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{"references": ["A. M. Abkenar, \"Explore the possibility of growing algae and economic\nwith an emphasis on Gracilaria in Natural areas and pools in soil. Final\nReport\", Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization, Fisheries\nResearch Center Chabahar distant waters. p 115, 2004.", "H. Akbari, \"Red algae Gracilaria cultivation in culture tanks\", Journal of\nWorld Aquaculture, No 23, pp 23-26, 2011.", "H. Akbari, Y. Aftabsavar, M., Malakooti, S. Tamadoni Jahromi, K.\nEjlaliKhankgah, \"Gracilaria corticata cultivation in fiberglass tanks and\nAgar extraction\", Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. Vol. 13, pp 27-\n38, 2004.", "A. Chripart, M. Ohno, \"Growth in tank culture of species of Gracilaria\nfrom the southeast Asian waters\", Botarica Marina, Vol. 36, pp 9-13,\n1993.", "J.H. Connel, \"Community interactions on marine rocky intertidal\nshores\". Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., Vol. 3, pp 169- 192, 1972.", "S. A. Dadolahi, M. Gravand Karimi, A. Emad Abady, \"Seasonal\nvariation distribution and biomass of algae in a tidal dominated coastal\nprovince (Northern coast of Persian Gulf)\", Journal of Oceanography,\nVol. 3, No 9, pp 17-26, 2012.", "Y. Filizadeh, \"Study of algae growing (Gracilaria corticata) on the\ncoast of Qeshm Island\", Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, Vol. 10,\nNo. 4, pp 21-36, 2001.", "H. Fouroghi Fard, H. Akbari, E. Tazikeh, \"Assessing the effects of urea\nand TMRL media on laboratory cultivation of Gracilaria corticata\",\nIranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp 87- 97, 2005.", "B. M. Gharanjic, \"Density, Biomass and Frequency of three Main\nspecies of brown algae Cystoseira indica, Sargassum glausences,\nNizimuddini azanardinii in the coastal province of Sistan and\nBaluchestan\", Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp\n91-102, 2002.\n[10] R. Jayasankar, C. Seema, K.S. Leelabhal, A. Kanagam, \"Pond based\ngrows out system of Gracilaria verrucosa\", Journal of Aquaculture in\nthe Tropics, Vol. 21, No. 3-4, pp 161-167, 2006.\n[11] L. A. Navaro, D. Rabledo, \"Effects of nitrogen source, N: P ratio and NPulse\nconcentration and frequency on the growth of Gracilaria cornea\nin culture\", Journal of Hydrobiology, Vol. 398/399, pp 315-320, 1999.\n[12] E. C. Oliveria, K. Aveal, R.J. Anderson, \"Mariculture of the agar\nproducing Gracilaria Red algae\", Journal of review in fisheries science,\nVol. 8, No. 4, pp 345- 377, 2000.\n[13] A.R.D. Stebbing, \"Competition for space between the epiphytes of\nFucusserratus\", Journal of Marine Biology Assessment, Vol. 53, pp\n247-261, 1973.\n[14] Y.C. Wang, G.Y. Pan, L.C.M. Chen, \"Studies on agarophytes\", Bot.\nMar., Vol. 37, pp 265- 268, 1984."]} This research has been conducted to study the method of culture and comparing growth and biomass of Gracilaria corticata cultured on rope and net for 50 days through two treatments (first treatment: culture of alga on net and the second treatment: culture of alga on rope and each treatment was repeated by four cases). During culture period, the water of aquariums was replaced once every two days for 40-50%. Also, 0.3-0.5 grams of urea fertilizer was added to the culture environment for fertilization. Moreover, some of the environmental factors such as pH, salinity and temperature of the environment were measured on a daily basis. During the culture period, extent of longitudinal growth of the species of both treatments was equal. The said length was reached from 8-10 cm to 10.5-13 cm accordingly. The resulted weight in repetitions of the first treatment was higher than that of the second treatment in such a way as in the first treatment, its weight reached from 10 grams to 21.119 grams and in the second treatment, its weight reached from 10 grams to 17.663 grams. On a whole, it may be stated that that kind of alga being studied has a considerable growth with respect to its volume. The results have revealed that the percentage of daily growth and wet weight at the end of the first treatment was higher than that of the second treatment and it was registered as 0.934, 6.072 and 811.432 in the first treatment and 0.797, 4.990 and 758.071 in the second treatment respectively. This difference is significant (P<0.05). Growth and biomass of G. corticata through culture on net was more emphasizing on numerous branches due to wider bed. Moreover, higher level of the species in this method was exposed to sunlight and this increased biosynthesis and eventually increases of growth and biomass.

The purpose of this manuscript will be to present scientific evidence regarding the effects of videogame playing on different aspects of the social life of children and adolescents, as well as the general potential psychological and physiological effects. A literature review from relevant databases has been performed, and experimental and meta-analytical studies have been scrutinized for positive and negative effects of videogames in children and adolescents. In general, it has been found that there is a billionaire videogame industry and yet, despite the worldwide popularity of videogames, research is still scarce and sometimes contradictory. Some research suggests a correlation between excess time video gaming on negative social and psychological aspects such as isolation and aggressive behavior; while other research suggests a positive association with motor learning, motor re-training and resilience. As far as physiological effects it has been reported that active videogames might promote higher energy expenditure than passive videogames; therefore, given an adequate parental instruction might provide videogames beneficial properties to combat the global epidemic of sedentary behavior and obesity. Videogames and everything related «to be» in front of a screen will be common to future generations, and therefore more systematic studies are required to determine the long-term exposure effects to these devices.

Ubiquitous presence along with uncontrolled use of aluminum and increasing trends of ethanol consumption in India increased the chance of coexposure to aluminum and ethanol. Possibilities are there, that both of them follow common mechanisms to produce neurotoxicity. The phosphomonoesterases and glutamate transaminases are studied in rat brain cerebrum after combined exposure to aluminum and varied doses of ethanol for 4 weeks. Dose dependent decreases in growth have been observed. The impact of aluminum on cerebral acidic and alkaline phosphomonoesterases activities were shown to be altered in a dose dependent fashion by the coexposure to ethanol. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase of the cerebrum were responding differentially to aluminum exposure in the presence of different doses of ethanol exposure. It has been suggested that the ethanolinduced augmentation of impacts of aluminum on the cerebrum is dose dependent and there might be a critical level of ethanol exposure for the observed effect on cerebrum. .

A prototype ampere-class superconducting energy recovery linac (ERL) is under advanced construction at BNL. The ERL facility is comprised of a five-cell SC Linac plus a half-cell SC photo-injector RF electron gun, both operating at 703.75 MHz. The facility is designed for either a high-current mode of operation up to 0.5 A at 703.75 MHz or a high-bunch-charge mode of 5 nC at 10 MHz bunch frequency. The R facility serves a test bed for an envisioned electron-hadron collider, eRHIC. The high-current, high-charge operating parameters make effective higher-order-mode (HOM) damping mandatory, and requires to determination of HOM tolerances for a cavity upgrade. The niobium cavity has been tested at superconducting temperatures and has provided measured dipole shunt impedances for the estimate of a beam breakup instability. The facility will be assembled with a highly flexible lattice covering a vast operational parameter space for verification of the estimates and to serve as a test bed for the concepts directed at future projects. Proceedings of the 1st International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2010, Kyoto, Japan

As recomendações internacionais sobre requerimentos humanos de energia (RHE), propostas pela FAO/WHO/UNU em 1985, representaram importante avanço metodológico, na medida em que os requerimentos passaram a ser baseados nos componentes de gasto energético do organismo, substituindo-se o método derivado da observação da ingestão de pessoas saudáveis. Esta modificação foi baseada na constatação de que a determinação dos RHE com base em ingestões observadas era um argumento circular, uma vez que estas não eram, forçosamente, aquelas que mantinham a massa corporal desejável e os níveis ótimos de atividade física para a saúde a longo prazo. A reunião de 1994 do International Dietary Energy Consultative Group, publicada em 1996, bem como artigos de autores nacionais e estrangeiros, indicam que os principais problemas no método proposto estão relacionados: • às equações de predição da taxa metabólica basal (TMB); • aos valores de nível de atividade física (NAF); • aos mecanismos de adaptação; • ao método de cálculo dos requerimentos para menores de 10 anos de idade. No caso brasileiro, as equações de predição tendem a superestimar a TMB de adultos (maiores de 18 anos) e os valores de NAF não são adequados à população, como indicam estudos recentes de medição da TMB e de estimação dos valores de NAF. Comparando os RHE calculados pelo método fatorial (baseado na duração das atividades e nos correspondentes índices energéticos integrados) com aqueles obtidos pelo método simplificado (baseado nos valores recomendados de NAF), este artigo mostra que os valores recomendados de NAF: • para as mulheres de 18 a 59 anos, determinam RHE de 11% a 17% acima do necessário para o grupo, podendo conduzir estas mulheres à obesidade; • para homens de 10 a 17 anos e acima de 60 anos, bem como para mulheres de 11 a 17 anos, conduziriam à desnutrição simplesmente por não incluírem provisão para as atividades físicas ocupacionais; • para homens entre 18 e 59 anos, só podem ser usados para calcular o RHE médio da população total, pois seu uso para os residentes em áreas rurais ou urbanas separadamente conduziria à desnutrição ou à obesidade, respectivamente. Além disto, este artigo mostra que os requerimentos baseados nos valores estimados de NAF aproximam-se, em média, dos requerimentos calculados pelo método fatorial, para todas as estratificações utilizadas. Por fim, considerando que existe, no âmbito do Sistema Estatístico Nacional, informação suficiente para estimar valores de NAF mais adequados a diversas estratificações da população brasileira do que os recomendados, este artigo sugere o cálculo dos requerimentos com base nos valores de NAF estimados para o País.The international recommendations on human energy requirements (ER), proposed by FAO/WHO/UNU in 1985, represent a significant methodological progress since they changed the method of estimating ER from the average energy intake of healthy people to the daily energy expenditure of the population. This change was based on the observation that estimation based on energy intake yielded a circular argument in which the intake was not the most appropriate way to maintain healthy weight and optimal levels of physical activity for health on the long run. The 1994 meeting of the International Dietary Energy Consultative Group, published in 1996, as well as papers by national and international authors indicate that the principal problems in the proposed method are related to: • the adequacy of the equations to estimate the basal metabolic rate (BMR); • the physical activity level (PAL) values; • the mechanisms of adaptation; • the method proposed to children under 10 years. For Brazil, the BMR equations tend to overestimate adults' BMR and the PAL values are not appropriated to the population, as shown by recent studies on BMR measurement and PAL values estimation. Comparing the ER assessed by the factorial method (based on the duration of the activities and the correspondent integrated energy indexes) with the simplified one (based on recommended PAL values), this paper shows that the recommended PAL values: • for 18-59 year-old women represent higher ER (from 11% to 17%) than necessary which could make these women become obese; • for 10-17 and 60+ year-old males and 11-17 year-old females will lead to undernutrition by not incorporating provisions for the occupational activities; • for 18-59 year-old males can only be used to calculate the mean for the total population, because its use for the rural and urban populations separately will lead to under and overnutrition, respectively. At last, the paper shows that the mean ER based on the estimated PAL values is very near to the mean ER based on the factorial method for all the strata defined. Considering that the Brazilian Official Statistical System has enough information to estimate PAL values more adequate to several stratifications of the population, this paper suggests determining ER based on the national estimated PAL values.

During the study of the metazoan parasites of Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus, 1758), eight infrapopulations of Mediorhynchus emberizae (Rudolphi, 1819), were collected in the medium third of the small intestine, with parasite intensities ranging from one to ten specimens. Differences among the average values of the biomass, volume of the eggs, volume of the testicles and the parasite density of the infrapopulations were statistically tested in order to detect variations of these parameters in function of parasite density. Was observed that the acanthocephalans biomass increased with the volume of the intestine and also that the parasite density increased with the parasite intensity in the infrapopulations. It was verified that the increase of the parasite intensity was accompanied by the decrease of the mean biomass of the parasites. Decrease of the volume of the eggs was verified with the increase of the density and of the parasite intensity. The results of the present work could suggested the occurrence of density-dependent factors and the decrease of testicles volume and the biomass of the males with the increase of the parasite density in the infrapopulations of M. emberizae in the intestine of P dominicana.Durante o estudo dos metazoários parasitos de Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus, 1758), oito infrapopulações de Mediorhynchus emberizae (Rudolphi, 1819), foram coletadas no terço médio do intestino delgado, com intensidades parasitárias variando de um a dez espécimes. Diferenças entre os valores médios da biomassa, volume dos ovos, volume dos testículos e da densidade parasitária das diferentes infrapopulações foram estatisticamente testadas com o objetivo de detectar variações desses parâmetros em função da densidade parasitária. Foi observado que a biomassa de acantocéfalos aumentou com o volume do intestino e também que a densidade dos parasitos aumentou com a intensidade parasitária nas infrapopulações. Verificou-se que o aumento da intensidade parasitária foi acompanhada pela diminuição da biomassa média dos parasitos. Constatou-se diminuição do volume dos ovos com o aumento da densidade e da intensidade parasitária. Os resultados do presente trabalho parecem dar indícios da ocorrência de fatores dependentes da densidade e da diminuição do volume testicular e a biomassa dos machos com o aumento da densidade parasitária nas infrapopulações de M. emberizae no intestino de P. dominicana.

The articlw addresses an important challenge ahead the integration of the electricity generated by wave energy conversion technologies into the electric grid. Particularly, it looks into the role of wave energy within the day-ahead electricity market. For that the predictability of the theoretical power outputs of three wave energy technologies in the Danish North Sea are examined. The simultaneous and co-located forecast and buoy-measured wave parameters at Hanstholm, Denmark, during a non-consecutive autumn and winter 3-month period form the basis of the investigation.The objective of the study is to provide an indication on the accuracy of the forecast of i) wave parameters, ii) the normalised theoretical power productions from each of the selected technologies (Pelamis, Wave Dragon and Wavestar), and iii) the normalised theoretical power production of a combination of the three devices, during a very energetic time period.Results show that for the 12 to 36 hours time horizon forecast, the accuracy in the predictions (in terms of scatter index) of the significant wave height, zero crossing period and wave power are 22%, 11% and 68%, respectively; and the accuracy in the predictions of the normalised theoretical power outputs of Pelamis, Wave Dragon and Wavestar are 44%, 52% and 62%, respectively. The best compromise between forecast accuracy and mean power production results when considering the combined production of the three devices.

BACKGROUND: Effective solar protection is an uncommon practice among young people, increasing the likelihood of sunburn, sunstroke and skin cancers. This fact is more significant in the south of Brazil, where the prevalence of white skinned population is larger, being more prone to sun damage. OBJECTIVES: To study the practices of sun exposure and sun protection in high school students from the city of Carlos Barbosa - RS. METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving 775 students, enrolled on the first half of 2010, who had signed the consent form. We used a non-identifiable, self-administered questionnaire, with questions about related topics. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square or Fisher exact and t-Student tests. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under the number 2010-115H. RESULTS: Most students are exposed to the sun at the more critical periods, remaining exposed for more than an hour. Five hundred and seventy-six students (74,3%) reported using sunscreen, but less than 10% did it during all months of the year. Female teenagers are most likely to use sunscreen (p FUNDAMENTOS: A proteção solar efetiva é uma prática incomum entre os jovens, aumentando a probabilidade de queimaduras solares, insolações e cânceres de pele. Esse fato é mais significativo na Região Sul do Brasil, onde a prevalência da população branca é maior, sendo mais propensa aos danos causados pelo sol. OBJETIVOS: Estudar as práticas de exposição e proteção solar em estudantes do ensino médio da cidade de Carlos Barbosa, RS. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, envolvendo 775 estudantes matriculados no primeiro semestre de 2010, que tiveram o termo de consentimento assinado. Utilizou-se um questionário não identificável, autoaplicável, com perguntas abordando tópicos relacionados ao tema. Na análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher e o teste t-Student. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa sob o código 2010-115H. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos estudantes se expõem ao sol no horário mais crítico, permanecendo expostos por período superior a uma hora. Quinhentos e setenta e seis alunos (74,3%) referiram utilizar protetor solar, mas menos de 10,0% deles o fazem durante todos os meses do ano. As adolescentes são as que mais usam filtro solar (p < 0,001) e permanecem menos tempo expostas ao sol (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos estudantes de ensino médio de Carlos Barbosa tem hábitos inadequados de exposição e proteção solar, caracterizando comportamento de risco para doenças de pele. A existência de programas públicos de esclarecimento dos riscos à população e o subsídio de produtos para a proteção solar foram sugeridos por esses jovens.

{"references": ["European Commission: \"Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area - Towards a competitive and resource-efficient transport system\", pp. 5, 2011.", "G. Szendro, \"Congestion charging in Budapest - a comparison with existing systems\", Periodica Polytechnica, To be published.", "G. Szendro, \"Sustainable biofuels in Hungary and Europe - self-defeating incentives?\" Gazdalkodas Scientific Journal on Agricultural Economics, English Special Edition, pp. 71-78, ISSN 0046-5518, 2010.", "P. R. Ehrlich, J. P. Holdren, \"Impact of population growth\", Science, 1971.", "The World Bank: \"World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance\", 2010", "British Petrol: Statistical Review of World Energy 2011", "G. Szendro, M. Csete, A. Torok,\"Unbridgeable gap between transport policy and practice in Hungary\", Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, To be published.", "International Energy Agency, FIA Foundation: \"50 by 50, global fuel economy initiative\", pp. 6., 2008.", "http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/data/vehicles.html,\taccessed \n2011.09.19\n[10] http://www.eurocarblog.com/post/3322/electric-cars-europe-vs-the-us, accessed 2011.09.19"]} The effects of the transport sector on the environment are a well-recognized issue in the European Union and around the world. This area is a subject of much discussion as to how these negative effects could be minimized, especially with regards to impacts contributing to climate change. This paper aims to investigate the results of the economic crisis and how its consequences could be exploited to combat air pollution.