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This paper aims to trace M. Saleh Lahade's notion on the concept of rural development in South Sulawesi in the 1950s. Used historical method which includes several phases, namely: heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The result reveals the fact that M. Saleh Lahade's ideas were based on the physical environment and severe human settlement were damaged, the stagnation of the economy and the occurrence of stagnation in social life as a result of prolonged armed conflict. The concepts offered are based on falsafah and local wisdom that has long been developed, such as the spirit to act when finding something that is broken, the spirit of never giving up, the spirit of honesty, the spirit of independence (to maradeka), and the spirit of building harmony in people's lives. To develop his ideas M. Saleh Lahade used the concept of cluster units. Through this approach, rural service units are built in one mini cluster to create effectiveness and efficiency in public services. In addition, it also encourages the creation of a better physical and social environment, a more secure public health, and faster economic wheels.

This paper aims to trace M. Saleh Lahade's notion on the concept of rural development in South Sulawesi in the 1950s. Used historical method which includes several phases, namely: heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The result reveals the fact that M. Saleh Lahade's ideas were based on the physical environment and severe human settlement were damaged, the stagnation of the economy and the occurrence of stagnation in social life as a result of prolonged armed conflict. The concepts offered are based on falsafah and local wisdom that has long been developed, such as the spirit to act when finding something that is broken, the spirit of never giving up, the spirit of honesty, the spirit of independence (to maradeka), and the spirit of building harmony in people's lives. To develop his ideas M. Saleh Lahade used the concept of cluster units. Through this approach, rural service units are built in one mini cluster to create effectiveness and efficiency in public services. In addition, it also encourages the creation of a better physical and social environment, a more secure public health, and faster economic wheels.

In the past, remote sensing was limited to the use of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the part of the spectrum that is invisible to the human eye can now be used with the help of spectral filters, photo films and other types of sensors. Also, the view of the earth was applied to practice and to solve life problems, for example, we can cite air reconnaissance during World War II. Aerial photographs provided the opportunity to observe the location of the enemy's army quickly and more safely than observation from the ground. Aerial photographs allowed military maps and information about strategic locations to be updated quickly and with relative accuracy. Remote sensing is carried out from the air by airplanes and with the help of satellites. Digital cameras, scanners, video images, radar and thermal sensors are also used in remote sensing. Remote sensing is a field that requires fast, accurate and new data collection and is widely used in environmental management. This article presents the stages of creating topographical bases for maintaining state cadastres in the Tashkent region, taking space photos, taking aerial photos, performing geospatial linking, vectoring, and creating electronic digital maps. At the same time, scientific research such as filling the attributes of electronic digital cards and comparative analysis of space photo download sources has been reflected.

In the past, remote sensing was limited to the use of the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the part of the spectrum that is invisible to the human eye can now be used with the help of spectral filters, photo films and other types of sensors. Also, the view of the earth was applied to practice and to solve life problems, for example, we can cite air reconnaissance during World War II. Aerial photographs provided the opportunity to observe the location of the enemy's army quickly and more safely than observation from the ground. Aerial photographs allowed military maps and information about strategic locations to be updated quickly and with relative accuracy. Remote sensing is carried out from the air by airplanes and with the help of satellites. Digital cameras, scanners, video images, radar and thermal sensors are also used in remote sensing. Remote sensing is a field that requires fast, accurate and new data collection and is widely used in environmental management. This article presents the stages of creating topographical bases for maintaining state cadastres in the Tashkent region, taking space photos, taking aerial photos, performing geospatial linking, vectoring, and creating electronic digital maps. At the same time, scientific research such as filling the attributes of electronic digital cards and comparative analysis of space photo download sources has been reflected.

In this work, the object of research was the long-term deposits of liquid hydrocarbons located within the boundaries of fields with high geological heterogeneity, the proportion of which is actively increasing every year due to the selection of a significant part of the “light” oil reserves. Based on the generalization of the results of direct and indirect research on the topic of the work, the key causes of well flooding were identified and their primary sources were identified, which made it possible to successfully describe the mechanisms of formation of the transition zone of the oil-water system, depending on the stage of development. The conclusion is made about the importance of applying relevant and reliable scientific and methodological approaches in interpreting the results of geophysical research to solve various problems of oil field development.

In this work, the object of research was the long-term deposits of liquid hydrocarbons located within the boundaries of fields with high geological heterogeneity, the proportion of which is actively increasing every year due to the selection of a significant part of the “light” oil reserves. Based on the generalization of the results of direct and indirect research on the topic of the work, the key causes of well flooding were identified and their primary sources were identified, which made it possible to successfully describe the mechanisms of formation of the transition zone of the oil-water system, depending on the stage of development. The conclusion is made about the importance of applying relevant and reliable scientific and methodological approaches in interpreting the results of geophysical research to solve various problems of oil field development.

In the presented research work, heat pipes of gravitational and ring type were investigated. Two types of heat pipes were fabricated and tested under natural conditions for the study. According to the results of experiments, depending on the materials and dimensions of the heat pipes under study, the average value of the temperature difference in the gravitational heat pipe is 1.7 times higher, and the thermal resistance is 1.3 times lower.

In the presented research work, heat pipes of gravitational and ring type were investigated. Two types of heat pipes were fabricated and tested under natural conditions for the study. According to the results of experiments, depending on the materials and dimensions of the heat pipes under study, the average value of the temperature difference in the gravitational heat pipe is 1.7 times higher, and the thermal resistance is 1.3 times lower.

Forest stem pests are of great interest as permanent components of forest biocenosis. In the forest they perform different roles; in a healthy forest they participate in the process of thinning and recycling the wood of naturally dying trees. In turn, they serve as food for other forest inhabitants. When the biological stability of plantings is violated, they act as pests and cause the death of still living trees. Many of them cause great physiological and technical harm. Stem pests constitute a large ecological group of insects that feed on the bark and wood of trunks and branches and have varied economic significance. Some colonize trees without visible signs of weakening, others are very weakened and even felled trees. Trees infested with stem pests die differently, this is due to the nature of the weakening of the tree and the infestation by pests. One of the main factors for the mass reproduction of stem pests is the physiological weakening of plantings, which provides food for pests. And the reasons that ensure the weakening of plantings are environmental factors: climatic (drought, excessive moisture, saline groundwater, windbreaks, snow banks, fires and others), and biotic (leaf-eating pests, tree diseases and human economic activity).