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We present an overview of a study on precise mass reconstruction and identification of charged hadrons ($\pi^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $p$) using time-of-flight measurements in the electromagnetic calorimeter of a typical Higgs factory detector. Time-of-flight measurements can take advantage of fast timing Si sensors with a time resolution in the order of 10 ps. A precise time-of-flight measurement might contribute to the kaon mass determination and can improve particle identification in the momentum regions inaccessible for the $dE/dx$ method. In this contribution, we discuss the current status and the challenges of the time-of-flight approach for a precise reconstruction of charged hadron masses. International Workshop on Future Linear Colliders, LCWS2021, Hamburg, Germany, 15 Mar 2021 - 18 Mar 2021; 11 pp. (2021).

Despite being a global problem, climate change has disproportionately large impacts on non-Western countries in the form of extreme weather events, threats to food security, and displacement of communities. Climate change mitigation is therefore an immediate priority requiring both international and local efforts. Motivating public action is especially important because pro-climate policies require public mandate to be approved and implemented. Behavioural scientists have identified communication strategies that can effectively motivate public support for climate action. However, most of this research has been conducted on Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic (or WEIRD) populations, making it unclear if these strategies can be applied elsewhere. In this perspective, we discuss climate change communication strategies that have been developed on WEIRD samples. These include using partisan messengers, conveying social norms, and citing experts. We posit that these climate communication strategies developed in Western societies may not be applicable in other populations. We then consider the cases of two countries–the Czech Republic and India to discuss how context-specific insights about citizens’ priorities, concerns, and experiences with nature can be used to communicate climate change. We build on these case studies to propose INCLUDE, a framework that can be adopted by communicators such as policymakers, elected officials, scientists, and activists in non-WEIRD societies to develop effective climate communication strategies informed by context specific and culture-specific insights.

The global agrifood trade is highly reliant on developing countries, which affects value chain transformation and which often results in an imbalance of governance and value addition. In order to address this imbalance and increase the overall value creation, this paper develops and empirically tests a framework for agrifood value chain transformation in developing countries. The research employs a qualitative methodology to explore the proposed framework, which is based on a value chain maturity assessment of current practice and identification of a transformation route. Three primary value chain maturity levels in developing countries are established: traditional, managed, and best practice. Each level is determined using key indicators relating to governance (vertical-horizontal coordination, and information flow) and value addition (value orientation, safety, and quality). The application of this framework to Indonesia���s cashew nuts value chain reveals a mix of traditional and managed practices. The short-medium term transformation focuses on enabling farmers, as the decoupled actors, to advance from a traditional to a more managed chain. Further, the major wholesaler and exporter are identified as highly influential in driving the transformation process. The long-term transformation focuses on developing best practices regarding branded value addition and collaborative governance. This framework offers a novel value chain transformation approach based on a maturity assessment technique leading to the identification of transformation routes. This method takes a holistic transformation approach via the evaluation all the value chain actors��� governance and value-addition capabilities. Follow-up research is required to identify the enablers and barriers of globalised value chain transformation, especially with respect to sustainability. International Journal on Food System Dynamics, Vol 12, No 4 (2021)

The present study aimed to assess the precision of oxygen uptake with heart rate regression during treadmill running in highly trained runners. Twenty national and international level male runners were divided into two equal groups. Group A was formed of 10 sprinters (31.5± 4.7 years, height 1.74± 0.04 m and mass 61.8± 5.2 kg), and group B comprised 10 endurance runners (25.7± 4.5 years, height 1.77± 0.08 m and mass 71.2± 5.8 kg). Each participant performed six min bouts at a constant velocity on a level treadmill, with each bout at an increased running velocity. The starting velocity was 3.33 m·s-1, with a 0.56 m·s-1 increase in each subsequent bout. VO2 and HR were measured during all runs. Mean peak VO2 and mean peak HR for Group A were, respectively, 71.7± 7.0 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 179.8± 12.7 beats·min-1, while for Group B were 67.3± 4.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 198.2± 9.8 beats·min-1. The linearity of the regressions between VO2 and HR in both groups was very high (R2= 0.97 and R2 =0.76) with small standard errors of regression. Despite a stronger correlation in endurance-trained athletes, the results of the present study indicate that it is possible to use HR as an indicator of exercise intensity in individuals trained in both speed and longer distances. Motricidade, Vol. 18 No. 2 (2022): III SINAL - International Symposium on Physical Activity and Combat Sports

Pectin is a substance with applications in cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical products due to its properties as thickening agent. The use of mango peels as pectin source could be an opportunity since this residue is not currently employed and is commonly discarded. Mango peels have pectin content around 20% and it is available as waste material from food industry. In this study the effect of temperature (70 – 90°C), pH (1.5 – 2.5), and time (60­120min) is evaluated, using samples of 5g of mango peels. Pectin was weighed after extraction to obtain a percentage of recovery in comparison to initial mango peels added to the process. FTIR spectroscopy was employed to identify changes in the structure of the samples. Once the condition with best yield was found, the extraction process was evaluated using 17.3g of dried mango to evaluate the process varying the amount of ethanol employed for the process in relationship with amount of citric acid solution employed. The best conditions found for pectin extraction were pH 1.5, 120 min, and 90°C. Additionally, the best ratio between the volume of citric acid solution and ethanol was 1:5. From these results, it was demonstrated that pectin extraction from mango peels is a viable alternative with respect to its traditional extraction from orange peels and apple pomace. Proceedings of the 29th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 26-29 April 2021, Online, pp. 882-888

Der vorliegende Kommentar wirft die Frage auf, ob die COVID-19-Pandemie als eine Generalprobe für das zu sehen ist, was uns in der bevorstehenden Klimakrise erwartet. Eine Vielzahl an Faktoren hat dazu beitragen, dass wir die Herausforderung der Corona-Pandemie aktiv bewältigen konnten und können. Hierzu gehören: die Integration von Wissenschaftlichkeit, der Einbezug von Medizinstudierenden, Lehre und Digitalisierung als Impulsgeber, Informationen über das SARS-CoV-2-Virus, deren Integration in die Curricula und nicht zuletzt eine handlungsbezogene Forschung. Die Klimakrise wird uns jedoch im Sinne einer „Premiere der Klima-Pandemie“ aller Voraussicht nach vor noch größere Bedrohungen und Schwierigkeiten stellen. Die Beachtung und Integration wissenschaftlicher Evidenz, die Lehre über die Auswirkungen der globalen Erwärmung, die bewusste Wahrnehmung ärztlicher Rollen- und Vorbildfunktionen sowie die Digitalisierung können dabei als Handlungsimpulse von besonderer Relevanz sein. In the present commentary, we raise the question whether the COVID-19 pandemic should be seen as just the dress rehearsal for what awaits us in the impending climate crisis. Many factors have helped us navigate the challenge of this coronavirus pandemic and continue to do so. These include: recognizing scientific expertise, medical education, and digitalization as important driving forces, providing us with key information about the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as integrating it into our curricula and promoting action-oriented research. However, the “premiere of the climate pandemic” will, in all likelihood, confront us with even greater challenges, difficulties, and threats. Adhering to scientific findings, promoting medical education about the effects of global warming and using the power of digitalization, as well as consciously engaging in our role as medical caregivers and leaders will make a decisive contribution to providing impetus for climate action. GMS Journal for Medical Education; 38(1):Doc29

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol-conditioned dentin on endodontic sealer penetration into dentinal tubules by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Methods: Forty human maxillary anterior teeth were instrumented and divided into four groups (n = 10) according to the drying methods: 1) wet: vacuum only, 2) paper points: vacuum + absorbent paper points, (3) 70% ethanol: 70% ethanol (1 min) + vacuum + absorbent paper points, and (4) 100% ethanol: 100% ethanol (1 min) + vacuum + absorbent paper points. All root canals were filled with resin-based endodontic sealer. Four sections from each third (cervical, middle, and apical) were examined by CLSM. Root canal wall perimeter infiltrated by sealer, maximum depth of sealer penetration, percentage of penetrated area, and fluorescence intensity of rhodamine B were measured. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance and Tukey’s tests (α = 0.05). Results: No statistical difference was found when percentage of root canal wall coverage infiltrated by sealer were compared. The groups in which ethanol solutions were used presented greater depth of sealer penetration, higher percentage of penetrated area, and higher fluorescence intensity of rhodamine B (p< 0.05) when compared with the wet and paper point groups. Overall, 100% ethanol produced better results than 70% ethanol, except for rhodamine B intensity (cervical third). In addition, the absorbent paper points drying method behaved better than did vacuum only group, except for rhodamine B intensity (apical third). Conclusion: Ethanol-conditioned dentin improved the penetration of resin-based sealer into dentinal tubules, especially at the concentration of 100%.

A systematic review of publications addressing change in vitamin D status (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD)) after exposure to UV radiation id entified 2001 independent peer-reviewed publications. Of these, 21 used artificial sources of UV radiation, met all inclusion criteria and were quality assured; 13 publications used solar radiation and met sufficient inclusion criteria to be retained as supporting eviden ce; 1 further included publication used both solar and artificial sources. The review c onsistently identified that low dose, sub-erythemal doses are more effective for vitamin D s ynthesis than doses close to a minimum erythema dose; increasing skin area exposed increases the amount of vitamin D synthesised although not necessarily in a linear manner; constant dosing leads to a dose-dependent plateau in 25OHD, and dose–response is greatest at the start of a dosing regime; there is a large interpersonal variation in response to UV exposure. Fourteen of the studies using artificial sources of radiation we re used to determine a dose–response relationship for change in 25OHD on whole-body exposure to repeated sub-erythemal doses of UV radiation, taking the form Δ25OHD (nmol/L) = A ln(standard vitamin D dose) + B. This helps quantify our understanding of U V as a source of vitamin D and enables exposure regimes for safe synthesis of vitamin D to be assessed. Specific studies of people with pigmented skin (Fitzpatrick skin types 5 and 6) were rare, and this dose–response relationship is only applicable to white-skinned individuals as skin type is a determinant of response to UV radiation. Findings provide information for vitamin D guidance updates.

Fei Zuo,1 Shaoguo Zhai2 1Department of Finance, Economics and Management School, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Social Security, Public Management School, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Fei ZuoDepartment of Finance, Northwest University, No. 1, Xuefu Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 153-3907-9756Email grace.fiz@nwu.edu.cnBackground: While past experiences show that a health system financing mechanism can support resilience to shocks, the impact on the sustainability of the financing system is exceptionally important considering the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic. The role of Social Health Insurance (SHI) in responding to the pandemic brings about an influence on insurance system sustainability. This study investigates the impact of China’s COVID-19 treatment policy on the sustainability of its SHI system, explores influences of the policy on Wuhan’s system, and discusses the effects of an assumed equivalent emergency on SHI funds for five other provincial capital cities in China.Methods: The study was conducted using pay-as-you-go actuarial models of Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) and Urban and Rural Residents Basic Medical Insurance (URRBMI) funds, which constitute China’s basic health insurance system. Current and accumulated balances of the funds in 2020 are predicted and utilized to measure the sustainability of health insurance funds during emergencies.Results: The findings suggest a disparity in the capacities of insurance schemes and localities. If the surplus before 2018 is not considered, it is likely that the URRBMI fund of Wuhan would suffer a deficit, whereas the UEBMI would retain a considerable surplus. To maintain the current actuarial balance of the URRBMI fund, coverage for ordinary inpatient and outpatient expenses would have to be significantly reduced in Wuhan, potentially affecting enrollees’ wellbeing. A similar situation may occur in three other cities, some with underdeveloped economies and lower per capita income are likely to be encountered with worse situation than Wuhan.Conclusion: Concerning fragmentation of China’s SHI system, to strengthen longer-term preparedness to manage future emergencies, this study suggests the integration of insurance schemes and provincial pooling, fund balance adjusting and an emergency safety net are also advised. All options call for more public health investments.Keywords: public health emergency, COVID-19 pandemic, public health insurance, sustainability, disparity