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{"references": ["European Commission: \"Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area - Towards a competitive and resource-efficient transport system\", pp. 5, 2011.", "G. Szendro, \"Congestion charging in Budapest - a comparison with existing systems\", Periodica Polytechnica, To be published.", "G. Szendro, \"Sustainable biofuels in Hungary and Europe - self-defeating incentives?\" Gazdalkodas Scientific Journal on Agricultural Economics, English Special Edition, pp. 71-78, ISSN 0046-5518, 2010.", "P. R. Ehrlich, J. P. Holdren, \"Impact of population growth\", Science, 1971.", "The World Bank: \"World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance\", 2010", "British Petrol: Statistical Review of World Energy 2011", "G. Szendro, M. Csete, A. Torok,\"Unbridgeable gap between transport policy and practice in Hungary\", Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, To be published.", "International Energy Agency, FIA Foundation: \"50 by 50, global fuel economy initiative\", pp. 6., 2008.", "http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/data/vehicles.html,\taccessed \n2011.09.19\n[10] http://www.eurocarblog.com/post/3322/electric-cars-europe-vs-the-us, accessed 2011.09.19"]} The effects of the transport sector on the environment are a well-recognized issue in the European Union and around the world. This area is a subject of much discussion as to how these negative effects could be minimized, especially with regards to impacts contributing to climate change. This paper aims to investigate the results of the economic crisis and how its consequences could be exploited to combat air pollution.

In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented a large amount of evidence about global warming and the impact of human activities on global climate change. The Lancet Commission have identified a number of ways in which climate change can influence human health: lack of food and safe drinking water, poor sanitation, population migration, changing disease patterns and morbidity, more frequent extreme weather events, and lack of shelter. Pregnant women, the developing fetus, and young children are considered the most vulnerable members of our species and are already marginalized in many countries. Therefore, they may have increased sensitivity to the effects of climate change. Published literature in the fields of climate change, human health, tropical diseases, and direct heat exposure were assessed through the regular search engines. This article demonstrates that climate change will increase the risk of infant and maternal mortality, birth complications, and poorer reproductive health, especially in tropical, developing countries. Thus, climate change will have a substantial impact on the health and survival of the next generation among already challenged populations. There is limited knowledge regarding which regions will be most heavily affected. Research efforts are therefore required to identify the most vulnerable populations, fill knowledge gaps, and coordinate efforts to reduce negative health consequences. The effects of malnutrition, infectious diseases, environmental problems, and direct heat exposure on maternal health outcomes will lead to severe health risks for mothers and children. Increased focus on antenatal care is recommended to prevent worsening maternal health and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Interventions to reduce the negative health impacts caused by climate change are also crucial. Every effort should be made to develop and maintain good antenatal care during extreme life conditions as a result of climate change.

Central theme in society these days, the diet went through several phases during the evolution of the human being. Currently human’s advanced civilizational, deplete resources, develops forms of reproduction and rapid growth of animals, genetically alter plants to make them more resilient and artificially prolongs life. All these factors lead to an overload in nature and revolve to a group of environmentalists and animal rights. Sustainability is part of everyday life of political and social discourse as the fundamental way to our relationship with the environment. Sustainable food systems are those that are able to survive over time, promoting sustainable use of resources and a balance in the economic, social and environmental aspects. Changing diet to the Mediterranean Diet would bring benefits: on the health level, with better nutrition and increased use of some processed products; economic, by encouraging the consumption of local and national production of products; social, with the creation of jobs in agriculture; and environmental, using organic production and the reduction of transportation needs. The Mediterranean Diet encourages a more balanced and healthy eating style, with great positive impact on the environment. With the globalization phenomena is was gradually lost, but is now being revived due to the awakening to health and ecological problems.

Despite being a global problem, climate change has disproportionately large impacts on non-Western countries in the form of extreme weather events, threats to food security, and displacement of communities. Climate change mitigation is therefore an immediate priority requiring both international and local efforts. Motivating public action is especially important because pro-climate policies require public mandate to be approved and implemented. Behavioural scientists have identified communication strategies that can effectively motivate public support for climate action. However, most of this research has been conducted on Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic (or WEIRD) populations, making it unclear if these strategies can be applied elsewhere. In this perspective, we discuss climate change communication strategies that have been developed on WEIRD samples. These include using partisan messengers, conveying social norms, and citing experts. We posit that these climate communication strategies developed in Western societies may not be applicable in other populations. We then consider the cases of two countries–the Czech Republic and India to discuss how context-specific insights about citizens’ priorities, concerns, and experiences with nature can be used to communicate climate change. We build on these case studies to propose INCLUDE, a framework that can be adopted by communicators such as policymakers, elected officials, scientists, and activists in non-WEIRD societies to develop effective climate communication strategies informed by context specific and culture-specific insights.

Climate change is a global issue that has come to the forefront of environmental concern. With the increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, efforts have increased to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Regulatory guidelines are becoming more stringent and efforts for long-term reduction are being investigated and implemented [1]. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is the dominant method that is discussed. However, CO2 utilization is receiving increased attention for its ability to help in long-term CO2 reduction and the formation of various chemical products. One of the primary elements of utilization is the conversion of CO2 to valuable products via chemical reactions with other raw materials. In order for this to be implemented at a large and industrial level, further work is necessary. As part of this, the work focuses on the formulation and design of a CO2 utilization network via a superstructure-based methodology. The sustainability and feasibility of linking carbon capture and CO2 conversion is studied in detail in a case study. CCS is still under development and CO2 utilization is showing great promise as an additional method of combatting CO2 emissions [2]. The method developed involves three stages: a process synthesis stage, a design stage and an innovation stage. Following a superstructure based approach, a network of conversion processes is created. This network links CO2 and products through various processing blocks. The network also links carbon capture to ensure the sustainability. Each processing block within the developed network needs to be mathematically described for optimization. The second stage is the detailed design of a path within the network, followed by analysis and improvement by creating a more sustainable design in the innovation stage. However, as not all information is available to describe the network mathematically, the most promising paths based on known technologies are designed and analyzed first. This makes the stages iterative rather than purely sequential. As part of this, the network is analyzed in the conceptual example of methanol synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation. This case study illustrates the utility of the utilization network and elements of the methodology being developed. In addition, the conversion process is linked with carbon capture to evaluate the overall sustainability. Finally, the production of the other raw materials is also analyzed for economic feasibility and environmental sustainability. Using computer-aided methods, the feasibility and sustainability of CO2 conversion is shown through the design and optimization of a methanol synthesis process.

Background: Hydro-meteorological disasters are the focus of this paper. The authors examine, to which extent climate change increases their frequency and intensity. Methods: Review of IPCC-projections of climate-change related extreme weather events and related literature on health effects. Results: Projections show that climate change is likely to increase the frequency, intensity, duration, and spatial distribution of a range of extreme weather events over coming decades. Conclusions: There is a need for strengthened collaboration between climate scientists, the health researchers and policy-makers as well as the disaster community to jointly develop adaptation strategies to protect human.

The article is a critique of the requirements for a commission to investigate the options for mitigating climate change, established by the Danish Minister for Climate, Hedegaard. The minister does not allow the commission include lower economic growth as an option, although this is the main driver behind these environmental problems.

Background . In 1984, the Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development (DCED) issued the State's first inventory/economic assessment of wind generators, documenting installed wind generator capacity and the economics of replacing diesel-fuel-generated electricity. Alaska's wind generation capacity had grown from hundreds of installed kilowatts to over 15.3 megawatts (MW) by January 2012. Method . This article reviews data and conclusions presented in “Alaska's Wind Energy Systems; Inventory and Economic Assessment” (1). (Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, S. Konkel, 1984). It provides a foundation and baseline for understanding the development of this renewable energy source. Results . Today's technologies have evolved at an astonishing pace; a typical generator in an Alaska wind farm now is likely rated at 1.5-MW capacity, compared to the single-kilowatt (kW) machines present in 1984. Installed capacity has mushroomed, illustrated by Unalakleet's 600-kW wind farm dwarfing the original three 10-kW machines included in the 1984 inventory. Kodiak Electric had three 1.5-MW turbines installed at Pillar Mountain in 2009, with three additional turbines of 4.5-MW capacity installed in 2012. Utilities now actively plan for wind generation and compete for state funding. Discussion . State of Alaska energy policy provides the context for energy project decision-making. Substantial renewable energy fund (REF) awards – $202,000,000 to date for 227 REF projects in the first 5 cycles of funding – along with numerous energy conservation programs – are now in place. Increasing investment in wind is driven by multiple factors. Stakeholders have interests both in public policy and meeting private investment objectives. Wind generator investors should consider project economics and potential impacts of energy decisions on human health. Specifically this article considers: a. changing environmental conditions in remote Alaska villages, b. impacts associated with climate change on human health, c. progress in better understanding wind energy potential through resource assessments and new tools for detailed feasibility and project planning, d. need for comprehensive monitoring and data analysis, and e. state funding requirements and opportunity costs. Conclusion . The energy policy choices ahead for Alaska will have important implications for Arctic population health, especially for those villages whose relatively small size and remote locations make energy a key component of subsistence lifestyles and community sustainability. Wind generation can contribute to meeting renewable energy goals and is a particularly important resource for rural and remote Alaskan communities currently dependent on diesel fuel for generating electricity and heat.

The ability to integrate bioenergy feedstocks into existing agriculture production systems without straining existing food, feed, and fiber supplies requires advanced crop management. Two strategies to advance towards this objective were studied, 1) use of cover crops before energy-dedicated crops, and 2) use of alfalfa-grass mixtures to produce biomass with lower nitrogen input. To meet the first objective seven cover crop treatments were planted in the fall followed by five annual biomass crops. Results across environments indicated forage pea biological dinitrogen fixation was about 61 kg of N/ha in only 40 days growth in the fall. The annual dedicated energy crops corn, sweet sorghum, and forage sorghum biomass yields were 2 to 3 Mg/ha higher than the check when following a legume cover crop. Thirteen different grasses were evaluated in mixture with alfalfa and compared to alfalfa in monoculture. The combined analysis indicated the highest forage yield was for reed canarygrass in monoculture (14 Mg/ha) or in mixture with alfalfa (13.5 Mg/ha) treatments. Both cropping systems studied have great potential for producing biomass feedstock for bioenergy. Using legume cover crops or alfalfa-grass mixtures enhances biomass yield, decreases the need of nitrogen fertilizer, and therefore reduces the cost of biomass production. Proceedings of the 20th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 18-22 June 2012, Milan, Italy, pp. 474-479

The possible effects of climate change in urbanized areas – evidenced by several studies – led the City of Bologna to adopt a Climate Change Adaptation Plan to assess potential risks and vulnerabilities as a basis for adaptation actions prioritizing interventions through a coordinated local strategy. This paper summarizes some measures implemented at local level in collaboration with the Department of Architecture of the University of Bologna and, in particular, the pilot actions for urban greening developed within the European project H2020 - ROCK and the proposals for intervention included made during the “Design for Adaptation” project. Resilient Urban Communities” PhD Climate KIC summer school. TECHNE - Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, TECHNE 15 (2018): Architectural resilience