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Sustainability communication is a more and more widespread necessity for marketers because of the increased sensitivity to this topic. The objective of this research is to investigate the way the largest companies in the world communicate their social and environmental commitment: sixteen companies’ websites have been analyzed in order to explore what kind of sustainability communication tools they use. Findings show that the selected companies pay attention to communicate their commitment, also in the case of those suspected to be irresponsible. Risks deriving from greenwashing are also discussed: it can be a danger for long term survival of companies.

The use of selenized yeast as enriched selenium supplements in human nutrition has become a topic of increasing interest over the last decade. The present study was designed with the aim to achieve a balance between selenium (Se) incorporation and optimal growth of yeast cells along with effect of Se enrichment on antioxidant defense status of yeast cells. Since oxidative stress has been known to play a role in the life span of all types of cells, so in the present studies anti-oxidant defense status was evaluated in the Se- enriched baker’s yeast cell culture model. Upon Se supplementation as sodium selenite at various concentrations in the growth medium, a continuous increase in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and Se content was observed. In case of reduced glutathione (GSH) decreasing trend were observed with increasing Se concentrations An increasing trend in total glutathione as well as glutathione-s-transferase activity was observed at increasing Se concentrations. Thus, Se supplementation significantly enhanced GSH-Px levels along with alterations in other anti-oxidant enzymes, suggesting the role of Se in the enzyme defense system of yeast against oxidative damage. Further, as Se exerts growth inhibitory effect on cells, the growth inhibition study was carried out and decrease in biomass was observed with increasing concentrations of Se. Due to nutritional benefits, Se-enriched yeast may be considered a safe source of Se supplementation.El uso de levaduras "selenizadas" como suplementos enriquecidos con selenio en nutrición humana se ha convertido en un tema de interés creciente en la última década. Este estudio se diseño con el objetivo de conseguir un equilibrio entre la incorporación de selenio (Se) y el crecimiento óptimo de las células levaduriformes, junto con el efecto del enriquecimiento de Se sobre el estado de defensa anti-oxidante de las levaduras. Puesto que se sabe que el estrés oxidativo desempeña una función en la longevidad de todo tipo de células, en este estudio se determinó pues el estado de defensa anti-oxidante en un modelo de levadura de la harina enriquecida con selenio. Tras la complementación con Se, en forma de selenito sódico, en concentraciones variables en el medio de cultivo, se observó un aumento sostenido de la actividad glutatión peroxidasa (GSH-Px) y del contenido en Se. Con respecto al glutatión reducido (GSH), se observó una tendencia a la baja a medida que aumentaban las concentraciones de Se. Se observó una tendencia al alza del glutatión total y de la actividad glutatión-s-transferasa a medida que aumentaba la concentración de Se. Por lo tanto, la complementación con Se favoreció de forma significativa las concentraciones de GSH-Px junto con cambios en otras enzimas anti-oxidantes, lo que sugiere un papel del Se en el sistema enzimático de defensa de la levadura frente al daño oxidativo. Además, puesto que el Se ejerce un efecto inhibidor del crecimiento celular, se realizó un estudio de inhibición del crecimiento y se observó un descenso de la biomasa con concentraciones crecientes de Se. Dados los beneficios nutritivos, se podría considerar la levadura enriquecida con Se como una fuente segura de complementación de Se.

{"references": ["Albuquerque, C., 2003. Relat\u00f3rio do Plano de Ordenamento do Parque Natural de Sintra-Cascais. Instituto da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza, Sintra", "Amado, M. (2009). Planeamento Urbano Sustent\u00e1vel, Ed. Caleid\u00f3scopio(2nd ed.). Casal de Cambra (in portuguese)", "GEOTPU, & C\u00e2mara Municipal de Cascais. (2008). Relat\u00f3rio de Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Diagn\u00f3stico do Plano de Pormenor de Murches. Almada: Faculdade de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, (in portuguese)", "Lwin, K. K., & Murayama, Y. (2011). Modelling of urban green space walkability: Eco-friendly walk score calculator. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 35(5), 408\u2013420. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2011.05.002", "Smith, K. R., Brown, B. B., Yamada, I., Kowaleski-Jones, L., Zick, C. D., & Fan, J. X. (2008). Walkability and Body Mass Index: Density, Design, and New Diversity Measures. 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M. (2011). Walking routes to school in new urban and suburban neighborhoods: An environmental walkability analysis of blocks and routes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(2), 184\u2013191. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.01.001\n[16]\tCalthorpe, P. (1995). The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream (3rd ed.). Princeton Architectural Press\n[17]\tUN-HABITAT, U. N. H. S. P. (2010). State of the World's Cities 2010/11: Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide. EarthScan.\n[18]\tReid, S. (2008). Fit for purpose: evaluating walkability. Proceedings of the ICE - Engineering Sustainability, 161(2), 105\u2013112. doi:10.1680/ensu.2008.161.2.105\n[19]\tCervero, R., &Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199\u2013219. doi:10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6\n[20]\tFrank, L. D. (2004). Economic determinants of urban form: Resulting trade-offs between active and sedentary forms of travel. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(3, Supplement), 146\u2013153. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.018\n[21]\tLeslie, E., Coffee, N., Frank, L., Owen, N., Bauman, A., & Hugo, G. (2007). Walkability of local communities: Using geographic information systems to objectively assess relevant environmental attributes. Health & Place, 13(1), 111\u2013122. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.11.001\n[22]\tSaelens, B. E., & Handy, S. L. (2008). Built Environment Correlates of Walking: A Review. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 40(7 Suppl), S550\u2013S566. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c67a4\n[23]\tGiles-Corti, B., &Donovan, R. J. (2002). The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Social Science & Medicine, 54(12), 1793\u20131812. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00150-2\n[24]\tBoarnet, M., Day, K., Anderson, C., McMillan, T., & Alfonzo, M. (2005). California's Safe Routes to School Program - Impacts on Walking, Bicycling, and Pedestrian Safety. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(3)\n[25]\tZhu, X., & Lee, C. (2008). Walkability and Safety Around Elementary Schools: Economic and Ethnic Disparities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(4), 282\u2013290. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.024\n[26]\tStren, R. (2001). Thinking about Urban Inclusiveness. Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto, Canada\n[27]\tAmado, M., Santos, C., & Pinto, J. (2008). Methods in sustainable urban process. In SB07 - Sustainable Construction, Materials and Practices, Challenges of the Industry for the New Millenium. Presented at the International Conference on Sustainable Construction, Materials and Practices, Lisbon: IOS Press BV"]} The United Nations has defined the inclusive community as “…promoting growth with equity, a place where everyone, regardless of their economic means, gender, race, ethnicity or religion, is enabled and empowered to fully participate in the social, economic and political opportunities that cities have to offer”. In this paper, the concept of walkability is viewed as an important tool towards the planning and future development of more inclusive communities. Walking is the cheapest and cleanest mode of travel available to all providing large benefits to both health and local economic development. To demonstrate the validity of this strategy a set of parameters, selected from existing research, were measure, compared and discussed in the existing and proposed scenarios of a Portuguese small town using GIS software.

Department of Chemistry, Bhagwant University, Ajmer-305 004, Rajasthan, India Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi-221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India E-mail: ysharma.apc@itbhu.ac.in Fax: 91-542-6702876 Manuscript received 24 February 2018, revised 24 May 2018, accepted 25 May 2018 Self-reliance in energy is vital for overall economic development of our country. Biodiesel has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable and nontoxic fuel. Ttransesterification using alkali as a catalyst is a popular method for biodiesel production. Study explores wastes or byproducts seed cover, de-oiled cake, water wash analysis and its utility for growth of biodiesel industry in future. Study concludes that, it may reduce the cost of biodiesel production and can support biodiesel to commercialize in the form of blending. The reported work is unique, important and interesting.

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Apesar da conscientização pelas questões ambientais, existe uma crescente pressão sobre os recursos naturais. A análise do uso e da ocupação das terras é um ponto de partida para adequação do ambiente antrópico cuja capacidade de suporte é, portanto, fundamental para a criação de modelos de gestão. O trabalho trata de uma pesquisa que utiliza o geoprocessamento e a gestão de informações do uso e ocupação para estudos ambientais. O objetivo foi selecionar indicadores para gestão das Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP) e aprimoramento do uso de informações para gestão ambiental. O estudo foi realizado na bacia hidrográfica do rio Jundiaí-Mirim, Jundiaí, SP; utilizaram-se os dados de um levantamento prévio das suas condições ambientais. A técnica empregada permitiu a seleção de oito indicadores que se mostraram capazes de caracterizar o estado das áreas avaliadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que somente 44,6% da APP se encontram em conformidade com a legislação.Despite awareness of environmental issues, there is a growing human pressure on natural resources. The analysis of the land use can be considered as a starting point for studies of anthropogenic environmental adjustment and it is essential to propose models of management with emphasis on land sustainability. The work consists of a research conducted on environmental studies, using GIS and information management of land use. The goal was to select environmental indicators for management of Permanent Preservation Areas (APP), where eight indicators were selected. The study was carried out in the Jundiaí-Mirim watershed, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The technique allowed the selection of eight indicators that were able to characterize the state of the evaluated areas. The results showed that only 44.6% of APP are in accordance with the law.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n4p419 The purpose of the present study was to analyze the energy expenditure and heart rate (HR), expressed as mean and maximal heart rate (HRmax), along matches of an official soccer competition. Methods: Eighteen under-20 year old (U-20) soccer players from a first-division Brazilian soccer team were evaluated during 15 matches. The rela­tionship between HR and oxygen uptake (HR/VO2 relationship) was established, and a linear regression equation was developed for each individual player participating in the study. This equation was then used to determine the oxygen uptake and the correspond­ing energy expenditure based on the HR values measured during the games. The HR was recorded at 5-second intervals, which were clustered in phases of 15 minutes (0-15 min, 15-30 min e 30-45 min) for each half time (first half [FH] and second half [SH]). Results: The players’ oxygen uptake was 308.3 ± 11.9 LO2/game and the energy expenditure was 17.3±1.3 Kcal.min-1 and 1,542.9±125.1 Kcal/game. The results showed that there were significant differences between the HR and HRmax identified in the first half (FH 15-30 min) compared to the second half (SH 0-15 min and SH 30-45 min), and at FH 30-45 min compared to SH 0-15 min (p<0.05). Conclusions: We concluded that soccer should be considered as an extremely arduous activity for U-20 players due to the high energy expenditure during the matches of an official championship. We also concluded that, during soccer games with young players, FH 15-30 min could be considered the most intense phase, because the highest values of HR and HRmax usually occur at this phase.

Climate change is a global issue that has come to the forefront of environmental concern. With the increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, efforts have increased to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Regulatory guidelines are becoming more stringent and efforts for long-term reduction are being investigated and implemented [1]. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is the dominant method that is discussed. However, CO2 utilization is receiving increased attention for its ability to help in long-term CO2 reduction and the formation of various chemical products. One of the primary elements of utilization is the conversion of CO2 to valuable products via chemical reactions with other raw materials. In order for this to be implemented at a large and industrial level, further work is necessary. As part of this, the work focuses on the formulation and design of a CO2 utilization network via a superstructure-based methodology. The sustainability and feasibility of linking carbon capture and CO2 conversion is studied in detail in a case study. CCS is still under development and CO2 utilization is showing great promise as an additional method of combatting CO2 emissions [2]. The method developed involves three stages: a process synthesis stage, a design stage and an innovation stage. Following a superstructure based approach, a network of conversion processes is created. This network links CO2 and products through various processing blocks. The network also links carbon capture to ensure the sustainability. Each processing block within the developed network needs to be mathematically described for optimization. The second stage is the detailed design of a path within the network, followed by analysis and improvement by creating a more sustainable design in the innovation stage. However, as not all information is available to describe the network mathematically, the most promising paths based on known technologies are designed and analyzed first. This makes the stages iterative rather than purely sequential. As part of this, the network is analyzed in the conceptual example of methanol synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation. This case study illustrates the utility of the utilization network and elements of the methodology being developed. In addition, the conversion process is linked with carbon capture to evaluate the overall sustainability. Finally, the production of the other raw materials is also analyzed for economic feasibility and environmental sustainability. Using computer-aided methods, the feasibility and sustainability of CO2 conversion is shown through the design and optimization of a methanol synthesis process.

Objetivos: La inducción de hipotermia moderada en pacientes con infarto de la arteria cerebral media (ACM) puede ocasionar alteraciones metabólicas y nutricionales. En la actualidad se desconoce cuál es el mejor método para realizar la valoración nutricional en este grupo de población. El objetivo del presente estudio fue valorar la utilidad del balance nitrogenado en el seguimiento de pacientes con infarto de la ACM y sometidos a hipotermia moderada (32-33 ºC) mediante enfriamiento intravascular, en la Unidad de Cuidados Neurocríticos de un hospital de tercer nivel. Material y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron pacientes con infarto de la ACM de los que se recogieron variables biodemográficas, clínicas, de hipotermia y nutricionales. Del mismo modo se realizó el seguimiento prospectivo de un paciente con infarto de la ACM e hipotermia inducida, recogiendo las mismas variables en distintos tiempos de su evolución clínica. Resultados: En la serie retrospectiva se incluyeron 6 pacientes con infarto de ACM sometidos a hipotermia moderada durante un periodo promedio de 12 días (intervalo 9-15). Se constataron pérdidas de nitrógeno (media 9,9 g) inferiores a las que cabría esperar en pacientes críticos durante la fase aguda. En el seguimiento prospectivo del paciente con infarto maligno de la ACM desde día 1 hasta día 22 tras la aplicación de la hipotermia se observaron, al igual que en la serie de pacientes anteriormente descrita, valores bajos de nitrógeno eliminado durante la fase de hipotermia inducida que se elevaron posteriormente cuando el paciente recuperó la normotermia. El nitrógeno eliminado promedio durante el periodo de hipotermia fue de 10,7 g y presentó una elevación hasta 27,3 g durante el periodo normotérmico (día 17). Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la supresión metabólica inducida por la hipotermia moderada es clínicamente relevante y que, por lo tanto, la determinación del balance nitrogenado no parece ser una herramienta útil en el seguimiento nutricional de este tipo de pacientes.Objectives: Induction of moderate hypothermia in patients with median cerebral artery (MCA) infarction may produce metabolic and nutritional impairments. Currently, we do not know which is the best method to carry out nutritional assessment in this population group. The aim of the present study was to assess the usefulness of nitrogen balance in the follow-up of patients with MCA submitted to moderate hypothermia (32-33 ºC) by means of intravascular cooling at the Neurocritical Patients Unit at a tertiary hospital. Material and methods: We designed a retrospective study including patients with MCA infarction of whom we gathered bio-demographical, clinical, hypothermia, and nutritional variables. Similarly, we carried out a prospective follow-up of a patient with MCA infarction and induced hypothermia, gathering the same variables at different time points of his clinical course. Results: Six patients with MCA infarction submitted to moderate hypothermia for a mean duration of 12 days (interval 9-15) were included in the retrospective series. We observed that nitrogen losses (mean 9.9 g) were lower than those previously thought for critical patients during the acute phase. During the prospective follow-up of the patient with malignant infarction of the MCA from day 1 to day 22 after the application of hypothermia, low levels of nitrogen losses were similarly observed during the phase of induced hypothermia, which increased later on when the patient recovered normothermia. The mean nitrogen expenditure during the period of hypothermia was 10.7 g and increased up to 27.3 g during the normothermia period (day 17). Conclusions: These results suggest that moderate hypothermia-induced metabolic suppression is clinically relevant and thus the determination of nitrogen balance does not seem to be a useful tool in the nutritional followup of this type of patients.