950. V.V. acknowledges financial support from the “TRUST" project (European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n 309607) and from “FracRisk" project (European Community's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-EU.3.3.2.3 under grant agreement n 640979). Peer reviewed

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    Authors: orcid Zhenxue Dai;
    Zhenxue Dai
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    Zhenxue Dai in OpenAIRE
    orcid Elizabeth H. Keating;
    Elizabeth H. Keating
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    Elizabeth H. Keating in OpenAIRE
    Rajesh J. Pawar; orcid David Dempsey;
    David Dempsey
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    David Dempsey in OpenAIRE

    AbstractShallow aquifer monitoring is likely to be a required aspect to any geologic CO2 sequestration operation. Collecting groundwater samples and analyzing for geochemical parameters such as pH, alkalinity, total dissolved carbon, and trace metals has been suggested by a number of authors as a possible strategy to detect CO2 leakage. The effectiveness of this approach, however, will depend on the hydrodynamics of the leak-induced CO2 plume and the spatial distribution of the monitoring wells relative to the origin of the leak. To our knowledge, the expected effectiveness of groundwater sampling to detect CO2 leakage has not yet been quantitatively assessed. In this study we query hundreds of simulations developed for the National Risk Assessment Project (US DOE) to estimate risks to drinking water resources associated with CO2 leaks. The ensemble of simulations represent transient, 3-D multi-phase reactive transport of CO2 and brine leaked from a sequestration reservoir, via a leaky wellbore, into an unconfined aquifer. Key characteristics of the aquifer, including thickness, mean permeability, background hydraulic gradient, and geostatistical measures of aquifer heterogeneity, were all considered uncertain parameters. Complex temporally-varying CO2 and brine leak rate scenarios were simulated using a heuristic scheme with ten uncertain parameters. The simulations collectively predict the spatial and temporal evolution of CO2 and brine plumes over 200 years in a shallow aquifer under a wide range of leakage scenarios and aquifer characteristics.Using spatial data from an existing network of shallow drinking water wells in the Edwards Aquifer, TX, as one illustrative example, we calculated the likelihood of leakage detection by groundwater sampling. In this monitoring example, there are 128 wells available for sampling, with a density of about 2.6 wells per square kilometer. If the location of the leak is unknown a priori, a reasonable assumption in many cases, we found that the leak would be detected in at least one of the monitoring wells in less than 10% of the scenarios considered. This is because plume sizes are relatively small, and so the probability of detection decreases rapidly with distance from the leakage point. For example, 400m away from the leakage point there is less than 20% chance of detection.We then compared the effectiveness of groundwater quality sampling to shallow aquifer and/or reservoir pressure monitoring. For the Edwards Aquifer example, pressure monitoring in the same monitoring well network was found to be even less effective that groundwater quality monitoring. This is presumably due to the unconfined conditions and relatively high permeability, so pressure perturbations quickly dissipate. Although specific results may differ from site to site, this type of analysis should be useful to site operators and regulators when selecting leak detection strategies. Given the spatial characteristics of a proposed monitoring well network, probabilities of leakage detection can be rapidly calculated using this methodology.Although conditions such as these may not be favorable for leakage detection in shallow aquifers, leakage detection could be much more successful in the injection reservoir. We demonstrate proof-of-concept for this hypothesis, presenting a simulation where there is measurable pressure change at the injection well due to overpressurization, fault rupture, and consequent leakage up the fault into intermediate and shallow aquifers. The size of the detectible pressure change footprint is much larger in the reservoir than in either of the overlying aquifers. Further exploration of the range of conditions for which this technique would be successful is the topic of current study.

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    Authors: orcid Zhenxue Dai;
    Zhenxue Dai
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Zhenxue Dai in OpenAIRE
    orcid Elizabeth H. Keating;
    Elizabeth H. Keating
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    Elizabeth H. Keating in OpenAIRE
    Rajesh J. Pawar; orcid David Dempsey;
    David Dempsey
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    David Dempsey in OpenAIRE

    AbstractShallow aquifer monitoring is likely to be a required aspect to any geologic CO2 sequestration operation. Collecting groundwater samples and analyzing for geochemical parameters such as pH, alkalinity, total dissolved carbon, and trace metals has been suggested by a number of authors as a possible strategy to detect CO2 leakage. The effectiveness of this approach, however, will depend on the hydrodynamics of the leak-induced CO2 plume and the spatial distribution of the monitoring wells relative to the origin of the leak. To our knowledge, the expected effectiveness of groundwater sampling to detect CO2 leakage has not yet been quantitatively assessed. In this study we query hundreds of simulations developed for the National Risk Assessment Project (US DOE) to estimate risks to drinking water resources associated with CO2 leaks. The ensemble of simulations represent transient, 3-D multi-phase reactive transport of CO2 and brine leaked from a sequestration reservoir, via a leaky wellbore, into an unconfined aquifer. Key characteristics of the aquifer, including thickness, mean permeability, background hydraulic gradient, and geostatistical measures of aquifer heterogeneity, were all considered uncertain parameters. Complex temporally-varying CO2 and brine leak rate scenarios were simulated using a heuristic scheme with ten uncertain parameters. The simulations collectively predict the spatial and temporal evolution of CO2 and brine plumes over 200 years in a shallow aquifer under a wide range of leakage scenarios and aquifer characteristics.Using spatial data from an existing network of shallow drinking water wells in the Edwards Aquifer, TX, as one illustrative example, we calculated the likelihood of leakage detection by groundwater sampling. In this monitoring example, there are 128 wells available for sampling, with a density of about 2.6 wells per square kilometer. If the location of the leak is unknown a priori, a reasonable assumption in many cases, we found that the leak would be detected in at least one of the monitoring wells in less than 10% of the scenarios considered. This is because plume sizes are relatively small, and so the probability of detection decreases rapidly with distance from the leakage point. For example, 400m away from the leakage point there is less than 20% chance of detection.We then compared the effectiveness of groundwater quality sampling to shallow aquifer and/or reservoir pressure monitoring. For the Edwards Aquifer example, pressure monitoring in the same monitoring well network was found to be even less effective that groundwater quality monitoring. This is presumably due to the unconfined conditions and relatively high permeability, so pressure perturbations quickly dissipate. Although specific results may differ from site to site, this type of analysis should be useful to site operators and regulators when selecting leak detection strategies. Given the spatial characteristics of a proposed monitoring well network, probabilities of leakage detection can be rapidly calculated using this methodology.Although conditions such as these may not be favorable for leakage detection in shallow aquifers, leakage detection could be much more successful in the injection reservoir. We demonstrate proof-of-concept for this hypothesis, presenting a simulation where there is measurable pressure change at the injection well due to overpressurization, fault rupture, and consequent leakage up the fault into intermediate and shallow aquifers. The size of the detectible pressure change footprint is much larger in the reservoir than in either of the overlying aquifers. Further exploration of the range of conditions for which this technique would be successful is the topic of current study.

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    Energy Procedia
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    Authors: Danqing Liu; Ramesh K. Agarwal; Yilian Li;

    As a new “sink” of CO2 permanent storage, the depleted shale reservoir is very promising compared to the deep saline aquifer. To provide a greater understanding of the benefits of CO2 storage in a shale reservoir, a comparative study is conducted by establishing the full-mechanism model, including the hydrodynamic trapping, adsorption trapping, residual trapping, solubility trapping as well as the mineral trapping corresponding to the typical shale and deep saline aquifer parameters from the Ordos basin in China. The results show that CO2 storage in the depleted shale reservoir has merits in storage safety by trapping more CO2 in stable immobile phase due to adsorption and having gentler and ephemeral pressure perturbation responding to CO2 injection. The effect of various CO2 injection schemes, namely the high-speed continuous injection, low-speed continuous injection, huff-n-puff injection and water alternative injection, on the phase transformation of CO2 in a shale reservoir and CO2-injection-induced perturbations in formation pressure are also examined. With the aim of increasing the fraction of immobile CO2 while maintaining a safe pressure-perturbation, it is shown that an intermittent injection procedure with multiple slugs of hug-n-puff injection can be employed and within the allowable range of pressure increase, and the CO2 injection rate can be maximized to increase the CO2 storage capacity and security in shale reservoir.

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    Authors: Danqing Liu; Ramesh K. Agarwal; Yilian Li;

    As a new “sink” of CO2 permanent storage, the depleted shale reservoir is very promising compared to the deep saline aquifer. To provide a greater understanding of the benefits of CO2 storage in a shale reservoir, a comparative study is conducted by establishing the full-mechanism model, including the hydrodynamic trapping, adsorption trapping, residual trapping, solubility trapping as well as the mineral trapping corresponding to the typical shale and deep saline aquifer parameters from the Ordos basin in China. The results show that CO2 storage in the depleted shale reservoir has merits in storage safety by trapping more CO2 in stable immobile phase due to adsorption and having gentler and ephemeral pressure perturbation responding to CO2 injection. The effect of various CO2 injection schemes, namely the high-speed continuous injection, low-speed continuous injection, huff-n-puff injection and water alternative injection, on the phase transformation of CO2 in a shale reservoir and CO2-injection-induced perturbations in formation pressure are also examined. With the aim of increasing the fraction of immobile CO2 while maintaining a safe pressure-perturbation, it is shown that an intermittent injection procedure with multiple slugs of hug-n-puff injection can be employed and within the allowable range of pressure increase, and the CO2 injection rate can be maximized to increase the CO2 storage capacity and security in shale reservoir.

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    Authors: Xiao, Ting; McPherson, Brian; Pan, Feng; Esser, Rich; +3 Authors

    Abstract Many geologic carbon storage site options include not only excellent storage reservoirs bounded by effective seal layers, but also Underground Sources of Drinking Water (USDWs). An effective risk assessment and mitigation plan provides maximum protection for USDWs, to respect not only current policy but also to accommodate likely future USDW-specific regulatory protections. The goal of this study is to quantify possible risks to USDWs, specifically risks associated with chemical impacts on USDWs. Reactive transport models involve tremendous computational expense. Therefore, a secondary purpose of this study is to develop, calibrate and test reduced order models specifically for assessing risks of USDW chemical impacts by CO2 leakage from a storage reservoir. In order to achieve these goals, a geochemical model was developed to interpret changes in water chemistry following CO2 intrusion. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on these geochemical simulations was used to quantify associated risks. The case study example for this analysis is the Ogallala aquifer overlying the Farnsworth unit (FWU), an active commercial-scale CO2-enhanced oil recovery field. Specific objectives of this study include: (1) to understand how CO2 leakage is likely to influence geochemical processes in aquifer sediments; (2) to quantify potential risks to the Ogallala groundwater aquifer due to CO2 leakage from the FWU oil reservoir; and (3) to identify water chemistry factors for early detection criteria. Results indicate that the leakage rate would most likely range between 10−14–10−10 kg/(m2 year) for typical and likely leakage pathway permeability ranges. Within this range of CO2 leakage rate, groundwater quality is not likely to be significantly impacted. The worst-case scenario yields trace metal concentrations approximately twice as much as the initial value, but these predicted concentrations are still less than one-fifth of regulation-stipulated maximum contamination levels and do not exceed the no-impact thresholds. Finally, the results of this analysis suggest that pH may be an effective geochemical indicator of CO2 leakage.

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    International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
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    Authors: Xiao, Ting; McPherson, Brian; Pan, Feng; Esser, Rich; +3 Authors

    Abstract Many geologic carbon storage site options include not only excellent storage reservoirs bounded by effective seal layers, but also Underground Sources of Drinking Water (USDWs). An effective risk assessment and mitigation plan provides maximum protection for USDWs, to respect not only current policy but also to accommodate likely future USDW-specific regulatory protections. The goal of this study is to quantify possible risks to USDWs, specifically risks associated with chemical impacts on USDWs. Reactive transport models involve tremendous computational expense. Therefore, a secondary purpose of this study is to develop, calibrate and test reduced order models specifically for assessing risks of USDW chemical impacts by CO2 leakage from a storage reservoir. In order to achieve these goals, a geochemical model was developed to interpret changes in water chemistry following CO2 intrusion. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on these geochemical simulations was used to quantify associated risks. The case study example for this analysis is the Ogallala aquifer overlying the Farnsworth unit (FWU), an active commercial-scale CO2-enhanced oil recovery field. Specific objectives of this study include: (1) to understand how CO2 leakage is likely to influence geochemical processes in aquifer sediments; (2) to quantify potential risks to the Ogallala groundwater aquifer due to CO2 leakage from the FWU oil reservoir; and (3) to identify water chemistry factors for early detection criteria. Results indicate that the leakage rate would most likely range between 10−14–10−10 kg/(m2 year) for typical and likely leakage pathway permeability ranges. Within this range of CO2 leakage rate, groundwater quality is not likely to be significantly impacted. The worst-case scenario yields trace metal concentrations approximately twice as much as the initial value, but these predicted concentrations are still less than one-fifth of regulation-stipulated maximum contamination levels and do not exceed the no-impact thresholds. Finally, the results of this analysis suggest that pH may be an effective geochemical indicator of CO2 leakage.

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    The purpose of this study is to reduce the risk of leakage of CO2 geological storage by injecting the dissolved CO2 solution instead of the supercritical CO2 injection. The reservoir simulation method is used in this study to evaluate the contributions of the different trapping mechanisms, and the safety index method is used to evaluate the risk of CO2 leakage. The function of the dissolved CO2 solution injection is performed by a case study of a deep saline aquifer. Two scenarios are designed in this study: the traditional supercritical CO2 injection and the dissolved CO2 solution injection. The contributions of different trapping mechanisms, plume migrations, and the risk of leakage are evaluated and compared. The simulation results show that the risk of leakage via a natural pathway can be decreased by the approach of injecting dissolved CO2 solution instead of supercritical CO2. The amount of the CO2 retained by the safe trapping mechanisms in the dissolved CO2 solution injection scenario is greater than that in the supercritical CO2 scenario. The process of CO2 mineralization in the dissolved CO2 solution injection scenario is also much faster than that in the supercritical CO2 scenario. Changing the injection fluid from supercritical CO2 to a dissolved CO2 solution can significantly increase the safety of the CO2 geological storage. The risk of CO2 leakage from a reservoir can be eliminated because the injected CO2 can be trapped totally by safe trapping mechanisms.

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    Authors: orcid bw Yuan-Heng Li;
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    The purpose of this study is to reduce the risk of leakage of CO2 geological storage by injecting the dissolved CO2 solution instead of the supercritical CO2 injection. The reservoir simulation method is used in this study to evaluate the contributions of the different trapping mechanisms, and the safety index method is used to evaluate the risk of CO2 leakage. The function of the dissolved CO2 solution injection is performed by a case study of a deep saline aquifer. Two scenarios are designed in this study: the traditional supercritical CO2 injection and the dissolved CO2 solution injection. The contributions of different trapping mechanisms, plume migrations, and the risk of leakage are evaluated and compared. The simulation results show that the risk of leakage via a natural pathway can be decreased by the approach of injecting dissolved CO2 solution instead of supercritical CO2. The amount of the CO2 retained by the safe trapping mechanisms in the dissolved CO2 solution injection scenario is greater than that in the supercritical CO2 scenario. The process of CO2 mineralization in the dissolved CO2 solution injection scenario is also much faster than that in the supercritical CO2 scenario. Changing the injection fluid from supercritical CO2 to a dissolved CO2 solution can significantly increase the safety of the CO2 geological storage. The risk of CO2 leakage from a reservoir can be eliminated because the injected CO2 can be trapped totally by safe trapping mechanisms.

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    Authors: Don Jones; Ernie Perkins; James Brydie; Luc Rock; +2 Authors

    AbstractThe Shell Quest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project will capture CO2 from the Scotford Upgrader Facility in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada, and inject approximately 1 million tonnes of CO2 per annum over 25 years into the Basal Cambrian Sandstone aquifer. An MMV program has been designed and is being implemented. A key MMV component is the ongoing hydrological and geochemical monitoring of a number of groundwater wells. As part of the MMV process, this project has re-evaluated the shallow geology in the study area where necessary, and based upon this, defined four aquifers including the Surficial, Oldman, Foremost and Basal Belly River Sandstone (BBRS). Historic and ongoing groundwater monitoring data has been used to develop a hydrologic and geochemical baseline for the four target aquifers. Inferred regional groundwater flow directions and velocities have been calculated based upon the available hydraulic head, well pump test data and aquifer properties. Groundwaters from the Surficial, Oldman and Foremost aquifers cannot be separated based upon hydraulic head or upon aqueous chemistry. However, groundwater data from the BBRS aquifer suggests that the BBRS aquifer is hydraulically isolated from the overlying aquifers within the limits of the Quest Project Sequestration Lease Area (SQL). Based on the geochemical baseline, groundwater related solution chemical triggers are being defined which may be used to identity whether or not fluid and/or gas migration is occurring from the storage complex and, if that is the case, what impact those fluids and/or gas may have upon the potable groundwaters above the Base of Groundwater Protection (BGWP) across the SQL.

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    Authors: Don Jones; Ernie Perkins; James Brydie; Luc Rock; +2 Authors

    AbstractThe Shell Quest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project will capture CO2 from the Scotford Upgrader Facility in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada, and inject approximately 1 million tonnes of CO2 per annum over 25 years into the Basal Cambrian Sandstone aquifer. An MMV program has been designed and is being implemented. A key MMV component is the ongoing hydrological and geochemical monitoring of a number of groundwater wells. As part of the MMV process, this project has re-evaluated the shallow geology in the study area where necessary, and based upon this, defined four aquifers including the Surficial, Oldman, Foremost and Basal Belly River Sandstone (BBRS). Historic and ongoing groundwater monitoring data has been used to develop a hydrologic and geochemical baseline for the four target aquifers. Inferred regional groundwater flow directions and velocities have been calculated based upon the available hydraulic head, well pump test data and aquifer properties. Groundwaters from the Surficial, Oldman and Foremost aquifers cannot be separated based upon hydraulic head or upon aqueous chemistry. However, groundwater data from the BBRS aquifer suggests that the BBRS aquifer is hydraulically isolated from the overlying aquifers within the limits of the Quest Project Sequestration Lease Area (SQL). Based on the geochemical baseline, groundwater related solution chemical triggers are being defined which may be used to identity whether or not fluid and/or gas migration is occurring from the storage complex and, if that is the case, what impact those fluids and/or gas may have upon the potable groundwaters above the Base of Groundwater Protection (BGWP) across the SQL.

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      Energy Procedia
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      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eg...
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    Authors: M.L. Szulczewski; orcid C.W. MacMinn;
    C.W. MacMinn
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    C.W. MacMinn in OpenAIRE
    R. Juanes;

    Abstract Estimating the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage capacity of deep saline aquifers is important for identifying those most suitable for sequestration, and for planning the future development of CO 2 storage projects. Currently, capacity estimates are highly uncertain due in part to uncertainty in the dominant constraint on capacity: both the pressure buildup from injection and the space available to trap CO 2 have been identified as constraints, but have not been rigorously compared to determine the conditions under which each is more limiting. In this study, we evaluate their relative importance in an idealized aquifer using simple, but dynamic models of how pressure rises during injection and how CO 2 becomes trapped in the pore space. We show that there exists a crossover injection duration, T c , below which pressure constraints dominate, but above which the CO 2 migration becomes the more limiting constraint. We illustrate this behavior by applying the models to the Fox Hills Sandstone.

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    International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
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    DSpace@MIT
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    International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
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      International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
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    Authors: M.L. Szulczewski; orcid C.W. MacMinn;
    C.W. MacMinn
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    C.W. MacMinn in OpenAIRE
    R. Juanes;

    Abstract Estimating the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) storage capacity of deep saline aquifers is important for identifying those most suitable for sequestration, and for planning the future development of CO 2 storage projects. Currently, capacity estimates are highly uncertain due in part to uncertainty in the dominant constraint on capacity: both the pressure buildup from injection and the space available to trap CO 2 have been identified as constraints, but have not been rigorously compared to determine the conditions under which each is more limiting. In this study, we evaluate their relative importance in an idealized aquifer using simple, but dynamic models of how pressure rises during injection and how CO 2 becomes trapped in the pore space. We show that there exists a crossover injection duration, T c , below which pressure constraints dominate, but above which the CO 2 migration becomes the more limiting constraint. We illustrate this behavior by applying the models to the Fox Hills Sandstone.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ DSpace@MIT (Massachu...arrow_drop_down
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    International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
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    DSpace@MIT
    Article . 2014
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    International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
    Article . 2014 . Peer-reviewed
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      International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      DSpace@MIT
      Article . 2014
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      International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
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