• Energy Research
• other engineering and technologies close
• 12. Responsible consumption close
• 13. Climate action close
• Persian close

Thunder and storm fluctuations as consequences of climate change were studied in the Caspian region over the last half century. In this study, whole forest areas in southern part of Caspian sea were monitored by study on vegetation map and field visit. Three points representing the major part of the Hyrcanian forests were selected from wet part in the west to drier part in the east. Four meteorological stations data used for investigation. Most of climatic factors including maximum, minimum and mean annual temperature; daily, monthly and annual precipitations were investigated. Numbers of days with thunder and storm as well as wind speed were used for conclusion. During last half century, as consequence of climate change by means of increasing temperature and changing precipitation trends, number of Days With Thunder and Storms (DWTS) increased in forest area in the Caspian region. In Rasht and Gorgan stations, the number of days with thunder and storm in last half century, especially in last 25 years showed a sharp increase. This is in the same line of increasing mean annual temperature about 1.28°C and minimum temperature about 2.45°C in Rasht station. In addition, it is against the decrease of precipitation for the period of last 53 years in Gorgan station which is about 55.6 mm. Anzali and Baboulsar stations which are under coastal climate condition have a fluctuating trend of DWTS but also showed a mild increase in the trend of DWTS during last fifty years. This is in favor of increasing the mean annual temperature in Baboulsar station in last 54 years, about 1.44°C and its minimum temperature about 1.80°C. Also again, it is against the decrease of annual precipitation in Anzali station during last 54 years of records, which is about 409.4 mm and amount of the decreas of precipitation for the period of last 53 years in Gorgan station is about 55.6 mm.

Background and aims: Inappropriate solid waste management industry in recent years has created a lot of risks. As a result, the health, safety and the humans environment is at risk for it. main objective of this study is solid waste management assessment of 10 large food industries in Tehran. Methods: This study is descriptive and sectional based on field visits, questionnaires, preparation of the database and the analysis of the results. The selected units were categorized based on ISWMI scale. The questionnaire consisted of 47 questions related with key elements of industrial solid waste management. This questions consist of 10 separate areas. 10 large industrial units of the food industry in Tehran were randomly selected. Results: The results showed that the index of selected industrial units based on ISWMI scale (based on100) is: 96 for J company (very good), 49 for A company (week), 85 for H and I company (very good), 72 for E, 77 for F and 80 for G (good), 57 for B, 63 for C and 64 for D company (moderate). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, industrial waste management situation in most of the selected units are above average. However it seems that factors such as a lack of senior management commitment and belief to implementation of the waste management system, the lack of requirement industrial units to employ an expert in environmental or environmental health and the lack of a comprehensive at the national level plan for waste management of the most effective factors to determine ISWMI values in industries.

Background and Objectives: Given that no comprehensive studies have yet been conducted on treatment of infectious wastes in hospitals of Qom City, this research was performed with the purpose of investigating the treatment methods used in these hospitals and monitoring the performance of waste elimination devices. Methods: Required information was obtained through in-person visit and observing the current situation, and the variables affecting waste treatment were extracted based on the type of treatment systems, and were collected, and accordingly, biological monitoring tests were designed for the studied hospitals. The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Results: In this study, from 9 active hospitals in Qom Province, only 3 hospitals were equipped with waste treatment system. In hospital A, growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus spore were observed in 6.25% of the samples, while no microbial growth was recorded in hospital B. The initial investment to buy the machine in hospital A was about four times than that of hospital B. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that treatment device of hospital B is more appropriate compared to the devices of hospital A due to complete destruction of spores, lower cost (for purchase), and maintenance. .

Background and Aim: Among the medical wastes, dental wastes have a high diversity and due to its high contents of hazardous, toxic, and pathogenic agents, therefore these wastes are of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the amount of waste produced in dentistry offices in Birjand. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 48 dental offices in the city of Birjand were studied. Sampling was carried out by environmental health experts in three consecutive working days (Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday) from every center. The Samples were divided into 5 categories such as semi-domestic, infectious, chemical-pharmaceutical, toxic and sharp material, Separated and weighed using a laboratory scale. Information was expressed as percentage by weight. Results: Based on the results, the total amount of waste produced in dental offices in Birjand was 7848.02 kg / year. percentages of semi-domestic, infectious, chemical-pharmaceutical, sharp material, and toxic wastes were 54.3%, 29.7%, 11.8%, 3.9% and 0.11% respectively. Conclusion: Considering the high volume of dental waste, especially infectious and hazardous materials, the need for separation and recycling in the office is evident. It is necessary to manage the wastes and their separation and recycling in source place.

The energy management of ships to improve the efficiency of ships and reduce greenhouse gas emissions is among the most important issues that have been considered as a milestone in designing and constructing of vessels in recent years. The study of energy trends and attention to technological changes and the importance of more stringent environmental standards in recent years have led to a major challenge in relation to air pollution, energy management, and exposure to end-of-life sources of fossil fuels. In recent years, focus on current fuels and technologies in vehicles has led to a major challenge regarding air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, energy security, and also exposure to exhausting sources of fossil fuels. Now days, Hybrid propulsion systems are one of the solutions that are being followed in many countries to solve this problem. In this paper, after introducing the hybrid system; conceptual design and determination of a suitable hybrid system for vessels have been investigated. Then the calculations and relations dominating the hybrid parallel system of vessel are presented. The modeling is also done using the ADVISOR software run in the Simulink platform of the MATLAB for both conventional and hybrid systems. The results show that parallel hybrid vessel has improved by 7% in total efficiency and 7.1% for consumption. In addition, HC and CO emissions have been decreased by 0.44% and 0.39%, respectively.

The marine and ocean energies are part of renewable energy that Wave energy converters (WECs) are used to extract them. Experimental modeling will be useful in evaluating their performance. In this research, the experimental model of an attenuator WEC is built in the Sea-Based Energy Research Group of the Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, and its performance is studied and evaluated in the wave tank of the university by applying the sea waves conditions. In this evaluation, the effects of wave amplitude and wave period on the average and maximum net power of the Wavestar system are investigated. According to the results, it was observed that in larger wave amplitudes (13 to 15), at 35 and 25 rpm, the maximum net power was close to each other and was 36.7 (Watts) and 31(Watts), respectively. Due to the irregular wave and possible damage to the system at 35 rpm, the wave amplitude of 15 and the speed of 25 rpm are chosen as the optimal mode for better performance of the system.

These days, most of the marine structures which are constructed and used in Persian Gulf, are made of ST37 steel. Due to oil and gas sources excavated, the number of these structures is constantly increasing. On the other hand, these types of structures are exposed to corrosive environments and it is seriously critical for these structures to be used for many years. Coal tar epoxy (trade name), one of the popular coating layers, is used in different parts of steel constructions which are in use in the Persian Gulf. Several works have been carried out on the functioning quality of this coating in tidal zones, under splashing water and atmospheric conditions, but up to now no report is made in submerge zone. Hence in this investigation, three coating systems have been considered that coal tar epoxy is being used in each of one of the three layers of primer, middle and top. Two systems of laboratory and in field have been investigated for 6 months and an isolated system in field type has been also investigated. All the mechanical and chemical tests which have been performed are according to NACERPO176-64 standard which is for investigating the function of all marine coatings. All corrosion tests have been performed in Refinary Laboratory of Petroleum Industry and all the fields samples have been investigated in Steel Harbor located in the south of Bandar Abbas every week during 6 months. The test results have indicated that the coal tar epoxy which were being used in the last layer is not suitable for submerge zone. By preparing, however, a suitable surface in the first layer using zinc ethyl silicate and the last layer with antifouling, the coal tar epoxy can function properly in the middle layer.

"n "nBackground and Objectives: Experiments were conducted to investigate the behavior of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) as a novel aerobic process for treatment of aniline synthetic wastewater as a hard biodegradable compound is commonly used in number of industrial processes. The objective of this paper is evaluation of MBBR in different conditions for treatment of aniline and determination of reaction kinetics."nMaterials and Methods: In the MBBRs, different carriers are used to maximize the active biofilm surface area in the reactors. In this study, the reactor was filled with Light Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA) as carriers. Evaluation of the reactor efficiency was done at different retention time of 8, 24, 48 and 72 hours with an influent COD from 100 to 3500 mg/L (filling ratio of 50%). After obtaining removal efficiencies, effluent concentration of aniline was measured by adsorption spectrum and maladaptive municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge in batch conditions for confidence of aniline biodegradation and its adsorption to the sludge mass. "nResults:The maximum obtained removal efficiencies were 91% (influent COD=2000 mg/L) after 72 hours. Biodegradation of aniline in MBBR has been also approved by NMR spectrum tests. Finally experimental data has indicated that Grau second order model and Stover-Kincannon were the best models to describe substrate loading removal rate for aniline."nConclusion:biological treatment of aniline wastewater compared to other researchers methods.

Background and Objectives: The continuous increase in solid waste generation worldwide due to population growth and industrialization, calls for management strategies that integrate concerns for environmental sustainability. By quantifying environmental impacts of systems, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool which can contribute to answering that call. The aim of this study was to evaluate environmental pollutants resulting from various treatment options including anaerobic digestion, incineration, and landfill of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated daily in Tehran. Materials and Methods: First, the physical properties of the waste and consumption of inputs in the study area were determined from September to October, 2014- 2015. Then the different steps of LCA in relation to each of the subsystems were followed (with SimaPro software). Finally, the results based on the CML Baseline 2000 were presented and analyzed. Results: It was found that when the higher rate of separation and processing in any subsystems increases, the emission of environmental pollutants decreases, so that the global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and abiotic depletion as the most important impact categories in the subsystems of anaerobic digestion were obtained as -125935 kg CO2/day, -449 kg SO2/day, -1690 kg PO43-/day and -0.43 kg Sb/day, respectively and in incineration were obtained as -264872 kg CO2/day, -974 kg SO2/day, -3471 kg PO43-/day and -0.76 kg Sb/day, respectively, while in the landfill subsystem, they were estimated to be 74478 kg CO2/day, 362 kg SO2/day, 118 kg PO43-/day, and 0.13 kg Sb/day, respectively. Conclusion: According to the constituent processes of each of the subsystems and the results of the evaluation of exhaust emissions subsystems, it can be concluded that in an integrated system of waste management, the energy-generating systems such as anaerobic digestion and incineration should be as the first priority and the traditional subsystems such as landfill should be as the last priority.

Background and Objective: The steel industry is the worldchr('39')s largest consumer of energy. A large amount of iron waste is produced annually, which its use in the steel industry can be economic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental impacts of the steelmaking from iron scrap as a raw material using a life cycle assessment (LCA) method. Materials and Methods: Simapro software and the ecoinvent database were used to conduct LCA. Data on the steel production process (raw materials, waste, and products) were collected by a questionnaire from a steel plant. Environmental burdens were quantified using ReCiPe, Cumulative Energy Demand (CED), IPCC) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and water footprints methods. Results: The results of the ReCiPe method showed that the terrestrial ecotoxicity with a value of 14392 kg 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) eq/ton of steel and global warming with 5289 kg CO2 eq/ton of steel, had the greatest environmental impact, respectively. The lowest environmental impact of this process was obtained for freshwater ecotoxicity and human carcinogenic toxicity. The carbon footprint resulting from steelmaking is 5.24 ton CO2 eq/ton of steel. The most important sector of the greenhouse gas producer is the consumption of electricity with a rate of 2900 of kg CO2 eq/ton of steel. The cumulative energy demand of one ton of steel ingot was 73393 MJ, which is three times the global equivalent. The total water footprint for one t of steel was 19.5 m3 of water, which is almost near to the equivalent in Europe. Conclusion: the use of iron scrap as raw material in the process of steelmaking instead of iron ore has reduced the amount of human toxicity potential and mineral resource consumption.