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OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do cloreto de alumínio, isoladamente ou em associação com o etanol, na prevenção da calcificação e da resposta inflamatória de fragmentos de parede aórtica porcina fixada em glutaraldeído (GDA), implantados no tecido subcutâneo de ratos jovens. MÉTODO: Utilizaram-se 15 ratos da linhagem Sprague-Dawley, em cujas telas subcutâneas foram implantados fragmentos de parede aórtica porcina, submetidos a três diferentes métodos de tratamento [grupos: I (GDA), II (GDA+alumínio), III (GDA+etanol+alumínio)]. Os explantes foram realizados com 15, 30 e 60 dias após as operações. Foram realizadas análises histológicas pelas colorações de hematoxilina & eosina (HE) e de alizarina, nos pHs de 4,2 e 7,0, e a dosagem de cálcio feita por espectroscopia de absorção atômica. RESULTADOS: Pelo HE, constatou-se que a matriz extracelular das paredes aórticas ficaram melhor preservadas nos explantes do grupo III. A intensidade da reação inflamatória intensa foi menor nesse grupo. Pela alizarina pH 4,2, o grupo II e III tiveram menores índices de calcificação comparado ao controle. Pela alizarina pH 7,0, o grupo III teve menor índice de calcificação comparado aos grupos I e II. Pela espectroscopia de absorção atômica, os níveis de cálcio foram semelhantes para os grupos II e III, mas significativamente menores do que os do grupo I. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com cloreto de alumínio diminuiu a calcificação dos fragmentos de parede aórtica porcina. O uso combinado do etanol com cloreto de alumínio foi ainda mais eficiente em inibir a calcificação, e também em diminuir a reação inflamatória.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of aluminum chloride in isolation or associated with ethanol to prevent calcification and inflammatory reaction with fragments of porcine aortic wall fixed in glutaraldehyde (GDA) and subdermally implanted in young rats. METHOD: Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Three fragments of porcine aortic wall were implanted in the subdermal tissue. The fragments were previously subjected to three different methods of treatment: I (GDA), II (GDA + aluminum), III (GDA + ethanol + aluminum). Explantation was performed after fifteen, thirty and sixty days. Histological analysis was achieved using hematoxylin & eosin (HE) and alizarin-red at pHs of 4.2 and 7.0. Calcium content was determined by atomic absorbance spectroscopy. RESULTS: HE and alizarin red staining showed that the aortic wall extracellular matrix was best preserved in the fragments of Group III. The intensity of the inflammatory reaction was lower in this group. When stained with alizarin red at pH 4.2, Groups II and III had lower degrees of calcification compared with Group I. With alizarin red staining at pH 7.0, Group III demonstrated less calcification compared with Groups I and II. Atomic absorbance spectroscopy showed similar calcium levels for both Groups II and III, but significantly less than in Group I. CONCLUSION: Treatment with aluminum chloride inhibits calcification of fragments of aortic wall after implantation and reduces inflammatory reaction. The combined use of ethanol with aluminum chloride is more efficient to inhibit calcification and also to diminish inflammatory reaction.

We present an overview of a study on precise mass reconstruction and identification of charged hadrons ($\pi^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $p$) using time-of-flight measurements in the electromagnetic calorimeter of a typical Higgs factory detector. Time-of-flight measurements can take advantage of fast timing Si sensors with a time resolution in the order of 10 ps. A precise time-of-flight measurement might contribute to the kaon mass determination and can improve particle identification in the momentum regions inaccessible for the $dE/dx$ method. In this contribution, we discuss the current status and the challenges of the time-of-flight approach for a precise reconstruction of charged hadron masses. International Workshop on Future Linear Colliders, LCWS2021, Hamburg, Germany, 15 Mar 2021 - 18 Mar 2021; 11 pp. (2021).

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do consumo crônico de etanol e da desintoxicação alcoólica sobre a resistência mecânica do osso e neoformação óssea junto a implantes de hidroxiapatita densa (HAD) realizados em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 15 ratos divididos em três grupos, sendo controle (CT), alcoolista crônico (AC) e desintoxicado (DE). Após quatro semanas, foi realizada implantação de HAD na tíbia e produzida falha no osso parietal, em seguida o grupo AC continuaram a consumir etanol e o grupo DE iniciaram a desintoxicação. Ao completar 13 semanas os animais sofreram eutanásia, os ossos foram coletados para o processamento histomorfométrico e os fêmures encaminhados ao teste mecânico de resistência. RESULTADOS: Os animais do grupo AC apresentaram menores valores de neoformação óssea, de calcemia e resistência mecânica, quando comparado aos grupos CT e DE. Os animais dos grupos DE apresentaram valores superiores em todas as variáveis avaliadas em relação ao grupo AC. CONCLUSÃO: O consumo de etanol interferiu na osteogênese ao redor de implante de HAD, nos níveis de cálcio e na resistência mecânica óssea. A desintoxicação alcoólica se mostrou eficaz, pois aumentou à osteogênese e osseointegração da HAD, a calcemia e resistência mecânica óssea. Nivel de Evidência I, estudo terapeutico.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of chronic ethanol consumption and alcohol detoxication on the mechanical resistance of bone and bone neoformation around dense hydroxyapatite implants (DHA) in rats. METHODS: Fifteen rats were separated into three groups: (1) control group (CT); (2) chronic alcoholic (CA), and (3) disintoxicated (DI). After four weeks, a DHA was implanted in the right tibia of the animals, and the CA group continued consuming ethanol, while the DI group started detoxication. The solid and liquid feeding of the animals was recorded, and a new alcohol dilution was effected every 48 hours. After 13 weeks, the animals were euthanized and their biological material was collected. RESULTS: Bone tissue was found around DHA in all the animals. Group CA showed less bone neoformation, lower levels of ionic and total calcium when compared to the animals of the CT and DI groups. The DI animals showed higher values in all the variables in relation to the CA group. CONCLUSION: Ethanol consumption interfered in osteogenesis around the DHA implants, and in calcium levels and mechanical bone resistance. Alcohol detoxication was effective, as it increased osteogenesis, DHA osteointegration, calcemia, and mechanical resistance of the bone. Level of Evidence: Level I, therapeutic studies

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented a large amount of evidence about global warming and the impact of human activities on global climate change. The Lancet Commission have identified a number of ways in which climate change can influence human health: lack of food and safe drinking water, poor sanitation, population migration, changing disease patterns and morbidity, more frequent extreme weather events, and lack of shelter. Pregnant women, the developing fetus, and young children are considered the most vulnerable members of our species and are already marginalized in many countries. Therefore, they may have increased sensitivity to the effects of climate change. Published literature in the fields of climate change, human health, tropical diseases, and direct heat exposure were assessed through the regular search engines. This article demonstrates that climate change will increase the risk of infant and maternal mortality, birth complications, and poorer reproductive health, especially in tropical, developing countries. Thus, climate change will have a substantial impact on the health and survival of the next generation among already challenged populations. There is limited knowledge regarding which regions will be most heavily affected. Research efforts are therefore required to identify the most vulnerable populations, fill knowledge gaps, and coordinate efforts to reduce negative health consequences. The effects of malnutrition, infectious diseases, environmental problems, and direct heat exposure on maternal health outcomes will lead to severe health risks for mothers and children. Increased focus on antenatal care is recommended to prevent worsening maternal health and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Interventions to reduce the negative health impacts caused by climate change are also crucial. Every effort should be made to develop and maintain good antenatal care during extreme life conditions as a result of climate change.

Central theme in society these days, the diet went through several phases during the evolution of the human being. Currently human’s advanced civilizational, deplete resources, develops forms of reproduction and rapid growth of animals, genetically alter plants to make them more resilient and artificially prolongs life. All these factors lead to an overload in nature and revolve to a group of environmentalists and animal rights. Sustainability is part of everyday life of political and social discourse as the fundamental way to our relationship with the environment. Sustainable food systems are those that are able to survive over time, promoting sustainable use of resources and a balance in the economic, social and environmental aspects. Changing diet to the Mediterranean Diet would bring benefits: on the health level, with better nutrition and increased use of some processed products; economic, by encouraging the consumption of local and national production of products; social, with the creation of jobs in agriculture; and environmental, using organic production and the reduction of transportation needs. The Mediterranean Diet encourages a more balanced and healthy eating style, with great positive impact on the environment. With the globalization phenomena is was gradually lost, but is now being revived due to the awakening to health and ecological problems.

OBJETIVO: La exposición a humo de leña es factor de riesgo para EPOC. A diferencia de la EPOC por cigarrillo (EPOC-C), para un mismo nivel de obstrucción, en la EPOC por leña (EPOC-L), la DLCO está menos disminuida, sugiriendo menos enfisema. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los hallazgos en la TCAR en mujeres con EPOC-L y con EPOC- C. MÉTODOS: Veintidós mujeres con EPOC severa (VEF1/CVF OBJECTIVE: Wood smoke exposure is a risk factor for COPD. For a given degree of airway obstruction, the reduction in DLCO is smaller in individuals with wood smoke-related COPD than in those with smoking-related COPD, suggesting that there is less emphysema in the former. The objective of this study was to compare HRCT findings between women with wood smoke-related COPD and women with smoking-related COPD. METHODS: Twenty-two women with severe COPD (FEV1/FVC ratio < 70% and FEV1 < 50%) were divided into two groups: those with wood smoke-related COPD (n = 12) and those with smoking-related COPD (n = 10). The two groups were compared regarding emphysema scores and airway involvement (as determined by HRCT); and functional abnormalities-spirometry results, DLCO, alveolar volume (VA), the DLCO/VA ratio, lung volumes, and specific airway resistance (sRaw). Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of FEV1, sRaw, or lung hyperinflation. Decreases in DLCO and in the DLCO/VA ratio were greater in the smoking-related COPD group subjects, who also had higher emphysema scores, in comparison with the wood smoke-related COPD group subjects. In the wood smoke-related COPD group, HRCT scans howed no significant emphysema, the main findings being peribronchial thickening, bronchial dilation, and subsegmental atelectasis. CONCLUSIONS: Female patients with severe wood smoke-related COPD do not appear to develop emphysema, although they do show severe airway involvement. The reduction in DLCO and VA, with a normal DLCO/VA ratio, is probably due to severe bronchial obstruction and incomplete mixing of inspired gas during the determination of single-breath DLCO.

Despite being a global problem, climate change has disproportionately large impacts on non-Western countries in the form of extreme weather events, threats to food security, and displacement of communities. Climate change mitigation is therefore an immediate priority requiring both international and local efforts. Motivating public action is especially important because pro-climate policies require public mandate to be approved and implemented. Behavioural scientists have identified communication strategies that can effectively motivate public support for climate action. However, most of this research has been conducted on Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic (or WEIRD) populations, making it unclear if these strategies can be applied elsewhere. In this perspective, we discuss climate change communication strategies that have been developed on WEIRD samples. These include using partisan messengers, conveying social norms, and citing experts. We posit that these climate communication strategies developed in Western societies may not be applicable in other populations. We then consider the cases of two countries–the Czech Republic and India to discuss how context-specific insights about citizens’ priorities, concerns, and experiences with nature can be used to communicate climate change. We build on these case studies to propose INCLUDE, a framework that can be adopted by communicators such as policymakers, elected officials, scientists, and activists in non-WEIRD societies to develop effective climate communication strategies informed by context specific and culture-specific insights.

David Bergman,1 Hannes Hagström,2– 4 Andrea Johansson Capusan,5,6 Karl Mårild,7,8 Fredrik Nyberg,9 Kristina Sundquist,10 Jonas F Ludvigsson1,11– 13 1Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 2Division of Hepatology, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; 3Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 4Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 5Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; 6Department of Psychiatry in Linköping, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; 7Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden; 8Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; 9School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 10Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; 11Department of Pediatrics, Orebro University Hospital, Orebro, Sweden; 12Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; 13Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USACorrespondence: Jonas F LudvigssonDepartment of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, SwedenEmail jonasludvigsson@yahoo.comAim: To improve consistency between register studies in Sweden and ensure valid comparisons of possible changes in alcohol-related disorders and diseases (ARDDs) over time, we propose a definition of ARDDs. Based on this definition, we examined Sweden’s incidence rates of ARDDs from 1970 to 2018 in non-primary healthcare settings (inpatient and outpatient).Methods: Swedish Society of Epidemiology members were invited to give feedback on the International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes with a potential link to alcohol use. We then calculated age-standardised and age-specific incidence of ARDDs over time according to the National Patient Register, and the lifetime prevalence of ARDDs diagnosed in adults alive in Sweden on Dec 31, 2018.Results: Sweden’s estimated incidence of ARDDs increased substantially after introducing the new ICD-9 codes in 1987. In the past 10 years (2009– 2018), the incidence of ARDDs has been stable (males: 110/100,000 person-years, females: 49/100,000 person-years). Requiring at least two ICD records for diagnosed ARDDs led to a somewhat lower incidence of ARDDs (males: 71 per 100,000 person-years, females: 29 per 100,000 person-years). In Sweden, the lifetime prevalence of diagnosed ARDDs in adults on Dec 31, 2018, was 1.9% (95% CI=1.9– 1.9).Conclusion: In this nationwide study, we found an incidence of ARDDs of 50– 100/100,000 person-years. In 2018, 1 in 52 adults in Sweden had been diagnosed with ARDDs in the National Patient Register.Keywords: alcohol, alcohol use disorder, alcohol-related disease, alcohol drinking, drug use, ethanol

OBJETIVO: Ainda que as características clássicas da síndrome fetal alcoólica tenham sido descritas desde 1968, a pesquisa sobre a teratogênese do álcool apenas recentemente demonstrou que o cérebro é o órgão do corpo mais vulnerável aos efeitos da exposição pré-natal ao álcool. No presente artigo, fazemos uma revisão da literatura focalizando principalmente os distúrbios comportamentais relacionados à exposição pré-natal ao álcool. FONTES DOS DADOS: Foi realizada uma pesquisa com base no PubMed sobre a literatura publicada entre 1968 e 2006, com as palavras-chave etanol, gestação e comportamento. Foram estabelecidos limites a estudos em humanos. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Os dados apresentados nesta revisão sugerem que jovens com efeitos do espectro do álcool fetal estão sob risco maior de terem comportamento social disruptivo, entre outros problemas neurocomportamentais. CONCLUSÕES: Ainda que seja impossível separar completamente a teratogênese sobre o cérebro decorrente da exposição ao álcool de influências ambientais pós-natais como a causa definitiva desses resultados, o pediatra deve ser estimulado ao diagnóstico precoce de crianças afetadas pela síndrome fetal alcoólica e efeitos do espectro do álcool fetal. Isso permite iniciar o manejo e cuidados apropriados para evitar as conseqüências em longo prazo no comportamento e assegurar uma adaptação social e escolar melhor e mais produtiva.OBJECTIVE: Although the classic features of fetal alcohol syndrome have been recognized since 1968, research on alcohol teratogenesis has only recently demonstrated that the brain is the organ in the body most vulnerable to the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. In this present article, we reviewed the literature focusing mainly on behavioral disturbances related to prenatal ethanol exposure. SOURCES: We performed a PubMed search on the literature published between 1968 and 2006 using the terms ethanol, pregnancy and behavior. We limited our search to studies on humans. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The data presented in this review suggested that youths with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder are at risk of disruptive social behavior, among other neurobehavioral abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is still impossible to completely separate brain teratogenesis secondary to alcohol exposure from environmental postnatal influences as the definite cause for these outcomes, the pediatrician should be encouraged to early diagnose children affected by fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. This provides proper management and care and avoids long-term consequences on their behavior, besides ensuring better and productive school and social adaptation.