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The interconversion of the ethanolate, hydrate and amorphous form of TMC114 ((3-[(4-amino-benzenesulfonyl)-isobutyl-amino]-1-benzyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-carbamic acid hexahydrofuro-[2,3-b]furan-3-yl ester) in open conditions was characterized. TMC114 hydrate and ethanolate form isostructural channel solvates. The crystal structure of TMC114 was obtained from single crystal X-ray diffraction, confirming that it is a channel solvate. Ethanol and water can exchange with one another. TMC114 ethanolate converts into TMC114 hydrate at moderate or high relative humidity (RH) at 25 degrees C, and it converts back into the ethanolate in ethanol atmosphere. The hydration level of the hydrate is determined by the environmental humidity. TMC114 hydrate collapses to the amorphous product when water is removed by drying at low RH or increasing temperature. TMC114 ethanolate becomes amorphous at elevated temperature in a dry environment below the desolvation temperature. Amorphous TMC114 obtained by dehydrating the hydrate during storage at room temperature/<5% RH, by increasing the temperature, or via desolvating the ethanolate by heating, converts into the hydrate at moderate or high RH at ambient conditions, and into TMC114 ethanolate in an ethanol atmosphere. Under ambient conditions, TMC114 ethanolate may convert into the hydrate, whereas the opposite will not occur under these conditions. The amorphous form, prepared by melting-quenching shows a limited water uptake. Whereas TMC114 ethanolate is stable in the commercialized drug product, special conditions can trigger its conversion.

To check whether cleaning with alcohol the area where capillary glycaemia is determined affects its values.An intervention study.A nursing clinic in a Primary Care Health centre.300 adult diabetic patients were included. They were selected consecutively and allocated at random to one of three groups of 100. A different intervention was performed on each group, with application or otherwise of alcohol to the finger before the puncture to obtain capillary blood. The three groups were comparable in age and sex. Two determinations of glycaemia were performed consecutively on each patient (repeated measurements).There were no significant differences between the three groups in the repeated measurements.Applying alcohol to the fingers did not affect the determinations of capillary glycaemia in the third-generation measurers.

The climatic, energetic and political context promotes the development of bioenergies. However we have a lack of knowledge to find out the best energy crops, depending on the soil, the climate and the end­use. This work aimed at studying the adaptation and the biomass and biofuel yield, of several energy crops grown in France in different soil and climate conditions. The biomass yields were very variable between the different experimental sites and no differences were observed on the median biomass yield between crops. Moreover, there was no evidence of a highly productive crop in all the conditions of soil and climate. Because of little differences of the lower heating value between crops, no differences were observed on the primary energy yield. The ethanol yield per hectare was higher for miscanthus, switchgrass and fiber sorghum because of higher cellulose content in these crops. The nitrogen removed at harvest by miscanthus and switchgrass were significantly lower than the other crops witch could lead to reduced fertilizer­N requirements. Further research are needed to clarify the effect of limiting factors on the biomass yield of the different energy crops and to consider other parameters such as the environmental impacts to give rules to choose the most suitable crop in a given region. Proceedings of the 18th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 May 2010, Lyon, France, pp. 269-272

Chlorpropamide-alcohol flush (CPAF) tests were carried out in 15 male and 15 female Type 2 diabetics. Twelve subjects were CPAF-positive and 18 were -negative. The two groups did not differ in age or duration of diabetes, but the CPAF-positive subjects weighed less (mean difference 13 kg) and had higher plasma chlorpropamide levels. There was a negative correlation between plasma chlorpropamide and body weight, and a positive correlation between plasma chlorpropamide and the increase in facial skin temperature. Females had higher plasma chlorpropamide, a greater skin temperature increase and lower body weight than males; there were 11 females and only 1 male amongst the 12 CPAF-positive subjects. The findings confirm that plasma chlorpropamide is a major determinant of the CPAF reaction and also show that body weight strongly influences the chlorpropamide level and, consequently, the outcome of the CPAF test. The sex difference in body weight probably accounts for most, if not all, of the sex difference in the incidence of the CPAF.

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the epidemiological evidence on the joint effects of climate variability and socioecological factors on dengue transmission.MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, a detailed literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Peer‐reviewed, freely available and full‐text articles, considering both climate and socioecological factors in relation to dengue, published in English from January 1993 to October 2015 were included in this review.ResultsTwenty studies have met the inclusion criteria and assessed the impact of both climatic and socioecological factors on dengue dynamics. Among those, four studies have further investigated the relative importance of climate variability and socioecological factors on dengue transmission. A few studies also developed predictive models including both climatic and socioecological factors.ConclusionsDue to insufficient data, methodological issues and contextual variability of the studies, it is hard to draw conclusion on the joint effects of climate variability and socioecological factors on dengue transmission. Future research should take into account socioecological factors in combination with climate variables for a better understanding of the complex nature of dengue transmission as well as for improving the predictive capability of dengue forecasting models, to develop effective and reliable early warning systems.

C57BL/6J mice showed dose dependent devreases in locomotor activity with increasing IP doses of ethanol (0.0, 0.75, 1.50 and 2.25 g/kg), while BALB/cJ mice showed dose dependent increases in activity; both strains were equally active with saline. Whether this finding represents decreased CNS responsivity in C57BL mice to ethanol's excitatory effect or increased response to its depressant action at sub-hypnotic doses is unclear, since anesthetic doses produce anesthesia of far shorter duration in the C57BL strain than in the BALB strain. It is possible that the biphasic action of alcohol is under the control of separate and distinct mechanisms, rather than a common one, and that these two mechanisms are differentially affected by alcohol. Endogenous as well as ethanol-induced neurochemical differences in biogenic amines may also be correlated with the gentic variation in CNS responsivity towards alcohol.

The developmental and behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine and/or ethanol were examined in rats. Pregnant rats received ethanol (E; 2 g/kg, b.i.d.) orally, cocaine (C; 6 mg/kg/day, IV), or both (C/E) on gestational days 8-20. Controls consisted of pair-fed (PF) and untreated (UNT) groups. Offspring were weighed and examined for developmental markers beginning postnatal day one (PD1). On PD21 pups were individually observed in an open-field following either an injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP), an injection of saline, or no treatment. Drug-treated and PF dams ate less food and gained less weight than the UNT dams. C and E litters had slightly increased mortality rates. Pups from both the C and E groups appeared less sensitive to the locomotor stimulant effect of cocaine. Pups from the E group engaged in significantly less spontaneous stereotypic locomotion than UNT and PF pups, while male pups from the C group exhibited a decrease in spontaneous exploratory behavior. Thus, prenatal exposure to C or E altered spontaneous and/or cocaine-induced behavior in weanling-aged rats, while the C/E combination did not augment either effect.

Recent pharmacological studies suggest that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors play an important role in neuroadaptive processes in the development of tolerance to addictive drugs, such as opioids, amphetamine, and cocaine. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of the NMDA receptor to ethanol-induced hypnotic tolerance using NMDA receptor epsilon1 subunit knockout mice. Hypnotic sensitivity to a single injection of 3, 3.5, and 4 g/kg ethanol was not significantly different between wild-type mice and NMDA receptor epsilon1 subunit knockout mice. In contrast, although wild-type mice displayed hypnotic tolerance after repeated administration of 4 g/kg ethanol for 4 consecutive days, no change in the duration of hypnosis was observed in knockout mice. No significant differences were observed in blood ethanol clearance between wild-type and knockout mice on day 4. Our results indicate epsilon1 subunit containing the NMDA receptor might be involved in the development of ethanol-induced hypnotic tolerance.