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N-(o-ARİL)-2,4-OXAZOLİDINDION TÜREVLERİNİN DÖNME ENGELLİ STEREOİZOMERLERİ Bu çalışmada sterik engelli 5-metil-3-(o-aril)-2,4-oxazolidindion ve 5,5-dimetil-3-(o- aril)-2,4-oxazolidindion türevleri o-arilizosiyanatın sırasıyla (S)-(-)-etillaktat ve etil a- hidroksiizobütirat ile olan reaksiyonundan elde edilmiştir. 5-metil-3-(o-aril)-2,4-oxazolidindion bileşiklerinin diastreomerik izomerleri H NMR kullanılarak tespit edildi. 5,5-dimetil-3-(o-aril)-2,4-oxazolidindion bileşiklerinin enantiomerik izomerleri 1H NMR, 13C NMR ve (S)-(+)-l-(9-antril)-2,2,2-trifloroetanol kullanılarak belirlendi. 0-methyl ve o-chloro sübstitüenti olan enantiomerlerin sterik dönme için aktivasyon enerjileri dinamik NMR kullanılarak belirlendi. Diastereomerlerin conformasyonel seçicilikleri 1H NMR ve optikçe aktif HPLC kolonu kullanılarak bulundu. Billeşiklerin o-flor türevlerindeki dönme, conformasyonel izomerlerin NMR ile belirlenmesini önleyecek derecede hızlıyken, obrom türevlerinin conformasyonel izomerlerinin oda sıcaklığında ayrı olarak bulunduğu tespit edildi. Selüloz karbamet dolgu maddeli HPLC kolonu kullanılarak bu izomerler birbirinden ayrıldı. Sabit sıcaklıkta isomerlerin dengeye gelmesi HPLC yardımı ile izlenerek, denge sabiti ve daha az kararlı conformasyonun daha kararlı olana dönüşme için gereken aktivasyon enerjisi hesaplandı. Ayrıca, 5-metil-3-(o-aril)-2,4-oxazolidindion bileşiklerinin metanol ile olan reaksiyonları incelenerek, 5-metil-3-(o-florofenil)-2,4-oxazolidindion, 5-metil-3-(o- chlorofenil)-2,4-oxazolidindion ve 5-metil-3-(o-bromofenil)-2,4-oxazolidindion büeşMerinin metanol ile reaksiyona girdiği bulundu. Halkanın açılması ile oluşan ürünler 60 MHz 1H NMR kullanılarak tespit edildi. In this study, sterically hindered 5-methyl-3-(o-aryl)-2,4-oxazolidinediones and 5,5- dimethyl-3-(o-aryl)-2,4-oxa2:olidinediones have been synthesized by the reaction of the o- aryl isocyanates with (S)-(-)-ethyllactate or ethyl a-hydroxyisobutyrate, respectively. Diastereomeric isomers of the 5-methyl-3-(o-aryl)-2,4-oxazolidinediones have been detected by using H NMR. Enantiomeric isomers of the 5,5-dimethyl-3-(o-aryl)-2,4- oxazolidinediones have been identified by H NMR and C NMR, also in the presence of the chiral auxiliary. Activation barriers to hindered rotation around C-N single bond have been determined for o-methyl and o-chloro substituted enantiomers by using DNMR. The conformational preferences of the diastereomers have been investigated by H NMR and by HPLC on an optically active sorbent. The rotation in the o-fluoro derivatives was found to be too fast to make the rotational isomers observable by NMR, whereas the rotational isomers of the ortho bromo compounds were found to be separable at room temparature. Using HPLC on cellulose carbamate the isomers were separated and for the diastereomeric isomers of 5-methyl-3-(o- bromophenyl)-2,4-oxazolidinedione, the equilibrium constant and the energy barrier for the conversion of the less stable conformation to the more stable one were determined by following the equilibration of the isomers at constant temperature. In addition, the reactions of halogen substituted 5-methyl-3-(o-aryl)-2,4- oxazolidinediones with methanol have been studied. The compounds were found to react with methanol, causing a ring opening reaction. The products were identified by 1H NMR. 117

This is a dataset of the PAH raw data in PM2.5 and PM10 with sampling dates and locations.

Mart 2004 ve Temmuz 2010 tarihleri arasında 36 hastanın (16 erkek, 20 kadın, yaş aralığı: 35-82, ortalama yaş: 59.08) 38 basit böbrek kistine prospektif ve randomize olarak, US ve floroskopi klavuzluğunda tek veya çok seans etanol ile skleroterapi tedavisi uygulandı. Bu kistlerden 20 tanesine (%53) tek seans ile, 18 tanesine (%47) çok seans etanol ile skleroterapi tedavisi yapıldı. Teknik başarı oranı tek seans tedavi için %100, çok seans için %94.4 idi. Çok seans skleroterapi uygulanması planlanan bir hastada kateterin 2. seans skleroterapi öncesinde kist dışına çıktığının tespit edilmesi üzerine skleroterapi işlemi gerçekleştirilemedi. Bütün hastalarda klinik semptomlar (yan ağrısı, hipertansiyon, kist basısına bağlı hidronefroz) yönünden rahatlama sağlandı. Tek seans skleroterapi işlemi uygulanan hastalar ortalama 752 gün (32-2349 gün) çok seans skleroterapi işlemi uygulanan hastalar ise ortalama 830 gün (34-2292 gün) takip edildi. Tek veya çok seans etanol ile skleroterapi tedavisinde kullanılan toplam ortalama etanol hacimleri sırasıyla 113 cc (20-300 cc) ve 197 cc ( 27-575 cc) idi. Tek seans etanol ile skleroterapi yöntemi uygulanan 20 kistte takip görüntülemeler sonucunda kist hacminde %94.30'luk azalma saptanırken bu oran çok seans etanol ile skleroterapide %96.32 idi. Böbrek kistlerinin tedavisinde tek veya çok seans skleroterapi teknikleri arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık saptanmadı (p=0.5051). Sonuç olarak basit böbrek kistlerinin tedavisinde görüntüleme yöntemleri klavuzluğunda tek seans etanol ile skleroterapi yöntemi çok seans ile benzer başarı oranlarına sahiptir. Bu nedenle daha az invaziv ve hastaların konforu açısından daha rahat bir tedavi yöntemi olan tek seans etanol ile skleroterapi, semptomatik basit böbrek kisti olan hastaların tedavisinde ilk olarak tercih edilebilecek tedavi yöntemidir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Basit böbrek kisti, etanol skleroterapi, tek veya çok seans Between March 2004 and July 2010, 36 patients (16 men, 20 women, age range: 35-82, mean age: 59.08) who had 38 simple renal cysts were treated in a prospective- randomized method with US and fluoroscopy guided single or multi-sessions of ethanol sclerotherapy. 20 of them (%53) were treated with single-session of ethanol sclerotheraphy and 18 of them (%47) were treated by multi-session of ethanol sclerotherapy. Technical success rate was 100% for single-session while it was %94.4 for multi-session ethanol sclerotherapy. The second session sclerotherapy could not be applied to one patient in multi-session group because of catheter dislodgement. All patients were relieved of their clinical symptoms (flank pain, hypertension and hydronephrosis due to compression of the cyst). The patients who were treated by single-session sclerotherapy were followed for average of 752 days (32-2349 days) while patients who were treated by multi-session sclerotherapy were followed for average of 830 days (34-2292 days). The total average volume of ethanol used in the treatment of single or multi-session ethanol sclerotherapy was 113 cc (20-300 cc) and 197 cc (27-575 cc), respectively. According to the result of follow-up imaging of 20 patients who were treated by single-session ethanol sclerotherapy, volume reduction ratio was 94.30% and for multi-session ethanol sclerotherapy method this ratio was 96.32%. There was no statistically difference between single and multi-session techniques for sclerotherapy of renal cysts (p = 0.5051). As a result, the treatment of simple renal cysts with single-session ethanol sclerotherapy has a very similar success rate with the multi-session method.Keywords: Simple renal cyst, ethanol sclerotherapy, single or multi-session 56

The climate crisis is the biggest threat to the health, development, and wellbeing of the current and future generations. While there is extensive evidence on the direct impacts of climate change on human livelihood, there is little evidence on how children and young people are affected, and even less discussion and evidence on how the climate crisis could affect violence against children.In this commentary, we review selected research to assess the links between the climate crisis and violence against children.We employ a social-ecological perspective as an overarching framework to organize findings from the literature and call attention to increased violence against children as a specific, yet under-examined, direct and indirect consequence of the climate crisis.Using such a perspective, we examine how the climate crisis exacerbates the risk of violence against children at the continually intersecting and interacting levels of society, community, family, and the individual levels. We propose increased risk of armed conflict, forced displacement, poverty, income inequality, disruptions in critical health and social services, and mental health problems as key mechanisms linking the climate crisis and heightened risk of violence against children. Furthermore, we posit that the climate crisis serves as a threat multiplier, compounding existing vulnerabilities and inequities within populations and having harsher consequences in settings, communities, households, and for children already experiencing adversities.We conclude with a call for urgent efforts from researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to further investigate the specific empirical links between the climate crisis and violence against children and to design, test, implement, fund, and scale evidence-based, rights-based, and child friendly prevention, support, and response strategies to address violence against children.

Background: Impairments in decision making are a consistent finding in substance use disorder (SUD) populations. However, decision‐making deficits are not specific for SUDs and are also reported in the context of other psychiatric disorders such as antisocial and borderline personality disorders (PDs). Given the frequent comorbidity between SUD and cluster B PD, it might be questioned whether the decision‐making impairments typically reported in SUD populations reflect the addictive disorder, the cluster B PD, or a combination of the 2.Methods: In the current study, we compare the decision‐making performance of non–substance‐abusing controls (n=53) on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) with the decision‐making performance of 3 abstinent alcohol‐dependent samples, i.e., alcoholic patients without any PD (n=38), alcoholic patients with a cluster A or C PD (n=19), and alcoholic patients with a cluster B PD (n=23).Results: Overall, all 3 alcohol‐dependent subsamples performed inferior compared with controls. Between alcoholic subsamples, the alcoholic patients with a cluster A or C PD had the highest IGT score, followed by the alcoholic patients without a PD, while the cluster B alcoholic patients were the most impaired.Conclusion: These findings suggest that impairments in decision making underlie both alcohol dependence and cluster B PD, and alcoholic patients with a comorbid cluster B PD are particularly impaired in their decision making. These deficits may underlie the severe problems that characterize cluster B alcoholic patients specifically in inappropriate behaviors (e.g., poly substance abuse, legal, and professional dysfunction).

Background: Nanomaterials have recently been identified for their potential benefits in the areas of medicine and pharmaceuticals. Among these nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been widely utilized in the fields of diagnostics, antimicrobials, and catalysis. Objective: To investigate the potential utility of Citrobacter freundii in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), and to determine the antimicrobial activities of the Ag-NPs produced. Methods: Aqueous Ag+ ions were reduced when exposed to C. freundii extract and sunlight, leading to formation of AgNPs. Qualitative microanalysis for the synthesized Ag-NPs was done using UV-vis spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The hydrodynamic size and stability of the particles were detected using dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The Ag-NPs’ anti-planktonic and anti-biofilm activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are two important skin and wound pathogens, were investigated. The cytotoxicity on human dermal fibroblast cell line was also determined. Results: Ag-NPs were spherical with a size range between 15 to 30 nm. Furthermore, Ag-NPs displayed potent bactericidal activities against both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and showed noticeable anti-biofilm activity against S. aureus biofilms. Ag-NPs induced minor cytotoxic effects on human cells as indicated by a reduction of cell viability, a disruption of plasma membrane integrity, and apoptosis induction. Conclusion: Ag-NPs generated in this study might be a future potential alternative to be used as antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical applications for wound and skin related infections.

To ensure business continuity in the post-COVID-19 era, decision-makers should reconfigure their traditional supply chain (SC) networks, assisted by the development and implementation of cutting-edge technologies. Recently, Industry 5.0 (I5.0) has gained increasing attention as a paradigm offering salient features for the creation of resilient and inclusive operations by ensuring long-standing SC sustainability. However, there has been insufficient analysis of the challenges of implementing I5.0 in SCs. Therefore, this study aims to understand the challenges of implementing I5.0 when managing the impact of SC disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic in an emerging economy. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for this research. First, the challenges to I5.0 implementation were identified through a literature review and experts’ feedback. Those challenges were examined and prioritised using the Best-Worst Method (BWM). Second, the contextual relationships amongst these challenges were analysed using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) with cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis. Findings showed that to adopt I5.0 initiatives successfully in order to manage the post-COVID-19 impact on SC sustainability, the active involvement of senior managers is required in the execution process. Findings also showed that financial support and funding (e.g., tax reduction, short loans, etc.) from investors and the government play a pivotal role in enabling sustainability in SCs. Finally, the challenges were classified using MICMAC analysis to provide valuable insights for managing future disruptions. This study is expected to help managers and decision-makers successfully overcome the challenges of implementing I5.0 in SCs and thus improve SC sustainability.

The mitigation of volatile organic compound (VOC) vapors in the unsaturated zone largely relies on the active removal of vapor by ventilation. In this study we considered an alternative method involving the use of solid potassium permanganate to create a horizontal permeable reactive barrier for oxidizing VOC vapors. Column experiments were carried out to investigate the oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE), toluene, and ethanol vapors using a partially saturated mixture of potassium permanganate and sand grains. Results showed a significant removal of VOC vapors due to the oxidation. We found that water saturation has a major effect on the removal capacity of the permeable reactive layer. We observed a high removal efficiency and reactivity of potassium permanganate for all target compounds at the highest water saturation (Sw=0.6). A change in pH within the reactive layer reduced oxidation rate of VOCs. The use of carbonate minerals increased the reactivity of potassium permanganate during the oxidation of TCE vapor by buffering the pH. Reactive transport of VOC vapors diffusing through the permeable reactive layer was modeled, including the pH effect on the oxidation rates. The model accurately described the observed breakthrough curve of TCE and toluene vapors in the headspace of the column. However, miscibility of ethanol in water in combination with produced water during oxidation made the modeling results less accurate for ethanol. A linear relationship was found between total oxidized mass of VOC vapors per unit volume of permeable reactive layer and initial water saturation. This behavior indicates that pH changes control the overall reactivity and longevity of the permeable reactive layer during oxidation of VOCs. The results suggest that field application of a horizontal permeable reactive barrier can be a viable technology against upward migration of VOC vapors through the unsaturated zone.